scholarly journals Toxicity Evaluation ofAnacardium occidentale, the Potential Aphrodisiac Herb

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Jintanaporn Wattanathorn ◽  
Panakaporn Wannanon ◽  
Supaporn Muchimapura ◽  
Wipawee Thukham-Mee ◽  
Terdthai Tong-Un ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
White Blood Cell ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Cytotoxicity Test ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Subchronic Toxicity

Anacardium occidentaleL. leaf demonstrates sexual enhancement effect. Therefore, it can be used as the potential supplement and functional ingredient. However, the ethanolic leaf extract of this plant is a modified form of traditional application and the toxicity evaluation is required. To assess cytotoxicity of the extract, RAW 264.7 cells were treated withA. occidentaleleaf extract in the concentration range between 0.625 and 10 mg/mL. Our results showed that the extract showed more than 90% cell viability at the concentration of 2.5 mg/mL after 24-hour exposure. To assure the consumption safety, the acute and subchronic toxicity must be studied. Acute toxicity showed that the extract is safe even at the highest dose of 2 g/kg in both sexes of Wistar rats. No changes in behavior, physiology, gross pathology, and histology were observed. To determine the subchronic toxicity of extract, both sexes of Wistar rats were orally given the extract at doses of 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg once daily for 90 days. No changes in body weight, food, and water intake, motor coordination, behavior, and mental alertness were observed. The significant reduction of white blood cell, platelet, and cholesterol together with increase in MCHC was observed in male rats. The reductions of white blood cell and platelet together with the elevations of hemoglobin and hematocrit were also observed in female rats. However, all changes were in normal range. The current results revealed that an ethanolic extract ofA. occidentaleleaf was well tolerated via oral consumption up to dose of 500 mg/kg BW for 90 days and did not produce any toxicity. Ourin vitrocytotoxicity test also confirmed this safety.

scholarly journals Antidiarrheal Activity of Dissotis multiflora (Sm) Triana (Melastomataceae) Leaf Extract in Wistar Rats and Subacute Toxicity Evaluation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alian Désiré Afagnigni ◽  
Maximilienne Ascension Nyegue ◽  
Chantal Florentine Ndoye Foe ◽  
Youchahou Njankouo Ndam ◽  
Frédéric Nico Njayou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Antidiarrheal Activity ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Ethanolic Leaf Extract

The present work was undertaken to evaluate antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Dissotis multiflora (Sm) Triana (D. multiflora) on Shigella flexneri-induced diarrhea in Wistar rats and its subacute toxicity. Diarrhea was induced by oral administration of 1.2 × 109 cells/mL S. flexneri to rats. Antidiarrheal activity was investigated in rats with the doses of 111.42 mg/kg, 222.84 mg/kg, and 445.68 mg/kg. The level of biochemical parameters was assessed and organs histology examined by 14 days’ subacute toxicity. S. flexneri stool load decreased significantly in dose-dependent manner. The level of ALT increased (p<0.05) in male rats treated with the dose of 445.68 mg/kg while creatinine level increased in rats treated with both doses. In female rats, a significant decrease (p<0.05) of the level of AST and creatinine was noted in rats treated with the dose of 222.84 mg/kg of D. multiflora. Histological exams of kidney and liver of treated rats showed architectural modifications at the dose of 445.68 mg/kg. This finding suggests that D. multiflora leaf extract is efficient against diarrhea caused by S. flexneri but the treatment with doses lower than 222.84 mg/kg is recommended while further study is required to define the exact efficient nontoxic dose.

scholarly journals Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity of aqueous whole leaf and green rind extracts of Aloe vera in Wistar rats

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Nalimu ◽  
Joseph Oloro ◽  
Emanuel L. Peter ◽  
Patrick Engeu Ogwang
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Acute Oral Toxicity ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Leaf Extracts

Abstract Background Several local communities in Central, Western, Eastern, and Northern regions of Uganda have been using the whole leaf extracts of Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (Asphodelaceae) in the treatment of various ailments. Also, several commercial companies sell A. vera as soft drinks in Uganda. However, there are inadequate reports on the toxicities of such preparations. This paper reports the acute and sub-acute oral toxicity of aqueous extracts of whole leaf and green rind of A. vera in Wistar rats. Methods Acute oral toxicity test was carried out in female Wistar rats at doses of 175, 550, 1750, and 5000 mg/kg, p.o. The animals were observed for signs of toxicity for 14 days. Similarly, a sub-acute oral toxicity test was performed in both sexes of rats at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg, p.o. daily for 28 days. All the groups of animals were monitored for behavioral, morphological, biochemical, and physiological changes, including mortality and compared with respective controls. Body weights were measured weekly while the animals’ relative organ weights, hematological, biochemical, gross, and microscopic pathology were examined on day 29. Results There was no mortality or apparent behavioral changes at the doses tested in acute and sub-acute oral toxicity tests. Thus, the Median Lethal Dose (LD50) of green rind and whole leaf aqueous extracts was above 5000 mg/kg. Gross anatomy revealed that the rats’ relative spleen weight in green rind extract at 200 mg/kg significantly decreased compared to the control group. The creatinine levels in female rats that received green rind extract and the chloride ion levels in male rats administered whole leaf extract were significantly elevated. Conversely, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) levels significantly decreased at lower doses of the green rind extract compared to the control. Histopathology of the kidney revealed the renal interstitium’s inflammation at doses of 200 and 800 mg/kg of the whole leaf extract. Conclusion The findings demonstrated that A. vera green rind and whole leaf extracts are non-toxic at relatively high doses when used for a short duration. Prolonged use of the aqueous whole leaf extract might be associated with kidney toxicity.

scholarly journals Age-Related Effects on Right Femoral Bone of Male Wistar Rats: A Morphometric and Biomechanical Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Martins Puelker ◽  
Sonia Regina Ribeiro de Castro ◽  
Romeu Rodrigues de Souza ◽  
Laura Beatriz Mesiano Maifrino ◽  
Ricardo Aparecido Baptista Nucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Femoral Bone ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Left Femur ◽  
Bone Stiffness ◽  
The Right

Abstract Introduction Study of the variations of bone characteristics with age in different animal models is important to design musculoskeletal studies. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the bone mass, dimensions, and biomechanical parameters of the femur in young, middle-aged, and aged Wistar rats. Materials and Methods Thirty male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided in three groups (n = 10 per group)—3-month-old young rats, 12-month-old middle-aged rats, and 18-months-old aged rats. The right femurs were subjected sequentially to morphometric study (bone weight, cortical thickness) and biomechanical tests (maximum resistance strength and bone stiffness). Results We observed a significant increase in femur histological (cortical thickness) and biomechanical (maximum strength and bone stiffness) parameters with aging when compared with young animals. Conclusions With the advancing age, the right femoral bone of middle-aged and old animals had greater variations when compared with young animals. However, further studies with the aid of a comparison between right and left femur and other long bones in both male and female rats are needed to corroborate with our findings.

Toxicological evaluation of hydroethanol leaf extract of Pupalia lappacea (Linn.) Juss. (Amaranthaceae) in rodents

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murtala Akanji Abdullahi ◽  
Elijah Oladapo Oyinloye ◽  
Akinyinka Alabi ◽  
Aderonke Adeyinka Aderinola ◽  
Luqman Opeyemi Ogunjimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Serum Testosterone Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Abstract Objectives Several studies have established the ethnobotanical benefits of Pupalia lappacea (PL) in laboratory animals without extensive toxicological evaluation of its safety profiles. Thus, an extensive toxicological investigation of sub-chronic oral administration of the hydroethanol leaf extract of P. lappacea in rodents was carried out in this study. Methods Different groups of rats were treated orally with the extract (10, 50 and 250 mg/kg) daily for 90 consecutive days. The control group received distilled water (10 mL/kg). After 90 days, some rats were left for additional 30 days without treatment for reversibility study. Blood and organs samples were collected for different evaluations at the end of study periods. Results The extract decreased the bodyweights, feeding and water intakes in female rats. PL increased the weights of the liver and kidney in male rats. PL increased the red blood cell (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), triglycerides (TRIG), cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) contents in rats. PL (250 mg/kg) significantly reduced the sperm motility and serum testosterone level. Cyto-architectural distortions of the testes, liver and spleen were visible. Conclusions The findings showed that P. lappacea is relatively safe at lower doses but cautions should be taken at higher dose.

scholarly journals Commercial Formulation of Chlorpyrifos Alters Neurological Behaviors and Fertility

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Enoka P. Kudavidanage ◽  
D. M. I. Dissanayake ◽  
W. L. Rangi Keerthirathna ◽  
N. Lasni Wathima Nishshanke ◽  
L. Dinithi C. Peiris
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Risk Minimization ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Neurological Alterations ◽  
Implantation Sites ◽  
Androgen Levels

Pesticides are known to result in toxic insult. We aimed to evaluate Judo 40, the commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos on the neurological activities, fertility, and hormone levels of male rats. Male Wistar rats were treated orally with 1 mL of 20 or 50 mg/kg Judo 40. The doses were administered four times, twice a day. Sexual and exploratory behavior indices, fertility indices, serum androgen levels, blood acetylcholinesterase (BChE) levels, and neurological and muscular effects were evaluated. Serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone were significantly reduced in the rats receiving 50 mg/kg Judo 40. A reduction in viable implantation sites and live pups born were evident in the female rats mated with the male rats treated with the highest dose. Similarly, in the rats treated with the highest dose of Judo 40, a significant reduction in plasma BChE enzyme was observed. According to the results, prolonged Judo 40 exposure can cause impairment of the neurological alterations and sex hormones leading to impaired fertility. Therefore, chemical handlers should be educated on protection and risk minimization.

Indicators of oxidative stress in weanling and pubertal rats following exposure to nicotine via milk

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Ahmed Halima ◽  
Khlifi Sarra ◽  
Rtibi Kais ◽  
Elfazaa Salwa ◽  
Gharbi Najoua
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Nicotine Exposure ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Aspartate Amino Transferase ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Biomarkers Of Oxidative Stress

Nicotine, a major toxic component of tobacco, has been identified as an important risk factor for infant and children diseases. It is concentrated in breast milk and is absorbed by the infant. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during lactation on breast-fed rats and at the pubertal age by measuring biomarkers of oxidative stress. Particularly, a new parameter, the thiol concentration was evaluated. Two groups of lactating Wistar rats were used. For the first group, female rats were given an intraperitoenal injection of nicotine or saline (2 mg/kg per day) during lactation. For the second group, we reproduced the same process described above and then the female and male pups were separately kept after weaning without any treatment until the puberty (at 45 days of age). In the liver and lung of the offspring, we examined the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, the thiol concentration, and the activities of two antioxidant enzymes: superoxyde dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). In the plasma, alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) activities were measured. For rats aged 21 days, the treatment significantly reduced the thiol concentration, SOD, and CAT activities but increased MDA level, AST, and ALT activities. For rats aged 45 days, the males and females did not react the same way. In fact, the males were more affected. These results indicate that maternal nicotine exposure during the lactation period induces oxidative stress in the liver and lung of lactating offspring, which is maintained until the puberty, especially for the male rats.

An analysis of the course of infection of Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala) in rats

Parasitology ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. T. Crompton ◽  
D. E. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
The Third ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Average Recovery Rate ◽  
Marked Decline

An analysis of the course of infection of mixed oral infections of 12 cystacanths of Moniliformis dubius in 174 male and 179 female Wistar rats has been undertaken.There was a marked decline in the average recovery rate of worms of both sexes from hosts of both sexes during the course of the infection.Female worms from both male and female rats showed, on average, a greater power of survival than male worms from the third period (10–13 weeks) onwards.Male rats were found to retain, on average, a greater number of worms of both sexes than female rats.We wish to thank Miss Susan Arnold and Mr David Barnard for excellent technical help.

scholarly journals Tolerance to hypothermic and antinoceptive effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor inhalation in rats

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques D. Nguyen ◽  
Yanabel Grant ◽  
Tony M. Kerr ◽  
Arnold Gutierrez ◽  
Maury Cole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Antinociceptive Effects ◽  
Female Wistar Rats

AbstractRationaleA reduced effect of a given dose of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) emerges with repeated exposure to the drug. This tolerance can vary depending on THC dose, exposure chronicity and the behavioral or physiological measure of interest. A novel THC inhalation system based on e-cigarette technology has been recently shown to produce the hypothermic and antinociceptive effects of THC in rats.ObjectiveTo determine if tolerance to these effects can be produced with repeated vapor inhalation.MethodsGroups of male and female Wistar rats were exposed to 30 minutes of inhalation of the propylene glycol (PG) vehicle or THC (200 mg/mL in PG) two or three times per day for four days. Rectal temperature changes and nociception were assessed after the first exposure on the first and fourth days of repeated inhalation.ResultsFemale, but not male, rats developed tolerance to the hypothermic and antinociceptive effects of THC after four days of twice-daily THC vapor inhalation. Thrice daily inhalation for four days resulted in tolerance in both male and female rats. The plasma THC levels reached after a 30 minute inhalation session did not differ between the male and female rats.ConclusionsRepeated daily THC inhalation induces tolerance in female and male rats, providing further validation of the vapor inhalation method for preclinical studies.AbbreviationsPG, propylene glycol; THC; Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol;

scholarly journals Mitigation of Arsenic-induced Increases in Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Haematological Derangements by Ethanol Leaf Extract of Irvingia gabonensis

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-47
Author(s):  
Efosa Godwin Ewere ◽  
Ngozi Paulinus Okolie ◽  
Oboso Edem Etim ◽  
Samson Adewale Oyebadejo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Concomitant Treatment ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Irvingia Gabonensis ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Aim: To investigate the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis (ELEIG) on sodium arsenite (SA)-induced hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines and haematological derangements in Wistar rats. Study Design: Fifty five Wistar rats weighing between 100 g and 161 g were randomly distributed to eleven (11) groups (n=5). Group 1 (control) had feed and water only. Group 2 received SA at a dose of 4.1 mg/kg body weight (kgbw) for 14 days. Groups 3-11 received ELEIG with or without SA. Place and Duration of Study: Biochemistry Department, University of Uyo and Biochemistry Department, University of Benin. The duration of the study was 14 days. Methodology: Treatment was done orally for 14 days. Immunological markers: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and haematological indices: red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (HB) concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cell (WBC) count and its differentials and platelet (PLT) count were used to determine the immunomodulatory and haematological effects of the extract. Results: Intoxication with SA caused significant (p ˂ 0.05) increases in hepatic TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-4 levels and a significant decrease in hepatic IL-10 level, relative to control. The SA treatment also caused significant (p ˂ 0.05) decreases in RBC, HB, PCV MCH, MCHC, MCV, PLT and monocyte counts as well as significant (p ˂ 0.05) increases in WBC, lymphocyte, basophil, eosinophil and neutrophil counts, relative to control. However, post-treatment and concomitant treatment with ELEIG ameliorated the noxious effect of SA. In addition, ELEIG alone at various doses produced results with most of the assayed parameters having values comparable with those control. Conclusion: These results indicate that ELEIG mitigates SA-induced inflammation and haematological perturbations in Wistar rats.

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