scholarly journals Measurement of Cephalic Indices in Older Children and Adolescents of a Nigerian Population

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babatunde Olayemi Akinbami
Keyword(s):  
Head Length ◽  
Cephalic Index ◽  
Older Children ◽  
School Students ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Bony Landmarks ◽  
Biparietal Diameter ◽  
Head Breadth ◽  
Nigerian Population ◽  
Age Range

Background. A study on the cephalic index was carried out on subjects from school students in Ogbia tribe of Bayelsa state in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This study determined the cephalic indices among the school students. In the present study, seven hundred subjects were randomly selected from secondary schools comprising 350 males and 350 females, respectively, with age range from 11–20 years, with both parents and grandparents of Ogbia tribe. The length and breadth of the head were measured using a spreading caliper from standard bony landmarks. The measurable point for head length was measured between the glabella and inions while the head breadth was the widest biparietal diameter. The cephalic index was head breadth divided by the head length and multiplied by 100. The result showed that the mean cephalic index was 76.56. Males had a cephalic index of 77.21, while females had a cephalic index of 76.50. Based on this study, 78.68% of individuals were mesocephalic, 11.4% dolichocephalic, 9.0% Brachycephalic, and 0.43% hyperbrachycephalic. This research showed that the school students have mesocephalic phenotype. The data from this research will be useful in anthropology, genetics, forensic medicine, and clinical practice.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF STATURE FROM CEPHALIC DIMENSIONS IN A NIGERIAN POPULATION. Estimación de la estatura por las dimensiones cefálicas en una población nigeriana

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ukoha U Ukoha ◽  
Kosisochukwu E Umeasalugo ◽  
Onochie O Udemezue ◽  
Lasbery A Asomugha
Keyword(s):  
Head Circumference ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Head Breadth ◽  
Nigerian Population ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Horizontal Head

Objetivos: El presente estudio trata de examinar la relación entre la estatura y dimensiones cefálicas en la etnia Igbo de Nigeria y proponer un modelo de regresión para estimar la estatura cuando las dimensiones cefálicas están disponibles. Materiales y Métodos: 500 sujetos (261 varones y 239 mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre 18 y 30 años, que vive en Nnewi, Nigeria, participaron en el estudio. La estatura y tres dimensiones cefálicas (longitud cabeza, amplitud cabeza y circunferencia de la cabeza horizontal) se tomaron de cada individuo. La estatura se tomó como la altura en posición de pie, y se midió (en centímetros) usando un metro de altura. La longitud de la cabeza fue tomada como la distancia occipito-frontal, y se midió (en centímetros) con un calibre deslizable Mitsutoyo.  El tamaño de la cabeza fue tomada como la distancia máxima biparietal, y se midió (en centímetros) usando un calibre deslizante Mitsutoyo. Se midió la circunferencia horizontal de la cabeza (la distancia desde la glabela alrededor del cráneo de nuevo a la glabela) (en centímetros) usando una cinta métrica. Principales Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una correlación significativa de las dimensiones cefálicas con estatura en las mujeres (p<0,01). Para los varones, la circunferencia horizontal y la longitud de la cabezal tuvieron correlación significativa con la talla (p<0,05), mientras que la amplitud cabeza se correlacionó de manera insignificante (p>0,05). Las ecuaciones de regresión también se formularon para estimar la estatura de dimensiones cefálicas para sujetos masculinos y femeninos. Conclusión: El estudio mostró que la circunferencia horizontal y la amplitud de la cabeza es mejor predictor de la estatura que la longitud cefálica, y que las dimensiones cefálicas se puede utilizar para estimar la estatura. Objectives: The present study sought to examine the relationship between stature and cephalic dimensions in the Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria, and to propose a regression model for stature estimation when the cephalic dimensions are available. Materials and Methods: 500 subjects (261 males and 239 females) between the ages of 18 and 30, living in Nnewi, Nigeria, participated in the study. Stature and three cephalic dimensions (head length, head breadth and horizontal head circumference) were taken on each individual. Stature was taken as standing height, and was measured (in centimeters) using a height meter. Head length was taken as the occipito-frontal distance, and was measured (in centimeters) with Mitsutoyo sliding calipers. Head breadth was taken as the maximum biparietal distance, and was measured (in centimeters) using Mitsutoyo sliding calipers. Horizontal head circumference (the distance from the glabella around the cranium back to the glabella) was measured (in centimeters) using a metric tape. Main Results: The results showed significant correlation of cephalic dimensions with stature in the females (p<0.01). For the male subjects, horizontal head circumference and head length had significant correlation with stature (p<0.05) while head breadth was insignificantly correlated (p>0.05). Regression equations were also formulated for estimating stature from cephalic dimensions for the male and female subjects. Conclusion: The study showed that horizontal head circumference and head breadth were better predictors of stature than head length, and that the cephalic dimensions can be used to estimate stature.

scholarly journals Pattern of Cephalic Index among Medical Students of a Medical College of Eastern Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-259
Author(s):  
Raju Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Sanjib Kumar Sah ◽  
Surya B. Parajuli ◽  
Suman Pokhrel ◽  
Santosh K. Deo
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Cephalic Index ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Head Breadth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Head Type

Background Cephalic index (CI) is one of the important anthropometric parameters to determine racial variation.  Studies done in Nepal has made a comparison of cephalic index for castes (Tharu, Brahmin, Chhetri, Newar), races (Mongoloids and Aryans) but lacks sex variation. The objective of this study was to find the difference in the cephalic index between two genders and to find the sequence of most predominant to least common head type in different genders among the Medical Students of Birat Medical College & Teaching Hospital (BMCTH). Methods A cross-sectional study conducted in the department of Anatomy of BMCTH from 1 July 2019 to 1 September 2019 comprising of 256 medical students (133 male and 123 female) aged between 18 to 24 years. Head length, head breadth and cephalic index were the variables measured using standard devices and techniques. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (IRC) of Birat Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Nepal. Results The mean cephalic index in male and female is found to be 81.41 ± 4.52 and 83.62 ± 4.08 respectively. Statistically significant difference found between gender in terms of head length males (18.78±0.69) and females (17.71 ± 0.60); head breadth males (15.28 ±0.62) and females (14.79 ±0.57). The mean cephalic index in males is 81.41 ± 4.52 varying from 69.31 to 94.48. In females, the cephalic index varied from 74.74 to 93.14 and the mean cephalic index is 83.62 ± 4.08. The difference between male and female cephalic index is found to be statistically significant. Majority (43.75%) had Brachycephalic head (CI>79.9) followed by Hyperbrachycephalic (26.95%), Mesocephalic (25.39%), and Dolicocephalic (3.90%). Conclusion Cephalic index is significantly high in female as compared to male whereas head length and breadth are significantly high in males than females. It confirms sexual dimorphism exists. Brachycephalic is the commonest head type.  

scholarly journals A STUDY ON CEPHALIC INDEX OF ADULT NORTH INDIAN POPULATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prem Singh ◽  
Vasundhara Kulshreshtha ◽  
Pradeep Singh ◽  
Ved Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Head Length ◽  
North Indian Population ◽  
Cephalic Index ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Head Breadth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Cephalic index is the percentage of head breadth to head length. The index is calculated from measurement of the diameters of head (head length and head breadth). When applied to living individuals it is known as cephalic index, and when referring to dry skulls, the cranial index. This index is used as a useful anthropological tool for analysis of racial and sexual differences in a population. The present study was done to find out Cephalic Index and to study sexual dimorphism in adult North Indian population. Objective of the study was to calculate the cephalic index and to find out that the present study group belongs to which category in the classification of skull based on cephalic index and to study the sexual dimorphism in respect to cephalic index. Material & Methods: The present study comprised of 200 medical students of age group between 18 yrs. to 25 yrs. of S.N. Medical College, Agra, not having any significant disease or deformity that could have affected the general or the bony growth. Two anthropometric parameters; head length and head breadth were recorded in centimeters by using spreading caliper. With these recorded data, cephalic index was calculated for males and females separately as well as combined. Results: Mean Cephalic Index was significantly higher (p=0.03124) in females (79.350 ± 5.7157) as compared to males (77.715 ± 4.9102). Conclusion: There was a statistically significant difference in the mean of the cephalic indices of male and female students (p=0.03124). The mean cephalic index of combined population in this study was 78.533 ± 5.3776 which states that the dominant head shape among North Indians is Mesaticephalic.

scholarly journals Description of Cephalic Index in Female Indian and Chinese Malaysian

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (01) ◽  
pp. 4681-4685
Author(s):  
Emma Rachmawati ◽  
Nani Murniati ◽  
Amreeta Kaur Xavier
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Cranial Vault ◽  
Stratified Random Sampling ◽  
Cephalic Index ◽  
Head Breadth ◽  
Significant Difference

Cephalic index is an important parameter in evaluating racial and sexual differences, is measured by establishing a ratio between the breadth and the length of the head calculated as 100 times the maximum breadth of the head measured at the greatest diameter of the cranial vault above the supramastoid crest divided by the maximum length of the head measured from the most prominent point on the glabella to the opisthocranion. The aim of the research was to differentiate the cephalic index between female Indian and Chinese Malaysian studying in Padjadjaran University. This research was a descriptive study with total samples are 35 comprise of 13 females Indian and 22 females Chinese. The sampling technique used was stratified random sampling. The subjects were measured for head length and head breadth by using a spreading caliper. The result of the research shows that 22 female Chinese surveyed has an average cephalic index of 85.861(hyperbrachycephalic) with a standard deviation of 3.717. Meanwhile, the 13 female Indian surveyed has an average of 81.768 (brachycephalic), with a standard deviation of 3.205. The conclusion of this research is that there is a significant difference of cephalic index between females Indian and Chinese Malaysian.

scholarly journals Secular changes in cephalic index-a study of Serbian school children

Genetika ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Cvetkovic ◽  
Stevo Najman ◽  
Milos Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Cephalic Index ◽  
Single Population ◽  
Secular Changes ◽  
Head Breadth ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The City ◽  
Southeastern Serbia

Craniofacial anthropometry is used to determine similarities and differences within a single population or between populations, as well as to determine the secular trends. The aim of the study is to determine differences in the cephalic index of school children from the city of Nis (southeastern Serbia) in two periods-in 1983 and 2010. Subjects were aged 7-15. The first group of subjects (from 1983) included 968 children of both genders, while the second group of subjects (from 2010) included 1037 children, also of both genders. The test was performed according to the instructions of the International Biology Program (IBP). The head length and head breadth were measured, and based on these parameters the cephalic index was determined. The results show that during the time debrachycephalization appeared, because brachycephalic was dominant with the children from 1983, while mesocephalic was dominant with the second group (2010). Genderual dimorphism exists in both groups of subjects.

Observing the Interethnic Friendships in Elementary and Secondary Religion-Based School

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adib Rifqi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Internalizing Behavior ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Classroom Context ◽  
Older Children ◽  
School Students ◽  
School Year ◽  
Interethnic Friendships ◽  
Level I

Friendships provide opportunities to build empathy and practice social skills. Being friends with ethnically diverse peers can create opportunities for academic and social learning different from the opportunities afforded by same-ethnic friendships. Through my observation, I had been finding that elementary and secondary school students are less likely to have friends of a different ethnic — even from the beginning to the end of a single school year, as they progress in school. My observation show that most childhood friendships are formed in classrooms, but children tend to form friendships with others of their own ethnicity, with interethnic friendships decreasing across ages and grades. The observation looked at student and classroom factors that affect the likelihood of children forming friendships across ethnic. On an individual or student level, I looked at age, ethnic, and psychosocial factors, including sociability, internalizing behavior (such as worrying or feeling sad) and externalizing behavior (such as acting out or getting in trouble). I also examined factors related to classroom context, including teacher support, whether teachers treat students with varying levels of academic achievement differently, and competition among students. Results suggest that same-ethnic friendships increase over the school year, with greater increases among white and older children. Externalizing behavior predicted a greater increase in same-ethnic friendships, particularly among ‘domestic’ (Javanese: ‘cah kene dewe’) students. Teachers and classroom context influenced student friendships in two different ways. It suggests that teachers may make a difference in how students select and maintain friends. Classroom support -- measured by student perceptions of teachers' warmth, respect, and trust -- predicted less of an increase in same-ethnic friendships from fall to spring. In last, my observation points to the need not just for diverse schools, but also for teachers to foster classrooms where students and teachers support one another, and social and academic hierarchies are not dominant, which could increase the likelihood of students developing and maintaining interethnic friendships.

Gender Differences in Relationship Between Resilience and Big Five Personality Traits in Japanese Adolescents

2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 920-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Iimura ◽  
Kanako Taku
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Big Five Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
School Students ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Japanese Adolescents ◽  
Age Range

Prior work has indicated that female adolescents mature more quickly than males with regard to the various personality dimensions. From the developmental perspectives, this study aimed to explore gender differences in the relationships between resilience and the Big Five personality traits in Japanese adolescents. Middle school students ( N = 310, 155 females, age range = 14–15 years) participated in an online survey. The results demonstrated that females had higher Conscientiousness than males. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that Neuroticism was the most influential predictor of resilience in females, whereas Extraversion was the most important predictor in males. Multigroup path analysis demonstrated that the effect of Neuroticism on resilience was greater for females; however, the effects of all other variables did not differ across genders. Considering gender differences is important to understand the relationship between resilience and the Big Five dimensions among adolescents.

Image of Self, Schoolmates, Parents, and Adults among Wolof Adolescents

1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 707-714
Author(s):  
Michel Vandewiele
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
School Students ◽  
Perception Of Self ◽  
Age Range ◽  
At Home

This study investigated 695 Wolof secondary school students' (176 girls, 519 boys, age range from 17 to 20 yr.) perception of self, family, comrades and adults in general by a questionnaire. (a) Subjects were twice less worried about their physical appearance than about their psychological makeup. (b) Subjects' criticisms were levelled mainly at adults in general and less at themselves. (c) There was a greater concern for the family's poverty and a preference for perfect harmony at home. (d) Kindness was the most appreciated quality in comrades. (e) Concerning adults, opinion was evenly divided. Some appreciate their advice and kindness, others hate their vices and intolerance; however, when requested to choose between a status of adolescence or of adulthood, subjects anticipated fear of the heavy responsibilities of adults often coupled with a thirst for independence, a desire to keep up their families, and have their own families as well.

scholarly journals ERICA: use of screens and consumption of meals and snacks by Brazilian adolescents

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (suppl 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Souza Oliveira ◽  
Laura Augusta Barufaldi ◽  
Gabriela de Azevedo Abreu ◽  
Vanessa Sá Leal ◽  
Gisela Soares Brunken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Private School ◽  
School Students ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Complex Sampling ◽  
Range Type ◽  
Complex Sampling Design ◽  
The Media ◽  
Age Range

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the length of exposure to screens and the prevalence of consumption of meals and snacks by Brazilian adolescents in front of screens. METHODS We evaluated 74,589 12 to 17-year old adolescents from 1,247 schools in 124 Brazilian municipalities. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Its segment regarding nutrition contained questions about using TV, computers, and video game systems, having meals while watching TV, and consuming snacks in front of screens. Consumption of meals and snacks in front of screens was analyzed according to the following variables: geographical region, gender, age range, type of school (public or private), and school shift. The prevalences and their respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated under a complex sampling design. RESULTS A great deal of the adolescents (73.5%, 95%CI 72.3-74.7) reported spending two or more hours a day in front of screens. That habit was more frequent among male adolescents, private school students, morning shift students, and students from Brazil’s South region. More than half of the adolescents (56.6%, 95%CI 55.4-57.8) reported almost always or always having meals in front of TV, and 39.6% (95%CI 38.8-40.5) of them said they consumed snacks in front of screens exactly as often. Both situations were the most prevalent ones among the girls, who attended public schools and were from Brazil’s Midwest region. CONCLUSIONS Length of exposure to screens and consumption of meals and snacks almost always or always in front of screens are high among Brazilian adolescents. It is necessary to develop strategies aiming to reduce the length of screen use, considering the media reality that children and adolescents have been experiencing from earlier and earlier ages. That context must therefore be analyzed in an indissociable way.

scholarly journals Cognitive and Physical Activity-Related Aspects of Children Associated to the Performance of the Crunning Movement

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Ewan Thomas ◽  
Marianna Alesi ◽  
Garden Tabacchi ◽  
Carlos Marques da Silva ◽  
David J. Sturm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Movement Performance ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
Age Range

The aim of this investigation was to identify possible related factors associated to the performance of the crunning test in European children and adolescents. A total number of 559 children and adolescents (age range 6–14 years) of which 308 boys (55.1%) and 251 girls (44.9%), from seven European countries, were screened. A questionnaire concerning demographic and personal life-related factors and a cognitive assessment were performed. A regression analysis was conducted with the performance measures of the crunning movement. T-tests and ANCOVA were used to analyze sub-group differences. Boys have greater crunning performance values compared to girls (5.55 s vs. 7.06 s, p < 0.001) and older children perform better than younger ones (R2 −0.23; p < 0.001). Children with healthy and active habits (exercising or spending time with family members vs. reading or surfing the internet) performed better in the test. Children engaged in team sports had better crunning performances compared to those engaged in individual sports (6.01 s vs. 6.66 s, p = 0.0166). No significant association was found regarding cognitive-related aspects in either children engaged in team or individual sports and the crunning performance. Older and male children performed better in the crunning test than younger and female children. Physical activity-related aspects of children’s life are associated with crunning movement performance. No association was found between higher cognitive performance and the crunning test results.

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