scholarly journals Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1050-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaison Jeevanandam ◽  
Ahmed Barhoum ◽  
Yen S Chan ◽  
Alain Dufresne ◽  
Michael K Danquah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Nanostructured Materials ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Toxic Reactions

Nanomaterials (NMs) have gained prominence in technological advancements due to their tunable physical, chemical and biological properties with enhanced performance over their bulk counterparts. NMs are categorized depending on their size, composition, shape, and origin. The ability to predict the unique properties of NMs increases the value of each classification. Due to increased growth of production of NMs and their industrial applications, issues relating to toxicity are inevitable. The aim of this review is to compare synthetic (engineered) and naturally occurring nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructured materials (NSMs) to identify their nanoscale properties and to define the specific knowledge gaps related to the risk assessment of NPs and NSMs in the environment. The review presents an overview of the history and classifications of NMs and gives an overview of the various sources of NPs and NSMs, from natural to synthetic, and their toxic effects towards mammalian cells and tissue. Additionally, the types of toxic reactions associated with NPs and NSMs and the regulations implemented by different countries to reduce the associated risks are also discussed.

Cytotoxicity Analysis of Apatites Modified with Divalent Metals

2007 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 1135-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingried Russoni Lima ◽  
Silvia R. A. Santos ◽  
D.L. Santiago ◽  
Antonella M. Rossi ◽  
José Mauro Granjeiro
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
New Materials ◽  
3T3 Fibroblasts ◽  
Bone Replacement ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Biological Compatibility

Hydroxyapatite (HA) and apatite based biomaterials are important for bone replacement. Different apatites could be produced by substituting calcium, phosphate or hydroxyl groups, resulting in new materials with different physical, chemical and biological properties. In this work we investigate the biological compatibility of apatites modified by divalent cations in cultured mammalian cells using Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts cell line. Modified apatites, Ca9.5M0.5(PO4)6(OH)2 (M=Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Sr, V e Pb) and Ca10(VO4)6(OH)2 were produced and characterized by FTIR, XRD and XRF. Extracts of each metal-modified apatites (0.1mg/mL of Dulbeco Modified Eagle Medium – DMEM without serum) were obtained. Cells (3x104) were exposed for 24 h/37C to the pure extract (100%). Afterwards, the number of viable cells was determined in a hemocitometer. The number of viable cells in the absence of any extract was taking as 100%. SHA didn’t present any toxicity while phenol killed 82% of the cells. In the presence of pure extract of Fe-HA or Sr- HA an increase of 70% and 20%, respectively, in the number of relative cells was observed. On the other hand, the number of residual cells after treatment with the pure extract of Pb+2, Zn+2, Co+2, and (VO4)3- was73, 65, 48, and 21%, respectively. In conclusion, cells response was strongly dependent on the metal that substitutes calcium or phosphate. Further studies are required to better understand the biological effect of these substitutions.

scholarly journals The Fundamentals and Potential Applications of Chitosan in Dental Sciences: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 1621-1626
Author(s):  
Gopi Chander N
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Tissue Replacement ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Reactive Groups ◽  
Potential Applications

Chitosan is significant and more promising biomaterial. It is a commonly available polysaccharide and easy to synthesis: the structure and the reactive groups of chitosan aid in obtaining an extended modification of chitosan for various applications. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of chitosan are significant, among them the antimicrobial, biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic are of importance. Earlier it was widely used for industrial applications. The superior biological properties, along with other advantages, has enhanced the applications in biomedical and dentistry. It is widely used for bone regeneration, tissue replacement, drug delivery, wound healing, anti-plaque, anti-cariogenic and modifying of dental materials to obtain better properties. Mostly the studies are in primitive research. More studies are to be done to obtain the best advantages of the material. The understanding of the material and its usage are useful for extended for further developments. This review provides information on chitosan on material, properties, synthesis and applications.

NMR Assisted Antimicrobial Peptide Designing: Structure Based Modifications and Functional Correlation of a Designed Peptide VG16KRKP

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1387-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karishma Biswas ◽  
Humaira Ilyas ◽  
Aritreyee Datta ◽  
Anirban Bhunia
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Functional Correlation ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
High Resolution Nmr ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
Poor Stability

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs), within their realm incorporate a diverse group of structurally and functionally varied peptides, playing crucial roles in innate immunity. Over the last few decades, the field of AMP has seen a huge upsurge, mainly owing to the generation of the so-called drug resistant ‘superbugs’ as well as limitations associated with the existing antimicrobial agents. Due to their resilient biological properties, AMPs can very well form the sustainable alternative for nextgeneration therapeutic agents. Certain drawbacks associated with existing AMPs are, however, issues of major concern, circumventing which are imperative. These limitations mainly include proteolytic cleavage and hence poor stability inside the biological systems, reduced activity due to inadequate interaction with the microbial membrane, and ineffectiveness because of inappropriate delivery among others. In this context, the application of naturally occurring AMPs as an efficient prototype for generating various synthetic and designed counterparts has evolved as a new avenue in peptide-based therapy. Such designing approaches help to overcome the drawbacks of the parent AMPs while retaining the inherent activity. In this review, we summarize some of the basic NMR structure based approaches and techniques which aid in improving the activity of AMPs, using the example of a 16-residue dengue virus fusion protein derived peptide, VG16KRKP. Using first principle based designing technique and high resolution NMR-based structure characterization we validate different types of modifications of VG16KRKP, highlighting key motifs, which optimize its activity. The approaches and designing techniques presented can support our peers in their drug development work.

Potentials of Diphenyl Ether Scaffold as a Therapeutic Agent: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
pp. 1392-1406
Author(s):  
Suvarna G. Kini ◽  
Ekta Rathi ◽  
Avinash Kumar ◽  
Varadaraj Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Diphenyl Ether ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Synthetic Route ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Synthetic Routes ◽  
The 19Th Century

Diphenyl ethers (DPE) and its analogs have exhibited excellent potential for therapeutic and industrial applications. Since the 19th century, intensive research is perpetuating on the synthetic routes and biological properties of DPEs. Few well-known DPEs are Nimesulide, Fenclofenac, Triclosan, Sorafenib, MK-4965, and MK-1439 which have shown the potential of this moiety as a lead scaffold for different pharmacological properties. In this review, we recapitulate the diverse synthetic route of DPE moiety inclusive of merits and demerits over the classical synthetic route and how this moiety sparked an interest in researchers to discern the SAR (Structure Activity Relationship) for the development of diversified biological properties of DPEs such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiinflammatory & antiviral activities.

Metabolomic profiling and biological properties of six Limonium species: novel perspectives for nutraceutical purposes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3443-3454
Author(s):  
Biancamaria Senizza ◽  
Leilei Zhang ◽  
Gabriele Rocchetti ◽  
Gokhan Zengin ◽  
Gunes Ak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Metabolomic Profiling

The presented results regarding Limonium species could provide valuable information for a large field of industrial applications, including pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical formulations.

scholarly journals Effects of increasing hydrophobicity on the physical-chemical and biological properties of a class A amphipathic helical peptide

2001 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1096-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geeta Datta ◽  
Manjula Chaddha ◽  
Susan Hama ◽  
Mohamad Navab ◽  
Alan M. Fogelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Properties ◽  
Class A ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Helical Peptide

scholarly journals Anthocyanins Recovered from Agri-Food By-Products Using Innovative Processes: Trends, Challenges, and Perspectives for Their Application in Food Systems

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2632
Author(s):  
Henrique Silvano Arruda ◽  
Eric Keven Silva ◽  
Nayara Macêdo Peixoto Araujo ◽  
Gustavo Araujo Pereira ◽  
Glaucia Maria Pastore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Natural Colorants ◽  
Conventional Extraction ◽  
The Stability ◽  
By Products

Anthocyanins are naturally occurring phytochemicals that have attracted growing interest from consumers and the food industry due to their multiple biological properties and technological applications. Nevertheless, conventional extraction techniques based on thermal technologies can compromise both the recovery and stability of anthocyanins, reducing their global yield and/or limiting their application in food systems. The current review provides an overview of the main innovative processes (e.g., pulsed electric field, microwave, and ultrasound) used to recover anthocyanins from agri-food waste/by-products and the mechanisms involved in anthocyanin extraction and their impacts on the stability of these compounds. Moreover, trends and perspectives of anthocyanins’ applications in food systems, such as antioxidants, natural colorants, preservatives, and active and smart packaging components, are addressed. Challenges behind anthocyanin implementation in food systems are displayed and potential solutions to overcome these drawbacks are proposed.

scholarly journals Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Tissue Engineering and Cell Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6929
Author(s):  
Ewin Tanzli ◽  
Andrea Ehrmann
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Specific Substrate ◽  
Electrospun Nanofiber ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Nanofiber Mats ◽  
Surface Morphologies

In biotechnology, the field of cell cultivation is highly relevant. Cultivated cells can be used, for example, for the development of biopharmaceuticals and in tissue engineering. Commonly, mammalian cells are grown in bioreactors, T-flasks, well plates, etc., without a specific substrate. Nanofibrous mats, however, have been reported to promote cell growth, adhesion, and proliferation. Here, we give an overview of the different attempts at cultivating mammalian cells on electrospun nanofiber mats for biotechnological and biomedical purposes. Starting with a brief overview of the different electrospinning methods, resulting in random or defined fiber orientations in the nanofiber mats, we describe the typical materials used in cell growth applications in biotechnology and tissue engineering. The influence of using different surface morphologies and polymers or polymer blends on the possible application of such nanofiber mats for tissue engineering and other biotechnological applications is discussed. Polymer blends, in particular, can often be used to reach the required combination of mechanical and biological properties, making such nanofiber mats highly suitable for tissue engineering and other biotechnological or biomedical cell growth applications.

Nanobiotechnology: Nature-inspired silver nanoparticles towards green synthesis

2021 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2198988
Author(s):  
Nur Syakirah Rabiha Rosman ◽  
Noor Aniza Harun ◽  
Izwandy Idris ◽  
Wan Iryani Wan Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Noble Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The emergence of technology to produce nanoparticles (1 nm – 100 nm in size) has drawn significant researchers’ interests. Nanoparticles can boost the antimicrobial, catalytic, optical, and electrical conductivity properties, which cannot be achieved by their corresponding bulk. Among other noble metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attained a special emphasis in the industry due to their superior physical, chemical, and biological properties, closely linked to their shapes, sizes, and morphologies. Proper knowledge of these NPs is essential to maximise the potential of biosynthesised AgNPs in various applications while mitigating risks to humans and the environment. This paper aims to critically review the global consumption of AgNPs and compare the AgNPs synthesis between conventional methods (physical and chemical) and current trend method (biological). Related work, advantages, and drawbacks are also highlighted. Pertinently, this review extensively discusses the current application of AgNPs in various fields. Lastly, the challenges and prospects of biosynthesised AgNPs, including application safety, oxidation, and stability, commercialisation, and sustainability of resources towards a green environment, were discussed.

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