Antifungal Susceptibility and Biofilm Production of Candida spp. Isolated from Clinical Samples

Objective. The study aims to speciate clinical Candida isolates and detect their biofilm-forming ability and antifungal resistance. Methods. All the Candida spp. isolated from different clinical samples like pus, urine, blood, and body fluid were included in the study. Biofilm production was tested by the microtiter plate method. Antifungal susceptibility was studied by the disk diffusion method. Patient’s demographic details such as age, sex, and clinical information were collected. Presence of other risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, history of antibiotic use, and any urinary tract instrumentations was also recorded. Results. Among 90 Candida species isolated, most predominant species was found to be C. albicans (45.5%) followed by C. tropicalis (28.88%), C. krusei (20%), C. glabrata (3.33%), and C. parapsilosis (2.22%). Candida spp. were isolated from urine (43%), BAL/sputum (18.88%), high vaginal swab (8.88%), suction tips (7.77%), blood and wound swabs (6.66%), pus (3.33%), bile aspirate (2.22%), and deep tissue (1.11%). A larger number of females were affected than males, and the age group of 51 to 60 years was more susceptible to candidiasis. A higher number of C. albicans isolates produced biofilm followed by C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. However, C. glabrata showed no biofilm production in our study. All Candida isolates were 100% sensitive to amphotericin B. Voriconazole was the next effective drug with 81.11% susceptibility. 24.44% of strains were resistant to fluconazole. Conclusion. Speciation of Candida isolates, detection of ability to form the biofilm, and monitoring of antifungal susceptibility testing are necessary for appropriate treatment.

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Detection of Candida auris and its antifungal susceptibility: first report from Bangladesh

IMC Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.3329/imcjms.v13i2.45276 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 18-22

Author(s):

Subarna Dutta ◽

Md Hasibur Rahman ◽

Kazi Shakhawath Hossain ◽

Jalaluddin Ashraful Haq

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Agents ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Candida Auris ◽

Large Hospital ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

First Report

Background and objectives: Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that has been associated with nosocomial infections with a high mortality. The organism has been reported from several countries of the world except Bangladesh. The present study describes the presence of C. auris in clinical samples obtained from a large hospital of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: The A total of 100 Candida species isolated from different clinical samples were purposively included in the present study. Samples were obtained from patients attending a 750 bed hospital of Dhaka city. C. auris was identified by growth characteristics, biochemical and carbohydrate assimilation test and further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing using ITS1 and ITS2 targeting the conserved regions of 5.8S rRNA. Antifungal susceptibility of identified C. auris was performed by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. Results: Out of 100 Candida sp. tested, 21 isolates were identified as C. auris. Of the 21 C. auris, 14 (66.7%) were isolated from blood samples and the remaining 7 (33.4%) were from urine. Most of the C. auris isolated were from patients admitted in intensive care units. Out of 21 C. auris, 17 (81.0%), 7 (33.3%) and 3 (14.3%) were sensitive to amphotericin B, fluconazole and voriconazole respectively by disk diffusion method. Out of 14 fluconazole resistant isolates, 5 were susceptible dose-dependent (SS-D) by MIC method. Conclusion: The present study is the first report demonstrating the presence of C. auris in clinical samples obtained from a large hospital of Bangladesh. Majority of isolates showed resistance to fluconazole and variable susceptibility to other antifungal agents. Further study is suggested to find its true magnitude and its susceptibility pattern to a range of antifungal agents. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2019; 13(2): 18-22

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Prevalence and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Isolates from Women with Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Ghana - A Review of Laboratory Reports.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-33278/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

George Antepim Pesewu ◽

Patrick Kwame Feglo ◽

Richard Kwaku Boateng ◽

Samuel Adetona Fayemiwo

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Rflp Analysis ◽

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis ◽

Pcr Rflp ◽

Common Infection

Abstract Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common infection among women of childbearing age, and few of these women experience recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). The study was aimed at determining the virulent factors, and antifungal susceptibility of the Candida species isolated from women with RVVC attending the Nkawie Government Hospital, Ashanti-Region, Ghana. Over a 6–month period (October 2016 to March 2017), a total of 288 women with RVVC were evaluated. Isolation of the yeast was performed after the inoculation of the vaginal specimens onto Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), and incubated for 24-48 hours at 37oC. The isolates were identified by standardized conventional methods. The enzymatic activities of esterase, phospholipase, haemolysis and biofilm production were evaluated for the identification of the yeast isolates. Susceptibility to antifungal agents was determined by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Azole resistant isolates were further tested for ERG11 gene which encodes the enzyme (cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14-α-demethylase) by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Vaginal swabs cultures of 200 women (64.4) from 288 samples yielded Candida species. Candida albicans was the commonest isolated specie (33.0%), followed by Candida glabrata (29.5 %), Candida tropicalis (23.0%), and Candida krusei (15.5%). Hemolysin production, phospholipase enzyme activity, and biofilms formation were found in 84.5%, 83%, 77.5%.of the isolates respectively. Most phospholipase producing Candida isolates also formed biofilms. All Candida spp isolated were susceptible to itraconazole while majority of them were resistant to voriconazole. ERG11 genes were detected in 11.1% of Azole resistant Candida species. There is a significant increase in the rate of antifungal resistance among the Candida isolates to fluconazole and voriconazole. There is need for continuous surveillance as well as antifungal susceptibility testing on the Candida spp to guide therapy. A larger epidemiological study is also advocated to determining the degree of spread of ERG11 genes.

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Antifungal susceptibility of clinically significant candida species by disk diffusion method

IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases ◽

10.18231/j.ijmmtd.2021.017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 77-80

Author(s):

Ajitha Reddy Edula

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Agents ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility Testing ◽

Susceptibility Test ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility Test

Antifungal susceptibility of candida. To perform antifungal susceptibility testing on candida isolates by disk diffusion method & study its susceptibility pattern. The present study was conducted in the department of Microbiology in a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad from January 2013 to June 2014, with prior approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. The present study was designed to perform antifungal susceptibility test on Candida isolates by Disk Diffusion Method and study its susceptibility pattern. 102 Candida isolates were subjected to Antifungal susceptibility testing by Disk diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton Agar + 2% Glucose and 0.5 μg/mL Methylene Blue Dye (GMB) Mediumas per CLSI guidelines. : Antifungal susceptibility test shows that C. albicans is more susceptible to all the antifungal agents tested. Resistance to azole group of drugs was more pronounced in non-albicans candida spp. Voriconazole seemed to be superior to Fluconazole with a better susceptibility in the Fluconazole resistant strains also.Findings of the antifungal susceptibility test suggest that Candida spp., differ in their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida isolates will be helpful in guiding physicians to select the appropriate antifungal drug so that therapeutic failures can be avoided thus decreasing patient morbidity and mortality.

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Speciation Of Candida Isolated From Cases Of Vaginal Candidiasis

Nepal Mediciti Medical Journal ◽

10.3126/nmmj.v2i1.37214 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 5-13

Author(s):

Ankita Guragain ◽

Ramesh Bichchha

Keyword(s):

Candida Species ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Female Reproductive Tract ◽

Vaginal Candidiasis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Vaginal Swabs

Background: Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is an exceedingly common mucosal infection of the lower female reproductive tract. Mostly, it is caused by Candida albicans. Yet, non-albicans Candida species are also on the rise. Also, increasing resistance to commonly prescribed antifungal agents is of serious concern. Methodology: High vaginal swabs were collected from clinically suspected cases of VVC from patients attending outpatient department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of NMCTH. The swabs were subjected to microscopic analysis and culture. Germ tube test, CHROMagar, chlyamydospore formation test and sugar assimilation test were applied for identification of the isolated Candida spp. Antifungal susceptibility testing of the isolates to fluconazole was done by disk-diffusion method. Results: The rate of culture positive cases of VVC was 46.3%. Most number of cases belonged to the age group of 18-27 years (43.6%). Adhibasi-janajati and married women were most commonly affected (55.9% and 62.3% respectively). Abnormal vaginal discharge with burning and itching were the most common symptoms. C. albicans accounted for the majority of the isolated Candida spp. (57.8%), followed by C. glabrata (26.5%) and C. tropicalis (9.8%), C. krusei (3.0%), C. parapsilosis (2.0%) and C. keyfr (0.9%). A total of 34.3% of isolated Candida spp. were resistant to fluconazole. Conclusion: Both C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species were responsible for acute cases of VVC and RVVC. A majority of nonalbicans Candida species were found to be resistant suggesting rise in their prevalence and resistance to fluconazole.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus Species from Clinical Samples

Journal of Internal Medicine and Emergency Research ◽

10.37191/mapsci-2582-7367-1(1)-005 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Ali

Keyword(s):

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Agar Disc ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

The research was aimed to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus species from clinical samples obtained from some hospitals in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. The ear swab, high vaginal swab (HVS), wound swab and urine samples from the patients attending the hospitals were collected and inoculated onto the surface of freshly prepared Nutrient agar for bacterial isolation. The bacteria isolated were identified by conventional microbiological methods namely; Gram staining, biochemical test (such as catalase, coagulase, and DNase test), mannitol salt agar and heamolysis test. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the agar disc diffusion method. The result showed that S. aureus was highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin 105 (68.63%), Gentamicin 102 (66.67%), Levofloxacin 95 (62.08%) and Amikacin 90 (58.82%), S. epidermidis was highly susceptible to Gentamicin 13 (61.90%), Levofloxacin 12 (57.14%) and Nitrofurantoin 11 (52.38%) while S. saprophyticus was highly susceptible to Cefoxitin 7 (77.78%), Gentamicin 6 (66.67%) and Nitrofurantoin 5 (55.56%). On the other hand, S. aureus was highly resistant to Cefuroxime 153 (100%), Ceftazidime 150 (98.04%), Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 120 (78.43%) and Cloxacillin 111 (72.55%), S. epidermidis was highly resistant to Ceftazidime 20 (95.24%), Cloxacillin 19 (90.48%) then Cefoxitin, Erythromycin and Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid with 15 (71.43%) both. S. saprophyticus was highly resistant to Cefepime 9 (100%), Cloxacillin 8 (88.89%), Ceftazidime 7 (77.78%), Imipenem and Erythromycin with 6 (66.67%) respectively. There is a statistical difference in the sensitivity of the isolates against the antibiotics used at p<0.05. It is concluded that Staphylococcus species develop resistance to some classes of antibiotics.

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Prevalence of Non-Albicans Candida Among the Patients Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal

Nepal Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/njb.v4i1.16346 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 43-46

Author(s):

Manisha Sharma ◽

Narayan Dutt Pant ◽

Pratikshya Pandey

Keyword(s):

Color Change ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Temperature Tolerance ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Test Characteristic ◽

India Ink

The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of non-albicans Candida among the patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Candida spp. isolated from different clinical samples (sputum, urine, vaginal swab, blood, endotracheal (ET) secretion, pus) from 250 patients between the period of February 2013 and December 2015 were included in the study. Of those 250 patients, 20% were immunocompromised. Sabouraud dextrose agar was used for the isolation of Candida spp. and the identification was performed on the basis of colony morphology, Gram’s stain, India ink preparation, germ tube test, temperature tolerance test, characteristic color change in CHROMagar, chlamydospore production, sugar fermentation test and sugar assimilation test.Out of total 300 Candida spp., majority were isolated from sputum (43.33%) followed by urine (40%) and vaginal swab (6.67%). Of total 151 (50.33%) non-albicans Candida, the most common species isolated were C. tropicalis (62.25%) followed by C. glabrata (23.84%). High prevalence of non-albicans Candida among the patients attending a hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal was noted.

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Molecular Investigation of Fibronectin-Binding Protein Genes and Capacity of Biofilm Production in Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Clinical Samples

10.21203/rs.3.rs-640880/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hossein Jafari Soghondicolaei ◽

Mohammad Ahanjan ◽

Mehrdad Gholami ◽

Bahman Mirzaei ◽

Hamid Reza Goli

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Colorimetric Assay ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Biofilm Production ◽

Fibronectin Binding Protein ◽

Fibronectin Binding

Abstract Biofilm production increases Staphylococcus aureus resistance to antibiotics and also host defense mechanisms. The current study aims to evaluate the biofilm formation by S. aureus and to determine the prevalence of fibronectin-binding protein genes, also its correlation with drug resistance. In this study, 100 clinical isolates of S. aureus were collected. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was evaluated by the disk agar diffusion method. The ability of biofilm formation in the studied isolates was also determined by microplate colorimetric assay. Then, all isolates were screened by polymerase chain reaction for the fnbA and fnbB genes. Out of 100 clinical isolates of S. aureus, the highest and lowest antibiotic resistance rates were against penicillin (94%) and vancomycin (6%). Thirty-two cases were found to be multi-drug resistant (MDR) among the all strains. The ability of biofilm production was observed in 89% of the isolates. The PCR results showed that the prevalence of fnbA and fnbB genes were 91% and 17%, respectively. Moreover, 100% and 21.8% of the MDR strains harbored the fnbA and fnbB genes respectively. The ability to form biofilm in MDR isolates of S. aureus is more than non-MDR isolates, especially fnbA positive ones. As the bacteria in the biofilm are difficult to kill by antibiotics, attention to the removal or control of the biofilm production seems to be necessary.

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Correlation of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance among clinical and soil isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Iraq

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/030.66.2019.026 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pakhshan A. Hassan ◽

Adel K. Khider

Keyword(s):

Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽

Congo Red ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Opportunistic Pathogen ◽

Microtiter Plate ◽

Test Tube ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen that is reported as a major cause of nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the biofilm formation by A. baumannii clinical and soil isolates, to display their susceptibility to 11 antibiotics and to study a possible relationship between formation of biofilm and multidrug resistance. During 8 months period, from June 2016 to January 2017, a total of 52 clinical and 22 soil isolates of A. baumannii were collected and identified through conventional phenotypic, chromo agar, biochemical tests, API 20E system, and confirmed genotypically by PCR for blaOXA-51-like gene. Antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was determined by standard disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. The biofilm formation was studied using Congo red agar, test tube, and microtiter plate methods. The clinical isolates were 100% resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, piperacillin, 96.15% to gentamicin, 96.15% to imipenem, 92.31% to meropenem, and 78.85% to amikacin. The soil A. baumannii isolates were 100% sensitive to imipenem, meropenem, and gentamicin, and 90.1% to ciprofloxacin. All A. baumannii isolates (clinical and soil) were susceptible to polymyxin B. The percentage of biofilm formation in Congo red agar, test tube, and microtiter plate assays was 10.81%, 63.51%, and 86.48%, respectively. More robust biofilm former population was mainly among non-MDR isolates. Isolates with a higher level of resistance tended to form weaker biofilms. The soil isolates exhibited less resistance to antibiotics than clinical isolates. However, the soil isolates produce stronger biofilms than clinical isolates.

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Association between Biofilm-Production and Antibiotic Resistance in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC): An In Vitro Study

Diseases ◽

10.3390/diseases8020017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 17 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Payam Behzadi ◽

Edit Urbán ◽

Márió Gajdács

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Point Of View ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Medical Attention ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Biofilm Production ◽

Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections requiring medical attention worldwide. The production of biofilms is an important step in UTIs, not only from a mechanistic point of view, but this may also confer additional resistance, distinct from other aspects of multidrug resistance (MDR). A total of two hundred and fifty (n = 250) Escherichia coli isolates, originating from clean-catch urine samples, were included in this study. The isolates were classified into five groups: wild-type, ciprofloxacin-resistant, fosfomycin-resistant, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains. The bacterial specimens were cultured using eosine methylene blue agar and the colony morphology of isolates were recorded. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method and E-tests. Biofilm-formation of the isolates was carried out with the crystal violet tube-adherence method. n = 76 isolates (30.4%) produced large colonies (>3 mm), mucoid variant colonies were produced in n = 135 cases (54.0%), and n = 119 (47.6%) were positive for biofilm formation. The agreement (i.e., predictive value) of mucoid variant colonies in regard to biofilm production in the tube-adherence assay was 0.881 overall. Significant variation was seen in the case of the group of ESBL-producers in the ratio of biofilm-producing isolates. The relationship between biofilm-production and other resistance determinants has been extensively studied. However, no definite conclusion can be reached from the currently available data.

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Vancomycin and High Level Aminoglycoside Resistance inEnterococcusspp. in a Tertiary Health Care Centre: A Therapeutic Concern

Journal of Pathogens ◽

10.1155/2016/8262561 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Seema Mittal ◽

Pooja Singla ◽

Antariksha Deep ◽

Kiran Bala ◽

Rama Sikka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Control Measures ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽

Sensitivity Testing ◽

Health Care Centre ◽

High Level

Aims. This study was aimed at knowing the prevalence of vancomycin and high level aminoglycoside resistance in enterococcal strains among clinical samples.Study Design. It was an investigational study.Place and Duration of Study. It was conducted on 100Enterococcusisolates, in the Department of Microbiology, Pt. BDS PGIMS, Rohtak, over a period of six months from July to December 2014.Methodology. Clinical specimens including urine, pus, blood, semen, vaginal swab, and throat swab were processed andEnterococcusisolates were identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of enterococci was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.Results. High level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) was more common in urine samples (41.5%) followed by blood (36%) samples. High level streptomycin resistance (HLSR) was more common in pus samples (52.6%) followed by blood samples (36%). Resistance to vancomycin was maximum in blood isolates.Conclusion. Enterococci resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents have been recognized. Thus, it is crucial for laboratories to provide accurate antimicrobial resistance patterns for enterococci so that effective therapy and infection control measures can be initiated.

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