Index Decomposition Analysis on Factors Affecting Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Residential Consumption in Beijing

Beijing’s residential CO2emissions have become the main growth point of CO2emissions. However, the impact factors of the direct energy-related CO2emissions from residents in Beijing have not been previously evaluated. This paper accessed the key factors that affect the residents’ CO2emissions in Beijing from 1995 to 2015, using a newly built decomposition model with generalized Fisher index (GFI) and M-P model. The results were compared between urban and rural areas. Urban residential CO2emissions did not change during 1995–1999 but then grew rapidly after 1999, while rural residential CO2emissions fluctuated during the studied period. Increased per capita income is the most important pulling factor for the growth of residential CO2emissions, while energy consumption intensity is a decisive factor in inhibiting residential CO2emissions. Population size plays a pulling role in the growth of residential CO2emissions. Energy structure exerts a role in inhibiting residential CO2emissions, and its inhibition effect is stronger for urban residents. Average consumption propensity inhibits urban residential CO2emissions but has little effect on rural residential CO2emissions. The population migration from rural to urban areas in the urbanization process increases residential CO2emissions. To reduce residential CO2emissions, several recommendations have been proposed.

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Decomposing Urban-rural Differences in Multimorbidity Among Older Adults in India: A Study Based on Lasi Data

10.21203/rs.3.rs-701569/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shekhar Chauhan ◽

Shobhit Srivast ◽

Pradeep Kumar ◽

Ratna Patel

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

The Public ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Ageing Study ◽

Urban Rural ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: Multimorbidity is defined as the co-occurrence of two or more than two diseases in the same person. With rising longevity, multimorbidity has become a prominent concern among the older population. Evidence from both developed and developing countries shows that older people are at much higher risk of multimorbidity, however, urban-rural differential remained scarce. Therefore, this study examines urban-rural differential in multimorbidity among older adults by decomposing the risk factors of multimorbidity and identifying the covariates that contributed to the change in multimorbidity.Methods: The study utilized information from 31,464 older adults (rural-20,725 and urban-10,739) aged 60 years and above from the recent release of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave 1 data. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate decomposition analysis techniques were used.Results: Overall, significant urban-rural differences were found in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults (difference: 16.3; p<0.001). Moreover, obese/overweight and high-risk waist circumference were found to narrow the difference in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults between urban and rural areas by 8% and 9.1%, respectively.Conclusion: There is a need to substantially increase the public sector investment in healthcare to address the multimorbidity among older adults, more so in urban areas, without compromising the needs of older adults in rural areas.

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Integrated Passenger Transport System in Rural Areas – A Literature Review

PROMET - Traffic&Transportation ◽

10.7307/ptt.v32i6.3565 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 863-873

Author(s):

Branimir Maretić ◽

Borna Abramović

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Transport System ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Planning System ◽

Passenger Transport ◽

Public Transport System ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Set Up ◽

The Impact

The planning and organisation of public passenger transport in rural areas is a complex process. The transport demand in rural areas is often low, which makes it hard to establish and run a financially sustainable public transport system. A solution is integrated passenger transport that eliminates deficiencies and provides benefits for all participants in the public passenger transport process. This paper describes the impact of integrated passenger transport on mobility in rural areas and critically evaluates different literature sources. Integration of passenger transport in urban areas has been described in the context of rural areas, and the challenges of integration of public passenger transport specific to rural areas have been analysed. Through the application in urban and rural areas, the planning of integrated and non-integrated passenger transport has been functionally analysed. The analysis found an increase in the degree of mobility in the areas that use integrated passenger transport compared to the non-integrated one. This research of the literature review has identified the rural areas of mobility as under-researched. The mobility research can set up a more efficient passenger transport planning system in rural areas.

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Decomposition Analysis of Energy Ecological Footprint Change in Bohai Rim Region

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1437 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 361-363 ◽

pp. 1437-1440

Author(s):

Ji Song Yang ◽

Xiao Jun Hu ◽

Hao Wu

Keyword(s):

Ecological Footprint ◽

Ecological Impact ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Impact Factors ◽

Energy Structure ◽

Bohai Rim ◽

Per Capita ◽

Analysis Models ◽

Ecological Pressure ◽

The Impact

Using ecological footprint and decomposition analysis models, energy ecological footprint (EEF) from 2000 to 2008 in Bohai Rim Region was calculated. The EEF change and the impact factors were also analysed. The results showed that the EEF increased continuously from 2000 to 2008. The total values of EEF increased to 4.578×108 hm2 in 2008 from 2.159×108 hm2 in 2000, and the values per capita increased to 1.946 hm2 from 0.974 hm2. These contributed 50-60 percent of regional total ecological pressure. In all contribution factors, GDP growth was highest, energy structure and population size were inferior, and energy strength was lowest. Though the energy strength was decreased continuously, this was not enough to counteract the ecological impact derived from immoderate energy structure and consumption level. This led to energy ecological footprint in Bohai Rim Region increasing continuously.

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Influences of Proximate Determinates on Fertility Among Urban and Rural Women in Bangladesh

Dhaka University Journal of Science ◽

10.3329/dujs.v66i1.54544 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 49-54

Author(s):

Muhammad Mahmudul Hasan ◽

Mirajul Islam ◽

Md Saifullah Sakib ◽

Md Iqramul Haq

Keyword(s):

Rural Women ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Period Increase ◽

Inhibiting Effect ◽

Interaction Factor ◽

Proximate Determinants ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Bangladesh has met a lot of challenges in recent decades. The remarkable decline in fertility is one of the major challenges faced by this country. The rate of fertility in rural areas is still higher than urban areas. The proximate determinants of fertility which influence fertility directly are analyzed in this study for urban and rural areas separately as well as the study quantify the decomposition of the differences in total fertility rate (TFR) in residence during 1993-94 to 2014. The effectiveness of contraceptive use is found to be the most important factor for declining fertility. The result revealed that the index of contraception shows a declining trend, indicating an increasingly inhibiting effect on fertility in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. The inhibition effect of postpartum infecundability decreases with increase in urbanization. The decomposition analysis shows that fertility decline has been occurred due to delay marriage, increase of contraception practice, shortening of postpartum infecundability period, increase proportion in induced abortion and the interaction factor. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 66(1): 49-54, 2018 (January)

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Prevalence of childhood hearing impairment of different severities in urban and rural areas: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020955 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. e020955 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cheng-Yu Lin ◽

Yen-Cheng Tseng ◽

How-Ran Guo ◽

Der-Chung Lai

Keyword(s):

Hearing Impairment ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Pure Tone ◽

National Level ◽

Population Based ◽

Hearing Level ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectiveChildhood hearing impairment (CHI) is a major developmental disability, but data at the national level are limited, especially those on different severities. We conducted a study to fill this data gap.DesignA nationwide study on the basis of a reporting system.SettingTo provide services to disabled citizens, the Taiwanese government maintains a registry of certified cases. Using data from this registry, we estimated prevalence rates of CHI of different severities from 2004 to 2010 and made comparisons between urban and rural areas.ParticipantsTaiwanese citizens ≤17 years old.Primary outcome measuresTo qualify for CHI disability benefits, a child must have an unaided pure-tone better ear hearing level at 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz with an average ≥55 decibels (dB), confirmed by an otolaryngologist. The severity was classified by pure-tone better ear hearing level as mild (55–69 dB), moderate (70–89 dB) and severe (≥90 dB).ResultsThe registered cases under 17 years old decreased annually from 4075 in 2004 to 3533 in 2010, but changes in the prevalence rate were small, ranging from 7.62/10 000 in 2004 to 7.91/10 000 in 2006. The prevalence rates of mild CHI increased in all areas over time, but not those of moderate or severe CHI. Rural areas had higher overall prevalence rates than urban areas in all years, with rate ratios (RRs) between 1.01 and 1.09. By severity, rural areas had higher prevalence rates of mild (RRs between 1.08 and 1.25) and moderate (RRs between 1.06 and 1.21) CHI but had lower prevalence rates of severe CHI (RRs between 0.92 and 0.99).ConclusionWhile rural areas had higher overall prevalence rates of CHI than urban areas, the RRs decreased with CHI severity. Further studies that identify factors affecting the rural–urban difference might help the prevention of CHI.

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Addressing the Drivers of Carbon Emissions Embodied in Indian Exports: An Index Decomposition Analysis

Foreign Trade Review ◽

10.1177/0015732519874208 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 300-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suvajit Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Scale Effect ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽

Production Efficiency ◽

Bilateral Trade ◽

Export Performance ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

Index Decomposition Analysis ◽

Index Decomposition ◽

Emission Regulation ◽

The Impact

This study identifies the determinants that have an observable impact over the change in carbon dioxide emissions embodied in the production of Indian exports by adopting an index decomposition analysis to address the contribution from four mutually non-exclusive factors which arise due to India’s increasing export performance during the 1995–2009 period on the change in total emissions embodied in exports. These four factors are scale effect, composition effect, emission regulation effect and production efficiency effect. The idea of bringing the last two effects is to capture the impact from technology factor due to international trade. This study found an increased emission embodiment in exports of 234.24 mega-tonnes by using input–output modelling with ‘emissions embodied in bilateral trade’ approach and then applies the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index-I (LMDI-I)-based additive and multiplicative formulae following Ang and Zhang (2000) and Ang (2004) to conduct the decomposition exercise. This study finds the scale effect as the largest contributing factor increasing the emission levels by more than 184 per cent of the original increase, while the other three effects creating dampening impact over this scale-driven increase. Emission regulation effects created the maximum cleaning-up impact, especially during the 2002–2009 phase. JEL Codes: C67, F64, Q43, Q48, Q56

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Inequality in the Indian Growth Regime*

Indian Journal of Human Development ◽

10.1177/0973703018793956 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 134-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gerry Rodgers

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Historical Context ◽

Absolute Poverty ◽

Labour Relations ◽

Growth Regime ◽

Role Of The State ◽

The Social ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Impact

Researchers and policymakers have traditionally been more concerned with poverty than with inequality in India but this is now changing. The long-term trend in India was for economic inequality to decline until the 1980s, but it has since been rising, especially in urban areas, and between urban and rural areas. Wages have been rising and absolute poverty has been falling, but there has been a tendency for the gains from growth to be concentrated among the highest income groups. This applies not only to income and expenditure but also to wealth. These trends reflect the social and economic institutions that underpin the changing growth regime in India—the macroeconomic framework; wage labour relations; agrarian relations; the competition regime; type of integration in the international economy; and the role of the state. These institutions and their interactions give rise to particular patterns of growth and distribution, which change over time, and which need to be analysed in historical context. The article briefly reviews the impact of these factors on inequality over the period since Independence, and suggests that the forces driving the upward path of inequality remain strong.

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Impact of International Remittances on Poverty in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Household Data

REMITTANCES REVIEW ◽

10.33182/rr.v4i1.556 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 41-66

Author(s):

Rezwana Rahman ◽

Nurun Naher Moni

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Propensity Scores ◽

Kernel Estimator ◽

Average Treatment Effect ◽

Consumption Expenditure ◽

Probit Regression ◽

Household Level ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Impact

Although the impact of remittances on poverty is a widely examined topic, only a few studies shed light on this issue at the household level, especially in the case of Bangladesh. This study compares households with and without remittance receivers to estimate the poverty impact of remittances on a regional basis. The dataset used for this study is the Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010, obtained from a representative sample of 12,239 households, and collected by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Determining propensity scores from the estimation of probit regression, the average treatment effect on the treatment group has been estimated by using nearest neighbour matching and Kernel estimator. Both of the techniques confirm that receiving remittances has an inverse impact on households’ propensity of being poor. A regional comparison shows that this propensity is lower in urban areas (11.3 per cent) than the rural areas (16.3 per cent). In both urban and rural areas, per capita consumption expenditure and monthly consumption expenditure vary positively with remittance receipt of the households. Moreover, probit regression estimates that the probability of having migrant members in rural households is 2.8 per cent higher than that of urban households. On the basis of the major findings, the study reaches the conclusion that rural areas show more potential in terms of producing exportable manpower. Appropriate policy in terms of creating an enabling environment both in the destination and home countries should be arranged, especially to facilitate women migration.

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Simultaneous Measurement of Urban and Rural Particles in Beijing, Part II: Case Studies of Haze Events and Regional Transport

10.5194/acp-2019-1118 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yang Chen ◽

Guangming Shi ◽

Jing Cai ◽

Zongbo Shi ◽

Zhichao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Field Studies ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Hysplit Model ◽

Regional Transport ◽

Haze Formation ◽

Rural Sites ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Two parallel field studies were conducted simultaneously at both urban and rural sites in Beijing from 11/01/2016 to 11/29/2016. Online single-particle chemical composition analysis was used as a tracer system to investigate the impact of heating activities and the formation of haze events. Central heating elevated EC-Nit, EC-Nit-Sul, and ECOC-Nit levels by 1.5–2.0 times due to the increased use of coal in the urban areas. However, in the rural areas, residential heating which mainly consumes low-quality coal and biomass burning elevated ECOC-Nit-Sul, Nak-Nit, and OC-Sul levels by 1.2–1.5 times. Four severe haze events (hourly PM2.5 > 200 µg m−3) occurred at both sites during the studies. In each event, a pattern of transport and accumulation was found. In the first stage, particles were regionally transported from the south or southwest and accumulated under air stagnations, creating the significant secondary formation. Consequently, the boosting of PM2.5 led to severe haze. At both sites, the severe haze occurred due to different patterns of local emission, transport, and secondary processes. At PG, the sulfate-rich residential coal burning particles were dominant. The regional transport between PG and PKU was simulated using the WRF-HYSPLIT model, confirming that the transport from PG to PKU was significant, but PKU to PG occurred occasionally. These cases can explain the serious air pollution in the urban areas of Beijing and the interaction between urban and rural areas. This study can provide references for enhancing our understanding of haze formation in Beijing.

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Assessment of multiple factors affecting intelligence quotient of children of rural and urban areas of Rajasthan, India

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20202895 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 2557

Author(s):

Shreyans D. Singhvi ◽

Preksha T. Singh ◽

Gautam Bhandari

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Intelligence Quotient ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Group 3 ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Children are the future of our country and hence their mental and physical wellbeing should be our upmost priority. Undernutrition is a major public health problem in our country and is one of the most common reasons for morbidity and mortality in children under 5yrs of age. The first few years of life are particularly important because vital development occurs in all domains. Therefore, this study has aimed to study the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of the children of the age group 3-5 in urban and rural areas and study the factors associated with it.Methods: A cross section study of the children group of population was performed. Two sections of the children group were taken for the study- children population residing in an urban area and children population residing in a rural community of Rajasthan, India. The data was compiled and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.Results: In our study, we have found that The following chosen demographic factors were found associated with children Intelligence quotient (IQ) - nutritional status, socioeconomic status, and age, while gender was not found to be associated with IQ.Conclusions: As, cognitive development is fairly important to children and their future, it should be paid more acknowledgment, as well as early preventive methods of it’s associated factors.

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