scholarly journals Colorful World of Microbes: Carotenoids and Their Applications

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kushwaha Kirti ◽  
Saini Amita ◽  
Saraswat Priti ◽  
Agarwal Mukesh Kumar ◽  
Saxena Jyoti
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Microbial Cells ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Photooxidative Damage ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Yellow Orange

Microbial cells accumulate pigments under certain culture conditions, which have very important industrial applications. Microorganisms can serve as sources of carotenoids, the most widespread group of naturally occurring pigments. More than 750 structurally different yellow, orange, and red colored molecules are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes with an estimated market of $ 919 million by 2015. Carotenoids protect cells against photooxidative damage and hence found important applications in environment, food and nutrition, disease control, and as potent antimicrobial agents. In addition to many research advances, this paper reviews concerns with recent evaluations, applications of microbial pigments, and recommendations for future researches with an understanding of evolution and biosynthetic pathways along with other relevant aspects.

NMR Assisted Antimicrobial Peptide Designing: Structure Based Modifications and Functional Correlation of a Designed Peptide VG16KRKP

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1387-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karishma Biswas ◽  
Humaira Ilyas ◽  
Aritreyee Datta ◽  
Anirban Bhunia
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Functional Correlation ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
High Resolution Nmr ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
Poor Stability

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs), within their realm incorporate a diverse group of structurally and functionally varied peptides, playing crucial roles in innate immunity. Over the last few decades, the field of AMP has seen a huge upsurge, mainly owing to the generation of the so-called drug resistant ‘superbugs’ as well as limitations associated with the existing antimicrobial agents. Due to their resilient biological properties, AMPs can very well form the sustainable alternative for nextgeneration therapeutic agents. Certain drawbacks associated with existing AMPs are, however, issues of major concern, circumventing which are imperative. These limitations mainly include proteolytic cleavage and hence poor stability inside the biological systems, reduced activity due to inadequate interaction with the microbial membrane, and ineffectiveness because of inappropriate delivery among others. In this context, the application of naturally occurring AMPs as an efficient prototype for generating various synthetic and designed counterparts has evolved as a new avenue in peptide-based therapy. Such designing approaches help to overcome the drawbacks of the parent AMPs while retaining the inherent activity. In this review, we summarize some of the basic NMR structure based approaches and techniques which aid in improving the activity of AMPs, using the example of a 16-residue dengue virus fusion protein derived peptide, VG16KRKP. Using first principle based designing technique and high resolution NMR-based structure characterization we validate different types of modifications of VG16KRKP, highlighting key motifs, which optimize its activity. The approaches and designing techniques presented can support our peers in their drug development work.

scholarly journals Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1050-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaison Jeevanandam ◽  
Ahmed Barhoum ◽  
Yen S Chan ◽  
Alain Dufresne ◽  
Michael K Danquah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Nanostructured Materials ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Toxic Reactions

Nanomaterials (NMs) have gained prominence in technological advancements due to their tunable physical, chemical and biological properties with enhanced performance over their bulk counterparts. NMs are categorized depending on their size, composition, shape, and origin. The ability to predict the unique properties of NMs increases the value of each classification. Due to increased growth of production of NMs and their industrial applications, issues relating to toxicity are inevitable. The aim of this review is to compare synthetic (engineered) and naturally occurring nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructured materials (NSMs) to identify their nanoscale properties and to define the specific knowledge gaps related to the risk assessment of NPs and NSMs in the environment. The review presents an overview of the history and classifications of NMs and gives an overview of the various sources of NPs and NSMs, from natural to synthetic, and their toxic effects towards mammalian cells and tissue. Additionally, the types of toxic reactions associated with NPs and NSMs and the regulations implemented by different countries to reduce the associated risks are also discussed.

scholarly journals Denatured lysozyme-coated carbon nanotubes: a versatile biohybrid material

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marialuisa Siepi ◽  
Giuliana Donadio ◽  
Principia Dardano ◽  
Luca De Stefano ◽  
Daria Maria Monti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Cell Culture Media ◽  
Microbial Cells ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Flocculating Agent ◽  
Coated Carbon

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are among the most versatile nanomaterials, but their exploitation is hindered by limited dispersibility, especially in aqueous solvents. Here, we show that AP-LYS, a highly cationic soluble derivative of denatured hen egg lysozyme, is a very effective tool for the unbundling and solubilisation of CNTs. AP-LYS proved to mediate the complete and stable dispersion of CNTs at protein: CNT ratios ≥1: 3 (w:w) in very mild conditions (10–20 minutes sonication in ammonium acetate buffer, pH 5.0). Electrophoretic mobility and ζ-potential measurements confirmed that dispersed CNTs were coated by the protein, whereas molecular docking was used to study the interactions between AP-LYS and CNTs. AP-LYS-coated CNTs proved to be a very effective microbial cell-flocculating agent with an efficiency similar to that of chitosan, one of the best available flocculating agents, thus suggesting that this hybrid could find industrial applications in the treatment of wastewaters contaminated by microbial cells, or to remove microbial cells after fermentation processes. Moreover, we exploited the low stability of AP-LYS-coated CNT dispersions in eukaryotic cell culture media to prepare scaffolds with an extracellular matrix-like rough surface for the cultivation of eukaryotic cells.

scholarly journals Anti-Fungal Efficacy and Mechanisms of Flavonoids

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Saleh Al Aboody ◽  
Suresh Mickymaray
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Antifungal Effects ◽  
Natural Drugs ◽  
Anti Fungal ◽  
Synergistic Combinations

The prevalence of fungal infections is growing at an alarming pace and the pathogenesis is still not clearly understood. Recurrence of these fungal diseases is often due to their evolutionary avoidance of antifungal resistance. The development of suitable novel antimicrobial agents for fungal diseases continues to be a major problem in the current clinical field. Hence, it is urgently necessary to develop surrogate agents that are more effective than conventional available drugs. Among the remarkable innovations from earlier investigations on natural-drugs, flavonoids are a group of plant-derived substances capable of promoting many valuable effects on humans. The identification of flavonoids with possible antifungal effects at small concentrations or in synergistic combinations could help to overcome this problem. A combination of flavonoids with available drugs is an excellent approach to reduce the side effects and toxicity. This review focuses on various naturally occurring flavonoids and their antifungal activities, modes of action, and synergetic use in combination with conventional drugs.

Experimental Bovine Respiratory Tract Disease with Haemophilus somnus

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. D. Potgieter ◽  
R. G. Helman ◽  
W. Greene ◽  
M. A. Breider ◽  
E. T. Thurber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract Disease ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Haemophilus Somnus ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Disease

Eight calves were inoculated into the bronchus with H. somnus. Thirteen calves were inoculated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and 8 days later with H. somnus. All calves developed necrotizing, suppurative, lobular bronchopneumonia and pleuritis. Clinical signs of disease and pneumonic lesions were significantly more severe in calves that were sequentially inoculated with BRSV followed by H. somnus. Pneumonic lesions in the inoculated calves were similar to those described for naturally occurring H. somnus-associated respiratory tract disease. Control calves inoculated with BRSV alone or sham-inoculated with medium did not develop clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. The BRSV-inoculated control calves developed minimal pneumonic lesions.

scholarly journals Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) in Microbiology: Illumination and Enhancement of the Microbial World

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 987-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malama Chisanga ◽  
Howbeer Muhamadali ◽  
David I. Ellis ◽  
Royston Goodacre
Keyword(s):  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Microbial World ◽  
Microbial Cells ◽  
Surface Enhanced ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman ◽  
Enhanced Raman Scattering ◽  
Ir Instrumentation

The microbial world forms a huge family of organisms that exhibit the greatest phylogenetic diversity on Earth and thus colonize virtually our entire planet. Due to this diversity and subsequent complex interactions, the vast majority of microorganisms are involved in innumerable natural bioprocesses and contribute an absolutely vital role toward the maintenance of life on Earth, whilst a small minority cause various infectious diseases. The ever-increasing demand for environmental monitoring, sustainable ecosystems, food security, and improved healthcare systems drives the continuous search for inexpensive but reproducible, automated and portable techniques for detection of microbial isolates and understanding their interactions for clinical, environmental, and industrial applications and benefits. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is attracting significant attention for the accurate identification, discrimination and characterization and functional assessment of microbial cells at the single cell level. In this review, we briefly discuss the technological advances in Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) instrumentation and their application for the analysis of clinically and industrially relevant microorganisms, biofilms, and biological warfare agents. In addition, we summarize the current trends and future prospects of integrating Raman/SERS-isotopic labeling and cell sorting technologies in parallel, to link genotype-to-phenotype in order to define community function of unculturable microbial cells in mixed microbial communities which possess admirable traits such as detoxification of pollutants and recycling of essential metals.

scholarly journals Comparative study on laccase activity of white rot fungi under submerged fermentation with different lignocellulosic wastes

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 9166-9179
Author(s):  
Qi An ◽  
Jie Qiao ◽  
Lu-Sen Bian ◽  
Mei-Ling Han ◽  
Xun-You Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Submerged Fermentation ◽  
Laccase Activity ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Laccase Production ◽  
Poplar Wood ◽  
Lignocellulosic Wastes ◽  
Cottonseed Hull

Different Pleurotus ostreatus and Flammulina velutipes species were compared relative to their ability to produce laccase in submerged fermentation of various lignocellulosic wastes. Fungi cultivation in identical culture conditions revealed wide differences among both species and strains of the same species. The laccase secretion ability of P. ostreatus strains was superior to F. velutipes strains. Maximum laccase production on cottonseed hull, corncob, and poplar wood was secreted by P. ostreatus CY 568, P. ostreatus CCEF 89, and P. ostreatus CY 568, respectively. The nature of lignocellulosic materials played an important role in determining the expression of laccase potential of fungi. The presence of cottonseed hull improved laccase activity and accelerated the rate of enzyme production. Maximum laccase production on cottonseed hull was nearly 1.29-fold and 1.53-fold higher than that on corncob and poplar wood, respectively. Laccase activity was detected in almost all tested strains on cottonseed hull on the first day, while only a few strains on poplar wood and corncob were detected on the first day. These findings will be helpful for selecting the appropriate strain in industrial applications and for optimization of integrated industrial laccase production.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles in traumatic spinal cord injury: therapy and diagnosis

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 850
Author(s):  
Ahmed Hafez Mousa ◽  
Salwa Agha Mohammad ◽  
Hassan Mohammed Rezk ◽  
Khadijah Hassan Muzaffar ◽  
Asim Muhammed Alshanberi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Drug Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Biochemical Level ◽  
Therapy And Diagnosis

Nanotechnology has been previously employed for constructing drug delivery vehicles, biosensors, solar cells, lubricants and as antimicrobial agents. The advancement in synthesis procedure makes it possible to formulate nanoparticles (NPs) with precise control over physico-chemical and optical properties that are desired for specific clinical or biological applications. The surface modification technology has further added impetus to the specific applications of NPs by providing them with desirable characteristics. Hence, nanotechnology is of paramount importance in numerous biomedical and industrial applications due to their biocompatibility and stability even in harsh environments. Traumatic spinal cord injuries (TSCIs) are one of the major traumatic injuries that are commonly associated with severe consequences to the patient that may reach to the point of paralysis. Several processes occurring at a biochemical level which exacerbate the injury may be targeted using nanotechnology. This review discusses possible nanotechnology-based approaches for the diagnosis and therapy of TSCI, which have a bright future in clinical practice.

scholarly journals High-Level Production of a Thermostable Mutant of Yarrowia lipolytica Lipase 2 in Pichia pastoris

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Qinghua Zhou ◽  
Zhixin Su ◽  
Liangcheng Jiao ◽  
Yao Wang ◽  
Kaixin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pichia Pastoris ◽  
Yarrowia Lipolytica ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
High Level

As a promising biocatalyst, Yarrowia lipolytica lipase 2 (YlLip2) is limited in its industrial applications due to its low thermostability. In this study, a thermostable YlLip2 mutant was overexpressed in Pichia pastoris and its half-life time was over 30 min at 80 °C. To obtain a higher protein secretion level, the gene dosage of the mutated lip2 gene was optimized and the lipase activity was improved by about 89%. Then, the YlLip2 activity of the obtained strain further increased from 482 to 1465 U/mL via optimizing the shaking flask culture conditions. Subsequently, Hac1p and Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) were coexpressed with the YlLip2 mutant to reduce the endoplasmic reticulum stress and enhance the oxygen uptake efficiency in the recombinant strains, respectively. Furthermore, high-density fermentations were performed in a 3 L bioreactor and the production of the YlLip2 mutant reached 9080 U/mL. The results demonstrated that the expression level of the thermostable YlLip2 mutant was predominantly enhanced via the combination of these strategies in P. pastoris, which forms a consolidated basis for its large-scale production and future industrial applications.

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