scholarly journals Ultrasound Microbubbles Enhance the Neuroprotective Effect of Mouse Nerve Growth Factor on Intraocular Hypertension-Induced Neuroretina Damage in Rabbits

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xiaoli Shen ◽  
Lina Huang ◽  
Dahui Ma ◽  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Yi Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Destruction Process ◽  
Optic Nerve Damage ◽  
Neuroprotective Drugs ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism ◽  
Ultrasound Microbubbles

Ultrasound microbubble combined optic protection drugs have obvious protective effect on optic nerve damage. This way of targeting drug delivery is becoming more simple, not through the whole body metabolism, avoiding drug via blood circulation when facing the decomposition and the environment in the interference and destruction process of drugs, to maximize the guarantee to reach target organs of drug concentration and to reache the maximum therapeutic effect. The technique of ultrasound microbubbles is safe, controllable, nonimmunogenic, and repeatable. It provides us with a novel idea in the administration of neuroprotective drugs.

Adipokines as key players in β cell function and failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (22) ◽  
pp. 2317-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás Gómez-Banoy ◽  
James C. Lo
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Pancreatic Β Cell ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Cell Axis ◽  
Β Cell Function ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism

Abstract The growing prevalence of obesity and its related metabolic diseases, mainly Type 2 diabetes (T2D), has increased the interest in adipose tissue (AT) and its role as a principal metabolic orchestrator. Two decades of research have now shown that ATs act as an endocrine organ, secreting soluble factors termed adipocytokines or adipokines. These adipokines play crucial roles in whole-body metabolism with different mechanisms of action largely dependent on the tissue or cell type they are acting on. The pancreatic β cell, a key regulator of glucose metabolism due to its ability to produce and secrete insulin, has been identified as a target for several adipokines. This review will focus on how adipokines affect pancreatic β cell function and their impact on pancreatic β cell survival in disease contexts such as diabetes. Initially, the “classic” adipokines will be discussed, followed by novel secreted adipocyte-specific factors that show therapeutic promise in regulating the adipose–pancreatic β cell axis.

scholarly journals Interactive effects of aging and aerobic capacity on energy metabolism–related metabolites of serum, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue

GeroScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haihui Zhuang ◽  
Sira Karvinen ◽  
Timo Törmäkangas ◽  
Xiaobo Zhang ◽  
Xiaowei Ojanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism

AbstractAerobic capacity is a strong predictor of longevity. With aging, aerobic capacity decreases concomitantly with changes in whole body metabolism leading to increased disease risk. To address the role of aerobic capacity, aging, and their interaction on metabolism, we utilized rat models selectively bred for low and high intrinsic aerobic capacity (LCRs/HCRs) and compared the metabolomics of serum, muscle, and white adipose tissue (WAT) at two time points: Young rats were sacrificed at 9 months of age, and old rats were sacrificed at 21 months of age. Targeted and semi-quantitative metabolomics analysis was performed on the ultra-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) platform. The effects of aerobic capacity, aging, and their interaction were studied via regression analysis. Our results showed that high aerobic capacity is associated with an accumulation of isovalerylcarnitine in muscle and serum at rest, which is likely due to more efficient leucine catabolism in muscle. With aging, several amino acids were downregulated in muscle, indicating more efficient amino acid metabolism, whereas in WAT less efficient amino acid metabolism and decreased mitochondrial β-oxidation were observed. Our results further revealed that high aerobic capacity and aging interactively affect lipid metabolism in muscle and WAT, possibly combating unfavorable aging-related changes in whole body metabolism. Our results highlight the significant role of WAT metabolism for healthy aging.

Whole body metabolism is improved by hemin added to high fat diet while counteracted by nitrite: a mouse model of processed meat consumption.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Abu Halaka ◽  
Ofer Gover ◽  
Einat Rauchbach ◽  
Shira Zelber-Sagi ◽  
Betty Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Curing Agents ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism ◽  
Processed Meat Consumption

Nitrites and nitrates are traditional food additives used as curing agents in the food industry. They inhibit the growth of microorganisms and convey a typical pink color to the meat....

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Remodeling during Adipogenesis and in Response to the Insulin Sensitizer Rosiglitazone

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 1085-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Wilson-Fritch ◽  
Alison Burkart ◽  
Gregory Bell ◽  
Karen Mendelson ◽  
John Leszyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Mitochondrial Proteins ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Insulin Sensitizer ◽  
Adipose Differentiation ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism

ABSTRACT White adipose tissue is an important endocrine organ involved in the control of whole-body metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and food intake. To better understand these functions, 3T3-L1 cell differentiation was studied by using combined proteomic and genomic strategies. The proteomics approach developed here exploits velocity gradient centrifugation as an alternative to isoelectric focusing for protein separation in the first dimension. A 20- to 30-fold increase in the concentration of numerous mitochondrial proteins was observed during adipogenesis, as determined by mass spectrometry and database correlation analysis. Light and electron microscopy confirmed a large increase in the number of mitochondrion profiles with differentiation. Furthermore, mRNA profiles obtained by using Affymetrix GeneChips revealed statistically significant increases in the expression of many nucleus-encoded mitochondrial genes during adipogenesis. Qualitative changes in mitochondrial composition also occur during adipose differentiation, as exemplified by increases in expression of proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism and of mitochondrial chaperones. Furthermore, the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone caused striking changes in mitochondrial shape and expression of selective mitochondrial proteins. Thus, although mitochondrial biogenesis has classically been associated with brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis, our results reveal that mitochondrial biogenesis and remodeling are inherent to adipose differentiation per se and are influenced by the actions of insulin sensitizers.

Whole body autoradiography and microautoradiography in eels after intra-arterial administration of 125I-labeled eel ANP

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (4) ◽  
pp. R926-R935 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sakaguchi ◽  
H. Suzuki ◽  
H. Hagiwara ◽  
H. Kaiya ◽  
Y. Takei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Whole Body Autoradiography ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Interrenal Cells ◽  
Kidney Liver

125I-labeled eel atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was administered into the ventral or dorsal aorta of freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) eels, Anguilla japonica, and the major target organs were explored by whole body autoradiography. Localization of the ANP binding in the target organs was also examined at tissue and cell levels by microautoradiography using tissue sections. Whole body autoradiography revealed that the specific label was accumulated predominantly in the gill, with lesser amounts in the atrium, kidney, liver, and urinary bladder. Autoradiographic grains were most dense in the secondary lamellae of the gill, particularly on the side of the efferent filamental artery. Other binding sites in target tissues were the glomerulus of the kidney, epicardium and endocardium of the atrium, bile duct/blood vessels of the liver, and interrenal cells of the head kidney. There was no difference in the distribution and density of grains between injections into the ventral aorta and dorsal aorta, although, in the former, injected 125I-labeled eel ANP passes through the gill before reaching peripheral target tissues. There was a tendency for downregulation of ANP binding sites in SW eels, especially in the gill. These results show that specific ANP binding sites are present in organs that are implicated in osmoregulation and cardiovascular regulation in eels and further suggest that the number of ANP binding sites varies according to changes in the environmental salinity.

Distribution of 14C-labelled Atrazine, Methoxychlor, Glyphosate, and Bisphenol-A in Goldfish Studied by Whole-Body Autoradiography (WBARG)

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Rouleau ◽  
Jagmohan Kohli
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Whole Body Autoradiography ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Uveal Tract ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Freeze Dried

Abstract Nonpersistent contaminants represent thousands of chemicals used as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, additives, etc. Because of this diversity, the assessment of the environmental risks they may pose for the environment represents a formidable task. Identification of target organs is key information needed to orient further research on newlyinvestigated organic xenobiotics. We used whole-body autoradiography to visualize the distribution of 14C-labelled atrazine, methoxychlor, glyphosate, and bisphenol-A in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and identify target organs. Fish were exposed for 2 days (glyphosate and bisphenol-A) and 7 days (atrazine and methoxychlor) to the radiolabelled compounds at a concentration of 15 nM. They were then frozen, embedded in carboxymethylcellulose gel, 20-μm-thick cryosections were collected, freeze-dried, and exposed to phosphor screens to visualize the tissue distribution of radioactivity. Goldfish did not accumulate glyphosate. The three other compounds were accumulated, mostly in the gall bladder. Nevertheless, unforeseen accumulation sites were observed; atrazine accumulated in the uveal tract of the eye, high levels of radioactivity were found in the cerebrospinal fluid of goldfish exposed to methoxychlor, and an important accumulation of bisphenol-A was seen in urine, oral mucosa, esophagus, and intestinal lumen. The potential toxicological consequences of the accumulation of these chemicals at very specific locations within the fish body are discussed and further research suggested.

Skeletal muscle thermogenesis enables aquatic life in the smallest marine mammal

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 373 (6551) ◽  
pp. 223-225
Author(s):  
Traver Wright ◽  
Randall W. Davis ◽  
Heidi C. Pearson ◽  
Michael Murray ◽  
Melinda Sheffield-Moore
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sea Otter ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Respiratory Capacity ◽  
Metabolic Remodeling ◽  
Whole Body Metabolism

Basal metabolic rate generally scales with body mass in mammals, and variation from predicted levels indicates adaptive metabolic remodeling. As a thermogenic adaptation for living in cool water, sea otters have a basal metabolic rate approximately three times that of the predicted rate; however, the tissue-level source of this hypermetabolism is unknown. Because skeletal muscle is a major determinant of whole-body metabolism, we characterized respiratory capacity and thermogenic leak in sea otter muscle. Compared with that of previously sampled mammals, thermogenic muscle leak capacity was elevated and could account for sea otter hypermetabolism. Muscle respiratory capacity was modestly elevated and reached adult levels in neonates. Premature metabolic development and high leak rate indicate that sea otter muscle metabolism is regulated by thermogenic demand and is the source of basal hypermetabolism.

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