scholarly journals Integrated Passenger Transport System in Rural Areas – A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-873
Author(s):  
Branimir Maretić ◽  
Borna Abramović
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

The planning and organisation of public passenger transport in rural areas is a complex process. The transport demand in rural areas is often low, which makes it hard to establish and run a financially sustainable public transport system. A solution is integrated passenger transport that eliminates deficiencies and provides benefits for all participants in the public passenger transport process. This paper describes the impact of integrated passenger transport on mobility in rural areas and critically evaluates different literature sources. Integration of passenger transport in urban areas has been described in the context of rural areas, and the challenges of integration of public passenger transport specific to rural areas have been analysed. Through the application in urban and rural areas, the planning of integrated and non-integrated passenger transport has been functionally analysed. The analysis found an increase in the degree of mobility in the areas that use integrated passenger transport compared to the non-integrated one. This research of the literature review has identified the rural areas of mobility as under-researched. The mobility research can set up a more efficient passenger transport planning system in rural areas.

Inequality in the Indian Growth Regime*

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Growth Regime ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Researchers and policymakers have traditionally been more concerned with poverty than with inequality in India but this is now changing. The long-term trend in India was for economic inequality to decline until the 1980s, but it has since been rising, especially in urban areas, and between urban and rural areas. Wages have been rising and absolute poverty has been falling, but there has been a tendency for the gains from growth to be concentrated among the highest income groups. This applies not only to income and expenditure but also to wealth. These trends reflect the social and economic institutions that underpin the changing growth regime in India—the macroeconomic framework; wage labour relations; agrarian relations; the competition regime; type of integration in the international economy; and the role of the state. These institutions and their interactions give rise to particular patterns of growth and distribution, which change over time, and which need to be analysed in historical context. The article briefly reviews the impact of these factors on inequality over the period since Independence, and suggests that the forces driving the upward path of inequality remain strong.

scholarly journals Impact of International Remittances on Poverty in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Household Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Rezwana Rahman ◽  
Nurun Naher Moni
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Propensity Scores ◽  
Kernel Estimator ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Although the impact of remittances on poverty is a widely examined topic, only a few studies shed light on this issue at the household level, especially in the case of Bangladesh. This study compares households with and without remittance receivers to estimate the poverty impact of remittances on a regional basis. The dataset used for this study is the Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010, obtained from a representative sample of 12,239 households, and collected by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Determining propensity scores from the estimation of probit regression, the average treatment effect on the treatment group has been estimated by using nearest neighbour matching and Kernel estimator. Both of the techniques confirm that receiving remittances has an inverse impact on households’ propensity of being poor. A regional comparison shows that this propensity is lower in urban areas (11.3 per cent) than the rural areas (16.3 per cent). In both urban and rural areas, per capita consumption expenditure and monthly consumption expenditure vary positively with remittance receipt of the households. Moreover, probit regression estimates that the probability of having migrant members in rural households is 2.8 per cent higher than that of urban households. On the basis of the major findings, the study reaches the conclusion that rural areas show more potential in terms of producing exportable manpower. Appropriate policy in terms of creating an enabling environment both in the destination and home countries should be arranged, especially to facilitate women migration.

scholarly journals Index Decomposition Analysis on Factors Affecting Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Residential Consumption in Beijing

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengyan Fan ◽  
Yalin Lei
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Index Decomposition ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Beijing’s residential CO2emissions have become the main growth point of CO2emissions. However, the impact factors of the direct energy-related CO2emissions from residents in Beijing have not been previously evaluated. This paper accessed the key factors that affect the residents’ CO2emissions in Beijing from 1995 to 2015, using a newly built decomposition model with generalized Fisher index (GFI) and M-P model. The results were compared between urban and rural areas. Urban residential CO2emissions did not change during 1995–1999 but then grew rapidly after 1999, while rural residential CO2emissions fluctuated during the studied period. Increased per capita income is the most important pulling factor for the growth of residential CO2emissions, while energy consumption intensity is a decisive factor in inhibiting residential CO2emissions. Population size plays a pulling role in the growth of residential CO2emissions. Energy structure exerts a role in inhibiting residential CO2emissions, and its inhibition effect is stronger for urban residents. Average consumption propensity inhibits urban residential CO2emissions but has little effect on rural residential CO2emissions. The population migration from rural to urban areas in the urbanization process increases residential CO2emissions. To reduce residential CO2emissions, several recommendations have been proposed.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Measurement of Urban and Rural Particles in Beijing, Part II: Case Studies of Haze Events and Regional Transport

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Chen ◽  
Guangming Shi ◽  
Jing Cai ◽  
Zongbo Shi ◽  
Zhichao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Hysplit Model ◽  
Regional Transport ◽  
Haze Formation ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two parallel field studies were conducted simultaneously at both urban and rural sites in Beijing from 11/01/2016 to 11/29/2016. Online single-particle chemical composition analysis was used as a tracer system to investigate the impact of heating activities and the formation of haze events. Central heating elevated EC-Nit, EC-Nit-Sul, and ECOC-Nit levels by 1.5–2.0 times due to the increased use of coal in the urban areas. However, in the rural areas, residential heating which mainly consumes low-quality coal and biomass burning elevated ECOC-Nit-Sul, Nak-Nit, and OC-Sul levels by 1.2–1.5 times. Four severe haze events (hourly PM2.5 > 200 µg m−3) occurred at both sites during the studies. In each event, a pattern of transport and accumulation was found. In the first stage, particles were regionally transported from the south or southwest and accumulated under air stagnations, creating the significant secondary formation. Consequently, the boosting of PM2.5 led to severe haze. At both sites, the severe haze occurred due to different patterns of local emission, transport, and secondary processes. At PG, the sulfate-rich residential coal burning particles were dominant. The regional transport between PG and PKU was simulated using the WRF-HYSPLIT model, confirming that the transport from PG to PKU was significant, but PKU to PG occurred occasionally. These cases can explain the serious air pollution in the urban areas of Beijing and the interaction between urban and rural areas. This study can provide references for enhancing our understanding of haze formation in Beijing.

scholarly journals Implications of Decreasing Farm Size on Urbanization: A Case Study of Punjab Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umar Mukhtar ◽  
Zhong Zhangbao ◽  
Tian Beihai ◽  
Muhammad Asad Ur Rehman Naseer ◽  
Amar Razzaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Migration Decision ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

The rate of urbanization in Pakistan especially in Punjab is quite high. The reason behind this is the high population growth that is about 2.4 percent in the last decade. This causes a burden on the farm size and in rural areas people have no choice except to move in the urban areas for their livelihood. The main objective of this study was to identify the key influential factors that affect the decision to migrate. Study evaluated the impact of economic, social, demographic, natural and climatic factors on the welfare of the migrants and non-migrant’s households. For this purpose, an extensive survey from 504 respondents was carried out in four districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Due to the dichotomous nature of the dependent variable i.e. migrant and non-migrant, logistic regression was employed on the collected data using Stata. Results revealed that unemployment, educational and health facilities, family conflicts, small farm size for agricultural activities, and greater family size are the main influencing factors affecting migration decision from rural to urban areas. This creates the strong implications i.e. putting burden on the urban areas due to the high rate of urbanization. So, it is however recommended to stem down the rate of migration all necessary facilities should be provided in the rural areas and Agro-based must be set up near the rural areas providing employment opportunities for the rural dwellers.

scholarly journals Examining the Urban and Rural Healthcare Progress in Big Cities of China: Analysis of Monitoring Data in Dalian from 2008 to 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukun Qiu ◽  
Wei Lu ◽  
Jianke Guo ◽  
Caizhi Sun ◽  
Xinyu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Location Theory ◽  
Rural Healthcare ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

How to effectively reduce the disparity between urban and rural medical healthcare has become a major global concern. In China, the government has issued a series of reform measures to address the gap between urban and rural medical care. To explore the impact of China’s medical system reforms in improving health services in urban and rural areas and understand the factors promoting and hindering progress, we evaluated the healthcare system in Dalian City, China, from 2008 to 2017. The weighted TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) model was used to assess the development of the healthcare system in the different districts and employed the obstacle model to identify and analyze indicators that hinder progress in health services. Using the local spatial clustering function, we categorized the districts in terms of the hindrance type that significantly hamper the growth of the healthcare system. Our results show the healthcare system in Dalian’s urban areas has steadily increased, while development in rural areas has been erratic. Although the urban–rural healthcare disparity has narrowed distinctly, sustained progress is not guaranteed. Based on the location theory, residents in urban areas are more affected by economic factors, while those in rural areas are more influenced by time considerations. When initiating healthcare reforms in urban areas, the impact of varying land prices and per capita disposable income should be considered. For rural areas, constructing more medical institutions to reduce the impact of time costs should be considered. We also found different factors that hinder the growth of the healthcare system for urban and rural areas. To address these impediments to progress, urban areas should pay more attention to coordinated development, while rural areas should address specific concerns based on local needs and conditions. More research on the progress in medical reform is crucial to provide reference and policy-guidance for countries facing similar concerns.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Place of Residence on Middle School Pupils' Attitudes towards Physical Culture

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Dziubiński ◽  
Beata Magdziarz
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Urban Middle School ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction. Differences and inequalities connected with the place where a person lives are a subject of interest to social sciences, sociology in particular. Empirical findings indicate that residents of urban and rural areas differ significantly in terms of such variables as physical development, health condition, life expectancy, affluence, education level, access to power, cultural capital and so on. It is interesting to check whether the above regularity also applies to young people's attitudes towards physical culture. The aim of this study was to examine attitudes which middle school pupils (ages between 13 and 16) in Poland's urban and rural areas held to physical culture. Material and methods. The study involved a survey conducted between 10th November 2011 and 10th March 2012 on a purposive sample of 336 children. They were pupils aged 13-16 in two middle schools in Świętokrzyskie province: the Jan Karski no. 4 Middle School in the city of Kielce and the John Paul II Middle School in the village of Masłów, Kielce county. The diagnostic poll method was used in the study and an original, categorised poll was the research tool. The surveying technique was an auditorium questionnaire. Results. After analysis, empirical data obtained from the survey shows that the place of residence causes slights differences in middle school pupils' attitudes towards physical culture. The data allows for the conclusion that pupils from urban areas possess a little better knowledge of physical culture than their peers from rural areas. Pupils from villages have, in turn, a slightly more positive emotional approach to physical culture than pupils in cities. Urban middle school pupils manifest more positive behaviours within physical culture than rural pupils. The place of residence does not cause such striking differences in attitudes to physical culture as it does in other social and cultural variables, such as affluence, education level, access to power, health condition, fitness, participation in culture and so on.

scholarly journals Impact of artificial light intensity on nocturnal insect diversity in urban and rural areas of the Asir province, Saudi Arabia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0242315
Author(s):  
Abdulrahim Refdan Hakami ◽  
Khalid Ali Khan ◽  
Hamed A. Ghramh ◽  
Zubair Ahmad ◽  
Adil Ali Ahmad AL-zayd
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Insect Diversity ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Insect Biodiversity ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

Continuous urban developments have resulted in increased demand for street furniture, one of which is street light columns. Artificial light at night (ALAN) pose significant impacts on insect diversity in urban and rural areas. The ALAN is a significant driver of decline in insect diversity. This study evaluated the impact of light intensity and sky quality at night on insect diversity in rural and urban areas of the Asir province, Saudi Arabia. Insect traps were installed in both areas during night. Light intensity of nearby road lamps was measured using light meter, while sky quality was measured using sky quality meter. Rural areas exhibited low light intensity (10.33 flux/f.candle) and good sky quality (18.80 magnitude/arcsec2). Urban areas exhibited intense light (89.33 flux/f.candle) and poor sky quality (15.49 magnitude/arcsec2). Higher insect diversity was recorded for rural areas where insects belonging to seven orders (i.e., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and Dermaptera) were collected. However, insects of four orders (i.e., Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera) were found in urban areas indicating low diversity. Lepidopteran insects were frequently recorded from rural areas indicating they are attracted to artificial light. It is concluded that excessive ALAN and poor sky quality at night disrupt insect biodiversity. Therefore, ALAN and sky quality must be considered responsible for decline in insect biodiversity along with other known factors.

Impact of Elected Women Representatives of Panchayati Raj in Physical and Financial and Business Assets Development of Rural Women: A Study among the Rural Women’s of Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu[1]

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaichelvi Sivaraman ◽  
Rengasamy Stalin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panchayati Raj

This research paper is the part of Research Project entitled “Impact of Elected Women Representatives in the Life and Livelihood of the Women in Rural Areas: With Special Reference to Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu” funded by University of Madras under UGC-UPE Scheme.The 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution of India were made by the government to strengthen the position of women and to create a local-level legal foundation for direct democracy for women in both rural and urban areas. The representation for women in local bodies through reservation policies amendment in Constitution of India has stimulated the political participation of women in rural areas. However, when it’s comes to the argument of whether the women reservation in Panchayati Raj helps or benefits to the life and livelihood development of women as a group? The answer is hypothetical because the studies related to the impact of women representatives of Panchayati Raj in the life and livelihood development of women was very less. Therefore, to fill the gap in existing literature, the present study was conducted among the rural women of Tiruvannamalai district to assess the impact of elected women representatives in the physical and financial and business development of the women in rural areas. The findings revealed that during the last five years because of the women representation in their village Panjayati Raj, the Physical Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (55.8%) and Highly (23.4%) and the Financial and Business Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (60.4%) and Highly (18.7%).

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