scholarly journals Correlates and Consequences of Opioid Misuse among High-Risk Young Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheree M. Schrager ◽  
Aleksandar Kecojevic ◽  
Karol Silva ◽  
Jennifer Jackson Bloom ◽  
Ellen Iverson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Opioid Misuse ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parental Drug Use

Background. Prescription opioids are the most frequently misused class of prescription drug among young adults aged 18–25, yet trajectories of opioid misuse and escalation are understudied. We sought to model opioid misuse patterns and relationships between opioid misuse, sociodemographic factors, and other substance uses.Methods. Participants were 575 young adults age 16–25 who had misused opioids in the last 90 days. Latent class analysis was performed with models based on years of misuse, recency of misuse, and alternate modes of administration within the past 12 months, 3 months, and 30 days.Results. Four latent classes emerged that were differentially associated with heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine use, tranquilizer misuse, daily opioid misuse, and opioid withdrawal. Alternate modes of administering opioids were associated with increased risk for these outcomes. Sociodemographic factors, homelessness, prescription history, and history of parental drug use were significantly associated with riskier opioid misuse trajectories.Conclusion. Young adults who reported more debilitating experiences as children and adolescents misused opioids longer and engaged in higher risk alternate modes of administering opioids. Data on decisions both to use and to alter a drug’s form can be combined to describe patterns of misuse over time and predict important risk behaviors.

scholarly journals Delta Event-Related Oscillations Are Related to a History of Extreme Binge Drinking in Adolescence and Lifetime Suicide Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Cindy L. Ehlers ◽  
Derek N. Wills ◽  
Katherine J. Karriker-Jaffe ◽  
David A. Gilder ◽  
Evelyn Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Health Risk Behaviors ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

Alcohol exposure typically begins in adolescence, and heavy binge drinking is associated with health risk behaviors. Event-related oscillations (EROs) may represent sensitive biomarkers or endophenotypes for early alcohol exposure as well as other risk behaviors such as suicidal thoughts and actions. In this study, young adults (age 18–30 years) of American Indian (AI) (n = 479) and Mexican American (MA) (n = 705) ancestry were clinically assessed, and EROs were generated to happy, sad and neutral faces. Extreme adolescent binge drinking (10+ drinks) was common (20%) in this population of AI/MA and associated with a significantly increased risk of a lifetime history of suicidal acts (SA, suicide attempts, deaths) but not suicidal thoughts (ST, ideation, plans). ST were reported among MA participants, whereas SA were more common among AI young adults. Extreme adolescent binge drinking was also associated with errors in detection of sad and neutral faces, increases in delta ERO energy, and decreases in phase locking (PL), particularly in parietal areas. A lifetime history of ST was associated with increases in delta ERO energy and PL, whereas SA were associated with decreases in both. These studies suggest that ERO measures may represent important potential biomarkers of adolescent extreme binge drinking and risk for suicidal behaviors.

The epidemiological trend of esophageal cancer in Mumbai, India over the past two decades.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16095-e16095
Author(s):  
Anbarasan Sekar ◽  
Akhil Rajendra ◽  
Vanita Noronha ◽  
Smruti Mokal ◽  
Vijay Maruti Patil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Histologic Subtype ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

e16095 Background: There has been a definite histopathological shift in esophageal cancer in the West over the past few decades, with adenocarcinoma overtaking squamous cell carcinoma as the commonest type. Asian countries with a high human development index like China have also reported an increased incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Data on the epidemiology of esophageal cancer in India are limited. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the data of all patients with histologically proven esophageal cancer at Tata Memorial Hospital, from 2003 to 2018. We excluded non-squamous and non-adenocarcinoma histologies. Results: Of a total of 7,874 patients with esophageal cancer, 5,092 (64.7%) were men, for a male to female ratio of 2.5:1. The median age was 57 years (IQR, 50-65); 4,465 (56.7%) were below 60 years old. Of the 4912 patients in whom a history of tobacco or alcohol use had been elicited, there were 1,360 (27.7%) patients with no history of substance use. The site of the primary was the upper third in 906 (12.8%), middle third esophagus in 2,942 (41.5%), lower third in 2,331 (32.8%) and gastroesophageal junction in 917 (12.9%) patients. The predominant histology was squamous cell carcinoma in 6,413 (81.4%) patients and adenocarcinoma in 1461 (18.6%). There was no change in the histologic pattern over the period of the study; squamous cell carcinoma constituted 78.5% of the cases in 2003, and 85.5% in 2018; Chi square test for the year wise trend in histologic patterns was not significant, p=0.143. Evaluation of the histologic subtype according to sex revealed that in the male patients, there were 3890 (76.4%) squamous and 1202 (23.6%) adenocarcinoma cases, while in female patients, there were 2523 (90.7%) squamous and 259 (9.3%) adenocarcinoma cases. On a uni variate analysis, male sex (p<0.001), a history of tobacco or alcohol use (p<0.001), and the presence of comorbidity (p<0.007) were associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Multivariate analysis by logistic regression model revealed that female sex and use of tobacco or alcohol were positively associated with squamous cell carcinoma, while the presence of comorbities and primary in lower esophagus/GEJ were positively associated with adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: Squamous cell carcinoma continues to be the commonest esophageal cancer histologic subtype in over 80% Indian patients. The mid esophagus is the most common site (42%). There is no evidence of an epidemiological shift or an increase in the occurrence of adenocarcinoma or of lower esophageal/GEJ malignancy over the past two decades.

scholarly journals Initial Feasibility and Acceptability of a Comprehensive Intervention for Methamphetamine-Using Pregnant Women in South Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrée E. Jones ◽  
Bronwyn Myers ◽  
Kevin E. O’Grady ◽  
Stefan Gebhardt ◽  
Gerhard B. Theron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sexual Risk ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hiv Sexual Risk ◽  
Gestational Age At Delivery

The purpose of the present study was to determine the feasibility, acceptability, and initial efficacy of a women-focused intervention addressing methamphetamine use and HIV sexual risk among pregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa. A two-group randomized pilot study was conducted, comparing a women-focused intervention for methamphetamine use and related sexual risk behaviors to a psychoeducational condition. Participants were pregnant women who used methamphetamine regularly, had unprotected sex in the prior month, and were HIV-negative. Primary maternal outcomes were methamphetamine use in the past 30 days, frequency of unprotected sexual acts in the past 30 days, and number of antenatal obstetrical appointments attended. Primary neonatal outcomes were length of hospital stay, birth weight, and gestational age at delivery. Of the 57 women initially potentially eligible, only 4 declined to participate. Of the 36 women who were eligible and enrolled, 92% completed all four intervention sessions. Women in both conditions significantly reduced their methamphetamine use and number of unprotected sex acts. Therefore, delivering comprehensive interventions to address methamphetamine use and HIV risk behaviors among methamphetamine-using pregnant women is feasible in South Africa. Further testing of these interventions is needed to address methamphetamine use in this vulnerable population.

Maternal Partner Criminality and Cannabis use in Young Adulthood: Prospective Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 546-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad R. Hayatbakhsh ◽  
Stuart A. Kinner ◽  
Konrad Jamrozik ◽  
Jake M. Najman ◽  
Abdullah A. Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Mater Hospital ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

Objectives: The present study examined whether the experience of the arrest or incarceration of a mother's partner before a child reached 14 years of age was associated with use of cannabis in early adulthood and, if so, whether this association was confounded or mediated by other factors. Method: Data were from the Mater Hospital University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a prospective birth cohort study in Brisbane, Australia. The history of partner arrest and incarceration was reported by mothers at the 14 year follow up. Mothers were divided into four groups: mothers whose partner had no history of arrest or incarceration, mothers reporting partner arrest, mothers reporting partner incarceration, and unpartnered mothers. Young adults’ cannabis use was assessed at 21 years. Other covariates were prospectively measured between birth and 14 years. Results: After controlling for potential confounding and mediating factors, frequent use of cannabis at age 21 was more likely among young adults with a history of maternal partner arrest (odds ratio=2.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.4–3.8). There was no significant association between maternal partner incarceration or single motherhood, and cannabis use at age 21. Conclusions: Arrest of the mother's partner before the child is 14 is associated with that child's increased cannabis use at age 21 but this does not appear to be the case for children whose fathers have been imprisoned. It appears that for children whose fathers have been arrested, the father's ongoing presence in the family may result in worse outcomes for the child, including an increased risk of cannabis use in young adulthood.

scholarly journals College students’ attitudes towards prohealth behavior and alcohol consumption during pregnancy planning and pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (SUPPLEMENT 1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Szwamel ◽  
Małgorzata Szerszeń ◽  
Joanna Siekierka ◽  
Agnieszka Kotowska
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Adult Students ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Pregnancy Planning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Alcohol is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances among students. Aim of the study: This study aimed to examine the level of pro-health behaviors among college students, and their opinions on alcohol consumption during pregnancy planning and pregnancy. Material and methods: This study was conducted in 2018 among 228 adult students in Opole secondary schools. Diagnostic surveys were used, which included the Health Behavior Inventory (HBI) and a questionnaire developed by the authors. Results: Forty-six percent (n = 105) of the 228 students presented with very low levels of pro-health behaviors and 57.46% (n = 131) of students endorsed alcohol intoxication or abuse in the past. Most of the students (n = 215; 94.3%) claimed that a baby’s father should have an impact on pro-health behaviors of his pregnant female partner. There were, however, divergent opinions on the permissibility of alcohol consumption by a mother-to-be and a potential father while planning to become pregnant. The students were more likely to report that drinking is acceptable among potential fathers as compared to mothers (35.52% vs. 22.37%). Students also pointed out the need to spread knowledge about fetal alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Finally, students reported that their families and teachers were the best sources of knowledge on the potential harmful effects of alcohol, including FAS. Conclusions: There is high accessibility and social acceptance of alcohol consumption, in conjunction with low and average levels of pro-health behaviors among most young adults. Further, most young adults have experienced alcohol intoxication or abuse in the past and the opinions on the acceptance of alcohol consumption by potential fathers and mothers while planning a baby. Together, these patterns may be associated with an increased risk of FAS. The students pointed to a strong need for more information about FAS, and indicated that their families and schools as the most desired sources of this information. These results may can be used to create an educational strategy for students aimed at FAS prophylaxis.

scholarly journals Food insecurity and the risk of HIV acquisition: Findings from population-based surveys in six sub-Saharan African countries (2016-2017)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Low ◽  
Elizabeth Gummerson ◽  
Amee Schwitters ◽  
Rogerio Bonifacio ◽  
Mekleet Teferi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Recent Hiv Infection

Introduction: Food insecurity has a bidirectional relationship with HIV infection, with hunger driving compensatory risk behaviors, while infection can increase poverty. We used a laboratory recency assay to estimate the timing of HIV infection vis-a-vis the timing of severe food insecurity (SFI). Methods: Data from population-based surveys in Zambia, Eswatini, Lesotho, Uganda, and Tanzania and Namibia were used. We defined SFI as having no food ≥three times in the past month. Recent HIV infection was identified using the HIV-1 LAg avidity assay, with a viral load (>1000 copies/ml) and no detectable antiretrovirals indicating an infection in the past 6 months. Logistic regression was conducted to assess correlates of SFI. Poisson regression was conducted on pooled data, adjusted by country to determine the association of SFI with recent HIV infection and risk behaviors, with effect heterogeneity evaluated for each country. All analyses were done using weighted data. Results: Of 112,955 participants aged 15-59, 10.3% lived in households reporting SFI. SFI was most common in urban, woman-headed households. Among women and not men, SFI was associated with a two-fold increase in risk of recent HIV infection (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 2.08, 95% CI 1.09-3.97), with lower risk in high prevalence countries (Eswatini and Lesotho). SFI was associated with transactional sex (aRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17-1.41), a history of forced sex (aRR 1.36, 95% CI 1.11-1.66), and condom-less sex with a partner of unknown or positive HIV status (aRR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02-1.14) in all women, and intergenerational sex (partner ≥10 years older) in women aged 15-24 (aRR 1.23, 95% CI 1.03-1.46), although this was heterogeneous. Recent receipt of food support was protective (aRR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14-0.88). Conclusion: SFI increased risk for HIV acquisition in women by two-fold. Worsening food scarcity due to climactic extremes could imperil HIV epidemic control.

Abstract W MP57: Illicit Cocaine Use and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: The Stroke Prevention in Young Adults Study

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Ching Cheng ◽  
Saad A Qadwai ◽  
Kathleen A Ryan ◽  
John W Cole ◽  
Steven J Kittner
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
African Americans ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Stroke Risk Factors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ethnic Subgroups

Background: Cocaine use has been associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke (IS). The prevalence of illicit cocaine use in the population differs by gender and ethnicity. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of cocaine on young-onset IS in Caucasian and African American men and women. Methods: A total of 1,101 cases and 1,154 controls, aged 15 to 49 years old, were recruited from the greater Baltimore-Washington area between 1992 and 2008. Cases and controls were interviewed to assess the presence of stroke risk factors and history of illicit drug use. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between cocaine use and IS. Results: In this study, 28% of cases and 26% of controls reported a history of illicit cocaine use. Men were twice as likely as women to report a history of cocaine use (36% vs. 18%, P<0.0001), and African Americans slightly more likely than Caucasians (30% vs. 26%, P=0.01). Having a history of illicit cocaine use was not associated with IS in the overall sample or any of the gender and ethnic subgroups. However, reporting acute use of cocaine in the 24 hours prior to stroke was strongly associated with increased risk of IS in the overall sample (2.4% of cases vs. 0.4% of controls; age-adjusted OR=7.1, 95% CI: 2.4-20.3), and the strength of association was similar in Caucasians (age-adjusted OR=6.1, p=0.10) and African Americans (age-adjusted OR=6.7, p=0.002). Interestingly, the effect of acute cocaine use appeared to be stronger in females (OR=12.8, p=0.01) than males (OR=2.5, p=0.17) after adjusting for the effect of age, ethnicity and current smoking status although the gender difference in ORs was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Our data suggests that acute cocaine use significantly increases IS risk in young adults, and that the effect appears to be stronger in women despite the lower frequency of cocaine use in this subgroup.

scholarly journals Sympathetic reactivity in young women with a family history of hypertension

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (8) ◽  
pp. H816-H822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody L. Greaney ◽  
Evan L. Matthews ◽  
Megan M. Wenner
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Family History ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family History Of Hypertension

Young adults with a family history of hypertension (+FH) have increased risk of developing hypertension. Furthermore, the blood pressure (BP) response to sympathoexcitatory stimuli in young adults can predict the future development of hypertension. Therefore, we hypothesized young women with a +FH would have exaggerated cardiovascular and sympathetic reactivity compared with young women without a family history of hypertension (−FH). Beat-by-beat mean arterial pressure (MAP) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were measured in 14 women +FH (22 ± 1 yr, 21 ± 1 kg/m2, MAP 80 ± 2 mmHg) and 15 women −FH (22 ± 1 yr, 22 ± 1 kg/m2, MAP 78 ± 2 mmHg) during acute sympathoexcitatory maneuvers: cold pressor test, 2 min of isometric handgrip (HG) exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction, and 3 min of postexercise ischemia (PEI; isolated activation of the skeletal muscle metaboreflex). During cold pressor test, the increase in BP was greater in women +FH (ΔMAP: +FH 16 ± 2 vs. −FH 11 ± 1 mmHg, P < 0.05), which was accompanied by an exaggerated increase in MSNA (ΔMSNA: +FH 17 ± 2 vs. −FH 8 ± 2 burst/min, P < 0.05). The increase in BP was greater in +FH during the last minute of HG (ΔMAP: +FH 23 ± 3 vs. −FH 12 ± 1 mmHg, P < 0.05) and during PEI (ΔMAP: +FH 17 ± 3 vs. −FH 9 ± 2 mmHg, P < 0.05). Similarly, the increase in MSNA was greater in +FH during both HG (ΔMSNA: +FH 12 ± 2 vs. −FH 6 ± 2 burst/min, P < 0.05) and PEI (ΔMSNA: +FH 16 ± 2 vs. −FH 4 ± 2 burst/min, P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that +FH women have greater BP and sympathetic reactivity compared with −FH women.

scholarly journals Predictors of community acquired childhood pneumonia among 2–59 months old children in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muluken Genetu Chanie ◽  
Mequannent Sharew Melaku ◽  
Melaku Yalew ◽  
Mastewal Arefaynie ◽  
Gedamnesh Bitew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Amhara Region ◽  
Government Employee ◽  
Childhood Pneumonia ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background Worldwide, pneumonia is the third leading cause of death in under 5 years children. Ethiopia is ranked 4th out of 15 countries having the highest burdens of the death rate among under-five children due to pneumonia. Regardless of this fact, efforts to identify determinants of pneumonia have been limited yet in Amhara region. This study was aimed to identify predictors of community-acquired childhood pneumonia among 2–59 months old children in the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Methods Facility-based case–control study was conducted in the Amhara region from June 4 to July 15, 2018, among 28 health centers distributed across the region. The total sample size used was 888 (296 cases and 592 controls) children whose age were 2–59 months. At first, multistage sampling technique was employed. Data were collected on a face-to-face interview. Epi data v. 4.6 for data entry and statistical packages for social sciences version 23 for data analysis were used. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to test the associations between the study variables at P-value < 0.05 with 95% CI. As a result, determinants were identified for CAP. Results Among 888 enrolled children (296 cases and 592 controls), who experienced a community-acquired pneumonia had an increased risk of maternal age of 18–24 years (AOR 0.03, at 95%CI (0.01, 0.14), Government employee (AOR 0.19, at 95% CI (0.07,0.54), lack of separate kitchen (AOR 5.37; at 95% CI (1.65, 17.43), history of diarrhea in the past two weeks (AOR 10.2; at 95% CI (5.13, 20.18), previous respiratory tract infections (AOR 8.3, at 95% CI (3.32, 20.55) and history of parental asthma (AOR 4.9, at 95% CI (2.42, 10.18). Conclusion Maternal age of 18–24 years and government employee, lack of separate kitchen, history of diarrhea in the past two weeks; previous respiratory tract infection and history of parental asthma were found statistically significant. Health personnel’s needs to focus on creating awareness to the community on the merit of the separate kitchen for reduction of Community-acquired childhood pneumonia, and focus on prevention and management of childhood diarrheal and acute respiratory tract infections.

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