scholarly journals Preparation of Flame Retardant Modified with Titanate for Asphalt Binder

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Li ◽  
Jianxun Liu ◽  
Feng Han ◽  
Xiaoling Li ◽  
Liangying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Low Dosage

Improving the compatibility between flame retardant and asphalt is a difficult task due to the complex nature of the materials. This study explores a low dosage compound flame retardant and seeks to improve the compatibility between flame retardants and asphalt. An orthogonal experiment was designed taking magnesium hydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate, and melamine as factors. The oil absorption and activation index were tested to determine the effect of titanate on the flame retardant additive. The pavement performance test was conducted to evaluate the effect of the flame retardant additive. Oxygen index test was conducted to confirm the effect of flame retardant on flame ability of asphalt binder. The results of this study showed that the new composite flame retardant is more effective in improving the compatibility between flame retardant and asphalt and reducing the limiting oxygen index of asphalt binder tested in this study.

scholarly journals Performance of Warm-Mixed Flame Retardant Modified Asphalt Binder

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1491
Author(s):  
Ruixia Li ◽  
Kaiwei Zhang ◽  
Jiahui Wu ◽  
Wenjuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

In order to analyze the effect of flame retardant and warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives-Sasobit on the flame-retardant performance and pavement performance of asphalt binder, the limiting oxygen index test, conventional performance test, and Superpave evaluation index tests were performed on asphalt binders in the study. The test results show that flame retardant can effectively improve the flame resistance of asphalt binder, while Sasobit has a certain combustion-supporting effect. Therefore, when warm-mixed flame-retardant technology is applied, the concentration of Sasobit should be controlled appropriately. These two modifiers can significantly enhance the high-temperature performance of asphalt binder, but both of them have a slight negative influence on the low-temperature cracking resistance. Sasobit can substantially reduce the high-temperature viscosity of asphalt binder, which helps to improve the construction workability of asphalt binder, while the flame retardant adversely affects the viscosity reduction effect of Sasobit to a certain extent, but the overall impact is not large.

The Flammability of Polyacrylonitrile and Its Copolymers I. The Flammability Assessment Using Pressed Powdered Polymer Samples

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Michael E. Hall ◽  
A. Richard Horrocks
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Acrylic Polymer ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Convenient Means ◽  
Burning Rates ◽  
Polymer Flammability

This paper is the first in a series of four which investigates the burning behaviour and the influence of flame retardant species on the flam mability of fibre-forming polymer and copolymers of acrylonitrile. A pressed powdered polymer sheet technique is described that enables a range of polymer compositions in the presence and absence of flame retardants to be assessed for limiting oxygen index, burning rate and char residue deter minations. The method offers a rapid, reproducible and convenient means of screening possible flame retardant systems, and LOI values compare favourably with those of films and fabrics comprising the same polymeric type. Burning rates, however, are sensitive to changes in physical sample character such as form (film vs. powder sheet) and density. Thus the technique forms an excellent basis for the generation of burning data which will enable comprehensive studies of acrylic polymer flammability and flame retardancy to be undertaken.

Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant Polyamide 66

2020 ◽  
Vol 977 ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
Yu Lei Zheng ◽  
Shuang Chen ◽  
Jia Hui Wang ◽  
Ru Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Polyamide 66 ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Phosphorus Containing

Polyamide 66 (PA66) benefits from excellent mechanical properties and good chemical resistance, which enabled wide application of this material in various industrial fields; however, it suffers from high flammability. Generally, preparation of a flame retardant PA from a reactive flame retardant involves a two-step process. In this study, the flame retardant PA66s (FRPA66s) are synthesized via a one-pot melt copolycondensation route by using a reactive phosphorus-containing flame retardant (FR-B). Then, molecular weight, some mechanical and thermal properties along with flame retardant properties of FRPA66s were investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), instron material testing, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG) analysis, vertical burning test (UL 94), and limiting oxygen index test (LOI) techniques. The experimental results confirmed that FRPA66s synthesized by the one-pot method have very similar properties compared to those obtained via the two-step process. Moreover, the prepared materials showed good non-flammability behavior with limiting oxygen index value of over 30% and a vertical burning test result of V-0 rating.

Flammability and mechanical properties of poly(styrene–butadiene–styrene) copolymer–containing intumescent flame retardants

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 816-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiren Huang ◽  
Jianwei Yang ◽  
Zhengzhou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Flame-retardant properties of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and its two microcapsules, APP with a shell of melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin (MFAPP) and APP with a shell of epoxy resin (EPAPP), were studied in styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS). The results indicate that APP after the microencapsulation leads to an increase in limiting oxygen index in SBS compared with APP. When dipentaerythritol is incorporated into the SBS composites containing the APP microcapsules, a further improvement in flame retardancy of the composites is observed. The microencapsulation does not result in much improvement of mechanical properties. Moreover, the effect of a compatibilizer (SBS grafted with maleic anhydride) on flame-retardant and mechanical properties of SBS/APP composites was investigated.

Preparation and Properties of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foams

2011 ◽  
Vol 418-420 ◽  
pp. 540-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ding Meng Chen ◽  
Yi Ping Zhao ◽  
Jia Jian Yan ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Zhi Zhi Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Dimethyl Methylphosphonate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Layer Composite ◽  
Halogen Free ◽  
Thermal Stable

Polyurethane foams (PUFs) filled with several halogen-free flame retardants and composite halogen-free flame retardants were prepared. The flame retardant, thermal stable and mechanical properties of the PUFs were investigated. The results of limiting oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that PUFs filled with dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) had better flame retardancy compared with other flame retardants and DMMP degraded at a low temperature to form several phosphorated acids which accelerated the formation of char layer. Composite flame retardant of DMMP and melamine (MA) had a synergistic effect between phosphorus and nitrogen. The combination of DMMP and MA slightly altered the density of the PUFs. Results from the mechanical analysis revealed that with the increase in concentration of MA in the composite flame retardant of DMMP and MA, the tensile strength of PUFs reduced firstly and then increased up to a constant.

Synthesis of a New Silicon-Phosphorus Hybrid Flame Retardant from Waste Silicon Oil and its Application in Polypropylene System

2012 ◽  
Vol 534 ◽  
pp. 304-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Lin Song ◽  
Ya Wen Huang ◽  
Ke Cao ◽  
Jun Xiao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Silicon Oil ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Loading Amount

A new silicon-phosphorus hybrid (SPH) flame retardant was synthesized by condensation reaction of 1-oxo-4-hydroxymenthyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicy[2,2,2] octane (PEPA) with waste silicon oil which is mainly consisted of the compounds of CxHySizCln. The effect of Si/P hybrid on the flame retardancy of polypropylene composites (PP/Si-P) was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retarding performance of PP/SPH/MP/PER at the same loading amount is slightly higher relative to MP/PER. This, in plus to the low cost and the value in environmental protecting, makes SPH possess the application potential in flame retardants.

Microwave Assisted Preparation of Self-Extinguishing Cotton Fabrics by Small Molecules Containing Phosphorous and Nitrogen

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
SeChin Chang ◽  
Brian Condon ◽  
Jade Smith
Keyword(s):  
Surface Modification ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Flammability Test

Background: New methods for preparing surface modification of flame retardant cotton fabrics were employed by applying a microwave-assisted technique with a minimum amount of co-solvent. Efforts at flame retardant cotton fabrics treated with economic and environmentally friendly flame retardant compounds based on the small molecules piperazine, PN and PNN, were done successfully. Methods and Results: The evidence of flame retardant chemical penetrations or surface modification of cotton fabrics was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and the treated cotton fabrics were evaluated by flammability tests, such as 45°angle (clothing textiles test) and limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). Thermogravimetric analysis of all treated cotton fabrics in a nitrogen atmosphere showed high thermal stability, as decomposition occurred between 276.9~291.2°C with 30.5~35.7% residue weight char yield at 600°C. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and the 45° angle flammability test were used to determine the efficiency of the flame-retardant treatments on the fabrics. LOI values for control twill fabric showed ~18 vol% oxygen in nitrogen, whereas the highest treatment level had 32 vol%. High add-on treatments with flame retardants also readily passed the 45° angle flammability test. Conclusion: In the Microscale Combustion Calorimeter (MCC) tests, a decline in heat of combustion was shown through the smaller values acquired for THR, HRC and Tmax for all PN and PNN samples.

scholarly journals Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (20) ◽  
pp. 3746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Sag ◽  
Daniela Goedderz ◽  
Philipp Kukla ◽  
Lara Greiner ◽  
Frank Schönberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Polymer Structure ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Biobased Chemicals

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.

scholarly journals Cotton-based flame-retardant textiles: A review

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 4354-4381
Author(s):  
Md. Shahidul Islam ◽  
Theo. G. M. van de Ven
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
Cotton Textiles ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Biodegradable textiles made from cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, have gained attention from researchers, due to the ease with which cellulose can be chemically modified to introduce multifunctional groups, and because of its renewable and biodegradable nature. One of the most attractive features required for civilian and military applications of textiles is flame-retardancy. This review focuses on various methods employed for the fabrication of cellulose-based flame-retardant cotton textiles along with their developed flame-retardant properties over the last few years. The most common method is to merge N, S, P, and Si-based polymeric, non-polymeric, polymeric/non-polymeric hybrids, inorganic, and organic/inorganic hybrids with cellulose to fabricate flame-retardant cotton textiles. In these studies, cellulose was chemically bonded with the flame-retardants or in some cases, cotton textiles were coated by flame-retardants. The flame-retardant properties of the cotton textiles were investigated and determined by various methods, including the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the vertical flame test, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and by cone calorimetry. This review demonstrates the potential of cellulose-based flame-retardant textiles for various applications.

Flammability and Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fiber/Polypropylene Composites: Effect of Combination of Flame Retardants

2010 ◽  
Vol 123-125 ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachasit Jeencham ◽  
Nitinat Suppakarn ◽  
Kasama Jarukumjorn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Interfacial Adhesion ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Sisal Fiber ◽  
Index Test ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Pp Composites

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and zinc borate (Zb), as flame retardants were incorporated into sisal fiber/polypropylene (PP) composites. Ratios of APP to Zb were varied. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used to improve the interfacial adhesion between polypropylene and fillers. Flammability of the composites was examined using a horizontal burning test, a vertical burning test, and a limiting oxygen index test. Morphology and mechanical properties of the composites were also investigated. The composite containing 30 phr of APP and 10 phr of Zb exhibited better flame retardancy than the composites containing other ratios of APP to Zb. The combination of APP and Zb insignificantly changed mechanical properties of the composites. In addition, SEM micrographs of the composites revealed good distribution of flame retardants and sisal fiber in PP matrix.

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