scholarly journals Psycological and physiological responses to stress: a review based on results from PET and MRI studies

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (spe) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célia Martins Cortez ◽  
Frederico Alan de Oliveira Cruz ◽  
Dilson Silva
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Nuclear Imaging ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

A new application for the nuclear imaging techniques is the study of organic responses to stress. Neuroimaging techniques allow the assessment of brain activation changes in association with the metabolic responses to stress. In this paper, a review of general effects of the stress on organic activity is made, emphasizing important advances introduced by studies using PET and fMRI. The importance of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to onset the adequate psychical and organic responses to sustain the homeostasis during the stress is discussed, as well as the possibility of traumatic stressing experiences have negative effects on the brain.

MARKERS OF NEUROVISULATION IN MIGRAINE DIAGNOSTICS

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
M. P. Ostashko ◽  
T. I. Nasonova
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

In clinical medicine, the diagnosis of migraine is based on anamnesis and symptoms, and instrumental diagnostic methods are considered non-informative. Numerous studies of the brain, during headaches and between them, have made a significant contribution to understanding the pathophysiology of migraines. Structural and functional changes in the migraine brain are revealed by advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, and attempts to detect the visualization markers of this disease progressively increase. This overview article aims to summarize the results of recent studies that reflect achievements in understanding the pathophysiology of migraine, as well as the possibility of using neuroimaging techniques in diagnosing migraines.

The language of visual representations in the neurosciences — relating past and future

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Stahnisch
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

AbstractIn theoretical accounts of the neurosciences, investigative research programs have often been separated into the morphological and physiological tradition. The morphological tradition is seen as describing the structure and form of the external and interior parts of the brain and spinal cord. The physiological tradition is interpreted as a compilation of those approaches which investigate cerebral functions particularly in their dynamic interactions. It must be regarded as an open question, though, whether the distinction between the morphological and physiological tradition in modern clinical and basic neuroscience has now become obsolete with the most recent neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, PET scans, SPECT, etc. Taken at face value, these new imaging techniques seem to relate, overlap, and even identify the anatomical with the functional substrate, when mapping individual patterns of neural activity across the visually delineated morphological structures. The particular focus of this review article is primarily on the morphological tradition, beginning with German neuroanatomist Samuel Thomas Soemmerring and leading to recent approaches in the neurohistological work of neuroscience centres in the United States and morphophysiological neuroimaging techniques in Canada. Following some landmark research steps in neuroanatomy detailed in the first section, this article analyzes the changing trajectories to an integrative theory of the brain in its second section. An examination of the relationship between form and function within the material culture of neuroscience in the third and final part, will further reveal an astonishingly heterogeneous investigative and conceptual terrain.

MARKERS OF NEUROVISULATION IN MIGRAINE DIAGNOSTICS

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
M. P. Ostashko ◽  
T. I. Nasonova
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

In clinical medicine, the diagnosis of migraine is based on anamnesis and symptoms, and instrumental diagnostic methods are considered non-informative. Numerous studies of the brain, during headaches and between them, have made a significant contribution to understanding the pathophysiology of migraines. Structural and functional changes in the migraine brain are revealed by advanced magnetic resonance imaging techniques, and attempts to detect the visualization markers of this disease progressively increase. This overview article aims to summarize the results of recent studies that reflect achievements in understanding the pathophysiology of migraine, as well as the possibility of using neuroimaging techniques in diagnosing migraines.

scholarly journals Brain and Language: an overview of neuroimaging studies of bilingual language processing

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Augusto Buchweitz
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Procedural Knowledge ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Second Languages ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Six articles combining the study of bilinguals and neuroimaging techniques are discussed. The objective is to seek for contributions from neuroimaging studies for the understanding of what goes on in the bilingual brain that processes two languages, and of what goes on, comparatively, in terms of brain activation of each language. Studies show that highly proficient bilinguals activate the same areas in the brain for both the first and second languages. This indicates that the second language becomes part of the speaker's procedural knowledge.

scholarly journals Acupuncture blocks cold stress-induced increases in the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis in the rat

2013 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladan Eshkevari ◽  
Eva Permaul ◽  
Susan E Mulroney
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Treatment Control Group ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Electroacupuncture (EA) is used to treat chronic stress; however, its mechanism(s) of action in allaying stress remains unclear. The interplay of stress hormones of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is critical in the stress response. Our objective was to determine whether EA at acupoint, stomach 36 (EA St36) is effective in preventing chronic cold stress-induced increased hormone levels in the rat by examining four groups of animals, three of which were exposed to cold and one of which was a non-treatment control group. Before exposure to the cold, two groups were treated with either EA St36, or Sham-EA, before 10 days of cold stress. The EA St36 animals demonstrated a significant decrease in peripheral HP hormones (ACTH and CORT) compared with stress animals (P<0.05). These effects were specific; rats receiving Sham-EA had elevation of these hormones, similar to the stress-only animals. These effects were mirrored centrally in the brain; CRH levels were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in EA St36 animals compared with the other animals. Finally, EA effect on peripheral and adrenal SNS hormones (norepinephrine (NE) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) respectively) was examined, with no significant difference noted in adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase or circulating NE in any of the groups. However, EA St36 was effective in preventing stress-induced elevation is adrenal Npy mRNA. These results indicate that EA St36 blocks the chronic stress-induced elevations in the HPA and the sympathetic NPY pathway, which may be a mechanism for its specific stress-allaying effects.

scholarly journals Connectomics: A New Direction in Research to Understand the Mechanism of Acupuncture

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruirui Sun ◽  
Yue Yang ◽  
Zhengjie Li ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Shirui Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Theory ◽  
Acupuncture Treatment ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Central Mechanism ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
Acupuncture Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Acupuncture has been used to treat various disorders in China and some other eastern countries for thousands of years. Nowadays, acupuncture is gradually accepted as an alternative and complementary method in western countries for its undeniable therapeutic effects. However, its central mechanism is still unclear. It is especially difficult to reveal how different regions in the brain influence one another and how the relationship is among these regions responding to acupuncture treatment. Recently, by applying neuroimaging techniques and network theory, acupuncture studies can make further efforts to investigate the influence of acupuncture on regional cerebral functional connectivity (FC) and the modulation on “acupuncture-related” networks. Connectomics appears to be a new direction in research to further understand the central mechanism underlying acupuncture. In this paper, an overview of connectomics application in acupuncture research will be discussed, with special emphasis on present findings of acupuncture and its influence on cerebral FC. Firstly, the connectomics concept and its significance on acupuncture will be outlined. Secondly, the commonly used brain imaging techniques will be briefly introduced. Thirdly, the influence of acupuncture on FC will be discussed in greater detail. Finally, the possible direction in forthcoming research will be reviewed by analyzing the limitation of present studies.

Brain activation following peripheral administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (4) ◽  
pp. R1011-R1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena-Dana Baraboi ◽  
David H. St-Pierre ◽  
Julie Shooner ◽  
Elena Timofeeva ◽  
Denis Richard
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Nodose Ganglion ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The aim of our study was to investigate the anorectic and brain stimulatory effects of various doses of exendin-4 (Ex-4) and to investigate the role of the vagus nerve in Ex-4-induced brain activation. A dose-related increase in c- fos mRNA expression was observed following Ex-4 administration (0.155–15.5 μg/kg). Doses of Ex-4 that caused anorexia without aversive effects (0.155, 0.775 μg/kg) induced c- fos expression in the hypothalamic arcuate and paraventricular (PVH; parvocellular) nuclei as well as in the limbic and brainstem structures. Doses of Ex-4 that caused aversion (1.55, 15.5 μg/kg) stimulated the same regions (in a more intense way) and additionally activated the magnocellular hypothalamic structures (supraoptic nucleus and PVH magnocellular). The brain c- fos pattern induced by Ex-4 showed both similarities and differences with that induced by refeeding. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy significantly blunted the stimulation of c- fos mRNA expression induced by Ex-4 in the nodose ganglion, the medial part of nucleus of the solitary tract, and the parvocellular division of the PVH. Pretreatment with Ex-9-39 (330 μg/kg ip) impaired the neuronal activation evoked by Ex-4 in all brain regions and in the nodose ganglion. Effects of Ex-4 on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity were not altered by vagotomy. Results of this study demonstrate and relate the anorectic and brain stimulatory effects of aversive and nonaversive doses of Ex-4 and indicate that the activation of specific central regions induced by the peripheral administration of Ex-4 is, at least in part, dependent on the integrity of the vagus nerve.

scholarly journals Current approaches and advances in the imaging of stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragati Kakkar ◽  
Tarun Kakkar ◽  
Tufail Patankar ◽  
Sikha Saha
Keyword(s):  
Multimodal Imaging ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques ◽  
Vascular Region

ABSTRACT A stroke occurs when the blood flow to the brain is suddenly interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen and glucose and leading to further cell death. Neuroimaging techniques, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, have greatly improved our ability to visualise brain structures and are routinely used to diagnose the affected vascular region of a stroke patient's brain and to inform decisions about clinical care. Currently, these multimodal imaging techniques are the backbone of the clinical management of stroke patients and have immensely improved our ability to visualise brain structures. Here, we review recent developments in the field of neuroimaging and discuss how different imaging techniques are used in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of stroke.

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