scholarly journals Connectomics: A New Direction in Research to Understand the Mechanism of Acupuncture

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruirui Sun ◽  
Yue Yang ◽  
Zhengjie Li ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Shirui Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Theory ◽  
Acupuncture Treatment ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Central Mechanism ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
Acupuncture Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Acupuncture has been used to treat various disorders in China and some other eastern countries for thousands of years. Nowadays, acupuncture is gradually accepted as an alternative and complementary method in western countries for its undeniable therapeutic effects. However, its central mechanism is still unclear. It is especially difficult to reveal how different regions in the brain influence one another and how the relationship is among these regions responding to acupuncture treatment. Recently, by applying neuroimaging techniques and network theory, acupuncture studies can make further efforts to investigate the influence of acupuncture on regional cerebral functional connectivity (FC) and the modulation on “acupuncture-related” networks. Connectomics appears to be a new direction in research to further understand the central mechanism underlying acupuncture. In this paper, an overview of connectomics application in acupuncture research will be discussed, with special emphasis on present findings of acupuncture and its influence on cerebral FC. Firstly, the connectomics concept and its significance on acupuncture will be outlined. Secondly, the commonly used brain imaging techniques will be briefly introduced. Thirdly, the influence of acupuncture on FC will be discussed in greater detail. Finally, the possible direction in forthcoming research will be reviewed by analyzing the limitation of present studies.

Antipsychotic efficacy: Relationship to optimal D2-receptor occupancy

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Pani ◽  
Luigi Pira ◽  
Giorgio Marchese
Keyword(s):  
Atypical Antipsychotics ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Receptor Occupancy ◽  
Antipsychotic Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Biochemical Interaction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractClinically important differences exist between antipsychotic agents and formulations in terms of safety and tolerability. Features of the biochemical interaction between the antipsychotic and the D2-receptor may underlie these differences. This article reviews current information on the relationship between antipsychotic receptor occupancy and clinical response. A literature search was performed using the keywords ‘antipsychotic or neuroleptic’, ‘receptor’ and ‘occupancy’ and ‘dopamine’ and ‘D2’ supplemented by the authors’ knowledge of the literature. Imaging and clinical data have generally supported the hypotheses that optimal D2-receptor occupancy in the striatum lies in a ‘therapeutic window’ between ∼65 and ∼80%, however, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a drug should also be taken into account to fully evaluate its therapeutic effects. Additional research, perhaps in preclinical models, is needed to establish D2-receptor occupancy in various regions of the brain and the optimal duration of D2-receptor blockade in order to maximise efficacy and tolerability profiles of atypical antipsychotics and thereby improve treatment outcomes for patients with schizophrenia.

MARKERS OF NEUROVISULATION IN MIGRAINE DIAGNOSTICS

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
M. P. Ostashko ◽  
T. I. Nasonova
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

In clinical medicine, the diagnosis of migraine is based on anamnesis and symptoms, and instrumental diagnostic methods are considered non-informative. Numerous studies of the brain, during headaches and between them, have made a significant contribution to understanding the pathophysiology of migraines. Structural and functional changes in the migraine brain are revealed by advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, and attempts to detect the visualization markers of this disease progressively increase. This overview article aims to summarize the results of recent studies that reflect achievements in understanding the pathophysiology of migraine, as well as the possibility of using neuroimaging techniques in diagnosing migraines.

Importance of Brain Reward System in Neuromarketing

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Tayfun Uzbay
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Limbic Structures ◽  
Brain Reward ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Shopping Addiction ◽  
Brain Reward System

Neuromarketing is a relatively new concept. It is simply focused on the relationship between consumer behavior and the brain. For this purpose, it analyzes various customer behaviors towards the product and purchase by using various brain imaging techniques and behavioral methodology. Some limbic structures of brain such as ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus acumbens (NAc), and amygdala have a link to prefrontal cortex (PFC) by dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic pathway. This functional link is called brain reward system (BRS). BRS has a crucial role in the decision-making process of humans during shopping as well as addiction processes of brain. Studies investigating BRS in neuromarketing are very limited. In the chapter, working principles of BRS in neuromarketing and association with human shopping behaviors and shopping addiction/dependence has been investigated and discussed.

The language of visual representations in the neurosciences — relating past and future

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Stahnisch
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

AbstractIn theoretical accounts of the neurosciences, investigative research programs have often been separated into the morphological and physiological tradition. The morphological tradition is seen as describing the structure and form of the external and interior parts of the brain and spinal cord. The physiological tradition is interpreted as a compilation of those approaches which investigate cerebral functions particularly in their dynamic interactions. It must be regarded as an open question, though, whether the distinction between the morphological and physiological tradition in modern clinical and basic neuroscience has now become obsolete with the most recent neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, PET scans, SPECT, etc. Taken at face value, these new imaging techniques seem to relate, overlap, and even identify the anatomical with the functional substrate, when mapping individual patterns of neural activity across the visually delineated morphological structures. The particular focus of this review article is primarily on the morphological tradition, beginning with German neuroanatomist Samuel Thomas Soemmerring and leading to recent approaches in the neurohistological work of neuroscience centres in the United States and morphophysiological neuroimaging techniques in Canada. Following some landmark research steps in neuroanatomy detailed in the first section, this article analyzes the changing trajectories to an integrative theory of the brain in its second section. An examination of the relationship between form and function within the material culture of neuroscience in the third and final part, will further reveal an astonishingly heterogeneous investigative and conceptual terrain.

MARKERS OF NEUROVISULATION IN MIGRAINE DIAGNOSTICS

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
M. P. Ostashko ◽  
T. I. Nasonova
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

In clinical medicine, the diagnosis of migraine is based on anamnesis and symptoms, and instrumental diagnostic methods are considered non-informative. Numerous studies of the brain, during headaches and between them, have made a significant contribution to understanding the pathophysiology of migraines. Structural and functional changes in the migraine brain are revealed by advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, and attempts to detect the visualization markers of this disease progressively increase. This overview article aims to summarize the results of recent studies that reflect achievements in understanding the pathophysiology of migraine, as well as the possibility of using neuroimaging techniques in diagnosing migraines.

scholarly journals OCT STUDIES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 769-777
Author(s):  
Ushna Usman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Background: Schizophrenia is a detrimental neurodevelopmental disorder that affects nearly 1 % of the population worldwide. Although schizophrenia ranks among the leading causes of global disease-related disability, definitive investigations do not exist for its diagnosis at present. Since the retina is derived from the same neural layer that the brain develops from, OCT imaging of retina can provide valuable information regarding underlying pathology of schizophrenia. Objectives: This review aims at describing the potential relevance of OCT studies 1) in understanding current insights into retinal structural changes in schizophrenia 2) in understanding the relationship between retinal structural alterations and disease progression and chronicity 3) and to determine the potential role of retinal changes as biomarkers of schizophrenia. Methodology: A comprehensive search of databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Medline was conducted using the keywords: schizophrenia, retina, OCT and RNFL changes. Relevant articles were identified and their key findings summarized in this review. Conclusion: OCT studies in schizophrenia patients conducted in recent years continue to provide evidence of retinal structural alterations associated with schizophrenia. However, the findings of these studies vary and there is a need to conduct further studies for clarification regarding the subject. The application of OCT and other neuroimaging techniques to correlate retinal structural alterations with schizophrenia may potentially help establish the role of retinal variables as biomarkers for the disease, and may open a gateway for better diagnostic investigations in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Current approaches and advances in the imaging of stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragati Kakkar ◽  
Tarun Kakkar ◽  
Tufail Patankar ◽  
Sikha Saha
Keyword(s):  
Multimodal Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques ◽  
Vascular Region

ABSTRACT A stroke occurs when the blood flow to the brain is suddenly interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen and glucose and leading to further cell death. Neuroimaging techniques, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, have greatly improved our ability to visualise brain structures and are routinely used to diagnose the affected vascular region of a stroke patient's brain and to inform decisions about clinical care. Currently, these multimodal imaging techniques are the backbone of the clinical management of stroke patients and have immensely improved our ability to visualise brain structures. Here, we review recent developments in the field of neuroimaging and discuss how different imaging techniques are used in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of stroke.

scholarly journals Psycological and physiological responses to stress: a review based on results from PET and MRI studies

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (spe) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Martins Cortez ◽  
Frederico Alan de Oliveira Cruz ◽  
Dilson Silva
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Nuclear Imaging ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

A new application for the nuclear imaging techniques is the study of organic responses to stress. Neuroimaging techniques allow the assessment of brain activation changes in association with the metabolic responses to stress. In this paper, a review of general effects of the stress on organic activity is made, emphasizing important advances introduced by studies using PET and fMRI. The importance of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to onset the adequate psychical and organic responses to sustain the homeostasis during the stress is discussed, as well as the possibility of traumatic stressing experiences have negative effects on the brain.

The coincidence of schizophrenia and Parkinsonism: some neurochemical implications

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Crow ◽  
Eve C. Johnstone ◽  
H. A. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Corpus Striatum ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Tuberculum Olfactorium ◽  
Dopaminergic Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
The Brain

SynopsisThe hypothesis has recently been advanced that increased activity of central dopaminergic mechanisms underlies the symptomatology of the schizophrenias. The evidence that dopaminergic transmission in the corpus striatum is impaired in Parkinson's disease suggests that observations on the relationship between Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia may illuminate the pathophysiology of the latter disease. Four cases are reported in which an illness with schizophrenic features developed in the setting of longstanding Parkinson's disease; attention is drawn to earlier reports of schizophrenic illnesses occurring as.postencephalitic sequelae in the presence of a parkinsonian syndrome. These observations appear to conflict with the view that increased dopamine release in the striatum is necessary for the expression of schizophrenic psychopathology, but do not exclude the possibility that increased transmission may occur at other dopaminergic sites in the brain, for example the nucleus accumbens, tuberculum olfactorium or cerebral cortex. Similarly the dopamine receptor blockade hypothesis of the therapeutic effects of neuroleptic drugs cannot be maintained with respect to an action in the striatum in view of the differences between the actions of thioridazine and chlorpromazine in this structure, but may be tenable for actions at extra-striatal sites.

Grenzenlose Verantwortung

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Ralf Becker
Keyword(s):  
Personal Freedom ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The article examines the relationship between freedom, guilt and responsibility in Dostojewski’s and Sartre’s works. Both attribute a great measure of personal freedom to man. Therefore, they do not tolerate excuses. Whoever is free, carries responsibility and gets caught up in guilt. Dostojewski’s focus is mainly on guilt, Sartre’s is on responsibility. They share the conviction that we can delegate responsibility for our actions or our way of living neither to a whole, of which we are a part, like society (the ,milieu'), nor to a part, for which we are the whole, like the ,brain' or the ,genes'. In that sense, Dostojewski’s and Sartre’s attempts at an ethic of responsibility also offer convincing arguments against determinism.

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