Visceral Leishmaniasis Treatment Outcome and Associated Factors in Northern Ethiopia

Background. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), one of the most neglected tropical diseases, is placing a huge burden on Ethiopia. Despite the introduction of antileishmanial drugs, treatment outcomes across regions are variable due to drug resistance and other factors. Thus, understanding of VL treatment outcomes and its contributing factors helps decisions on treatment. However, the magnitude and the risk factors of poor treatment outcome are not well studied in our setting. Therefore, our study was designed to assess treatment outcomes and associated factors in patients with VL. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in VL patients admitted between June 2016 and April 2018 to Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Data was collected through chart review of patient records. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with poor treatment outcome. Results. A total of 148 VL patients were included in the study. The mean age (SD) of the patients was 32.86 (11.9) years; most of them (94.6%) were male patients. The proportion of poor treatment outcome was 12.1%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that long duration of illness (> four weeks) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 6.1 [95% confidence interval (CI); 1.3-28.6], p=0.02) and concomitant tuberculosis (TB) infection (AOR 4.6 [95% CI; 1.1-19.1], p=0.04) were the independent predictors of poor treatment outcome. Conclusions. Poor treatment outcome was observed in a considerable proportion of VL patients. Long duration of illness and coinfection with TB were associated with poor VL treatment outcome. Hence, early diagnosis and effective prompt treatment are important to improve treatment outcomes among VL patients. Special attention should also be given in the treatment of VL/TB coinfected patients in our setting.

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Diabetic Ketoacidosis Management and Treatment Outcome at Medical Ward of Shashemene Referral Hospital, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study

Clinical Medicine Insights Endocrinology and Diabetes ◽

10.1177/11795514211004957 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 117955142110049

Author(s):

Getu Melesie Taye ◽

Amente Jorise Bacha ◽

Fetene Abeje Taye ◽

Mohammed Hussen Bule ◽

Gosaye Mekonen Tefera

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Treatment Outcome ◽

Hospital Mortality ◽

Medical Ward ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Potassium Supplementation ◽

Poor Treatment ◽

Poor Treatment Outcome ◽

Concurrent Medication

Background: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is the most common and yet potentially life-threatening acute complication of diabetes that progresses rapidly to death and requires immediate medical intervention. Objective: To assess the DKA management and treatment outcome/in-hospital mortality and its predictors among hospitalized patients with DKA at the Medical ward of Shashemene Referral Hospital (SRH). Method: A retrospective study was conducted at the Medical Ward of SRH from 01 February 2015 to 31 January 2017. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study subjects based on the inclusion criteria. Thus, of 236 reviewed charts, only 225 patients with DKA fulfilled inclusion criteria. Treatment outcome was considered good for patients who have shown improvement at discharge, while poor for patients who left against medical advice or died in the hospital. Logistic regression analysis was done to determine independent predictors for treatment outcome/in-hospital mortality using SPSS version 20 with statistical significant at P ⩽ .05. Results: Of 225 patients with DKA, 124 (55.1%) were male. Regular insulin was prescribed to all patients and antibiotics were administered to 87 (38.7%). Potassium supplementation was given only for 28 (12.4%). Non-adherence to insulin treatment (n = 91; 40.4%) and infection (n = 66; 29.3%) were the principal DKA precipitating factors. Even though 73.8% of hospitalized patients with DKA have shown good treatment outcomes, DKA contributed 12% in-hospital mortality. The result of multivariate logistic regression analysis shown that hypoglycemia is the only independent predictor for in-hospital mortality[ P = .03]. Moreover, the independent predictors for poor DKA treatment outcome were found to be smoker [ P = .04], Urinary tract infection (UTI) relative to other co-morbid condition [ P < .001], severe hypokalemia which increase risk of poor treatment outcome by around 4 times [ P = .02], and use of Metronidazole as a concurrent medication relative to other concurrent medication [ P = .03]. Conclusion: There was a high in-hospital mortality rate due to correctable causes. This mortality is unacceptable as it was majorly related to the poor practice of potassium supplementation and hypoglycemia due to insulin. Thus, clinicians and stakeholders should have to focus on modifiable factors (hypokalemia, UTI, and hypoglycemia) to reduce poor treatment outcome/in-hospital mortality.

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Predictors of Treatment Outcomes among Pediatric Patients Hospitalized with Pneumonia in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1155/2021/6690622 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Hilina Tsegaw ◽

Mohammed Yimam ◽

Dejen Nureye ◽

Workineh Woldeselassie ◽

Solomon Hambisa

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcome ◽

Sample Size ◽

Treatment Outcomes ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Good Treatment Outcome ◽

Specialized Hospital ◽

Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital ◽

Poor Treatment ◽

Poor Treatment Outcome

Background. Pneumonia remains the leading cause of hospitalization and mortality in young children in low- and middle-income countries. This study is aimed to assess predictors of treatment outcomes among pediatric patients hospitalized with pneumonia in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A facility-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among pediatric patients admitted with pneumonia, considering patient medical charts recorded for a 1-year period from February 2017 to February 2018. The sample size was computed based on a single population proportion formula and giving a total sample size of 207. The systematic random sampling method was employed to select patient cards from the sampling frame. The data extraction format was used to extract any relevant information from patient chart. The processed data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 21). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the patients’ baseline characteristics and related information. The logistic regression model was fitted to determine factors associated with treatment outcomes. To identify predictors of poor treatment outcome, the level of significance was set at P < 0.05 . Results. From a total of 207 patient charts reviewed, more than half (55.6%) of the study participants were males. Majority of patients, 130 (62.8%), were in the age range of 1 month–11 months. Furthermore, 191 (92.3%) patients had good treatment outcome. Patients who treated with ceftriaxone + azithromycin were less likely to have poor treatment outcome compared with patients who were placed on crystalline penicillin (AOR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.01–0.83). On the contrary, patients who stayed ≥ 8 days were about 14.3 times more likely to have poor treatment outcome compared with patients who stayed ≤ 3 days (AOR = 14.3, 95% CI 1.35–151.1). Conclusion. Even though the study revealed good treatment outcome among the pediatric patients, particular consideration should be given to children in need of other interventions.

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Management practice, and treatment outcome and its associated factors among hospitalized stroke patient at Ambo University Referral Hospital, Ethiopia: an Institutional Based Cross Sectional Study

10.21203/rs.2.15426/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Belayneh Kefale ◽

Guye Betero ◽

Gobezie Temesgen ◽

Amsalu Degu

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcome ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Management Practice ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Good Treatment Outcome ◽

Poor Treatment ◽

Poor Treatment Outcome ◽

Study Participants

Abstract Background: Although stroke has been consistently reported as one of the three leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the past few years in Ethiopia, there is a paucity of data regarding to stroke treatment outcomes and associated factors. Hence, this study was aimed to assess management practice, and treatment outcome and its associated factors among hospitalized stroke patients.Method an institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among 111 hospitalized stroke patients in the medical ward of Ambo University Referral Hospital(AURH), who had been hospitalized for the last three years (March 30/2016- May30/2019). All patients diagnosed with stroke and hospitalized in the medical ward of AURH were included in the study. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 25.0 statistical software. Bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the predictors of poor treatment outcome.Result The present study showed that ischemic stroke was the most prevalent (80.1%) form of stroke diagnosed in the study setting. Nonetheless, 18.2% of patients were diagnosed with hemorrhagic stroke. Among 111 study participants, 69 (62.2%) patients had good treatment outcome. From 42(37.8%) study participants with poor treatment outcome, 18(42.8%) were dead and 12 (28.6%) were with disability and left against medical advice on self and family request while the remaining 12 (28.6%) were referred to other higher health facility. Social history (substance abuse P=00.046, AOR=2.684, 95%CI 1.091-6.604), age (P=0.026, AOR= 3.256, 95%CI = 1.145-9.260) and chief compliant (P=0.009, AOR=0.254, 95%CI=0.091-0.708) were the predictors of treatment outcome among hospitalized stroke patients. Other variables like types of stroke, co-morbidity, and others did not show significant association with treatment outcome.Conclusion The present study showed that ischemic stroke was the most predominantly diagnosed type of stroke in our setting. Acetyl salicylic acid and ACE inhibitor based regimens were frequently used in the management of stroke and hypertension, respectively. Nearly one third of the study participants had good treatment outcome. Nonetheless, death was reported in 16.2% of hospitalized stroke patients in the study setting. Being older and substance abusers, and the presence of hemiparesis during the initial hospital admission were significant predictors of poor treatment outcome.

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Treatment Outcome of Tuberculosis and Associated Factors among TB-HIV Co-Infected Patients at Public Hospitals of Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia. A five-year retrospective study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-7980-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Assefa Tola ◽

Kirubel Minsamo Mishore ◽

Yohanes Ayele ◽

Abraham Nigussie Mekuria ◽

Nanati Legese

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcome ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Treatment Outcomes ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Tb Treatment ◽

Poor Treatment ◽

History Of ◽

Lost To Follow Up

Abstract Background The bidirectional relationship between the twin epidemics of Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes major global health challenges in the twenty-first century. TB-HIV co-infected people are facing multifaceted problems like high lost to follow up rates, poor treatment adherence, high TB recurrence rate, and high mortality risk. Our objective was to assess the outcomes of TB treatment and associated factors among TB-HIV co-infected patients in Harar town, Eastern part of Ethiopia, 2018. Methods A retrospective study was conducted among systematically selected 349 TB/HIV co-infected patients who registered from 2012 to 2017 in two public hospitals in Harar town. The data were collected through document review by using a pre-tested structured data extraction checklist. The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 21. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were determined at 95% confidence intervals. Results Among the 349 TB/HIV co-infected patients included in the study, 30.1% were cured, 56.7% had completed their treatment, 7.7% died, 1.7% were lost to follow up, and 3.7% were treatment failure. Overall, 86.8% of the TB-HIV co-infected patients had successful TB treatment outcomes. The patients who were on re-treatment category (AOR = 2.91, 95% CI: 1.17–7.28), who had a history of opportunistic infection (AOR = 3.68, 95% CI: 1.62–8.33), and who did not take co-trimoxazole prophylaxis (AOR = 3.54, 95% CI: 1.59–7.89) had 2.91, 3.68, and 3.54 times higher odds of having unsuccessful TB treatment outcome than their counterparties, respectively. The chance of unsuccessful TB treatment outcome was 4.46 (95% CI: 1.24–16.02), 5.94 (95% CI: 1.87–18.85), and 3.01 (95% CI: 1.15–7.91) times higher among TB/HIV patients in stage 2, 3 and 4 than those in stage 1, respectively. Conclusions The overall rate of the success of the TB treatment among TB-HIV co-infected patients in this study was higher compared with many previous studies. TB/HIV patients with a history of previous TB treatment, smear-positive pulmonary TB, late HIV stage, history of opportunistic infection and not being on co-trimoxazole prophylaxis therapy were at a high risk of getting poor treatment outcomes.

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Treatment Outcomes of Tuberculosis Retreatment Case and Its Determinants in West Ethiopia

The Open Respiratory Medicine Journal ◽

10.2174/1874306401913010058 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 58-64

Author(s):

Mohammed Gebre Dedefo ◽

Meti Teressa Sirata ◽

Balisa Mosisa Ejeta ◽

Getu Bayisa Wakjira ◽

Ginenus Fekadu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcome ◽

Treatment Outcomes ◽

Developed Countries ◽

World Health ◽

Health Concern ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Retreatment Case ◽

Poor Treatment ◽

Poor Treatment Outcome

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health concern in the developing world. World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) list of 30 high TB burden countries accounted for 87% of the world’s cases. The annual infection rate in developing countries reached 2% or more; where as in developed countries this figure is 0.5%. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess treatment outcomes of tuberculosis retreatment case and its determinants at Nekemte Referral Hospital (NRH), West Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. All registered adult TB patients under retreatment regimen who were treated at NRH TB clinics from January 2014 to December 2017 were included in this study. A multiple logistic regression was used to assess the significance and strength of association. A P-value <0.05 was used as statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of retreatment case was 12.12%. Of 219 study participants 159(72.6%) were patients with relapse, 43(19.6%) were with retreatment after failure and 17(7.8%) were patients who return after loss to follow-up. On multivariable logistic analysis poor treatment outcome was more likely to occur among patients with positive Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) result at 5th month (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR =4.3, 95%, (1.8-10.0) p=0.001) and patients taking category 1 (2ERHZ/4RH) drugs (AOR=2.1, 95% CI= (1.1-4.5) p=0.048). Conclusion: This study showed that treatment outcomes of TB retreatment case were below standard set by the WHO. Factors that were significantly associated with poor treatment outcome were positive AFB resulting at 5th month and patients on category 1(2ERHZ/4RH).

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Treatment Outcome and Its Determinants among Patients Admitted to Stroke Unit of Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia

Stroke Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2020/8817948 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Ameha Zeleke Zewudie ◽

Tolcha Regasa ◽

Solomon Hambisa ◽

Dejen Nureye ◽

Yitagesu Mamo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Treatment Outcome ◽

Treatment Outcomes ◽

Stroke Unit ◽

Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽

Medical Center ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Poor Treatment ◽

Poor Treatment Outcome ◽

Jimma University

Background. Stroke is a public health problem in Ethiopia. Despite the high prevalence of stroke in Ethiopia, there is a paucity of data with regard to drug treatment, treatment outcome, and risk factors of poor treatment outcome of stroke. Hence, this study is aimed at assessing treatment outcome and its determinants among patients admitted to stroke unit of Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC). Methods. A two-year hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was employed to analyze the medical records of patients admitted with stroke to stroke unit of Jimma University Medical Centre from February 1st, 2016 to March 30th, 2018. Data was entered by Epidata manager version 4.0.2 and analyzed by SPSS version 24. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with the backward stepwise approach was done to identify independent predictors of poor treatment outcome of stroke. Variables with P value less than 0.05 were considered as statically significant determinants of poor treatment outcome. Results. Of 220 patients with stroke admitted to the Jimma University, 67.30% were male. Nearly two thirds (63.18%) of them had poor treatment outcomes. Dyslipidimics were administered to 60% of the patients, and the most popular antiplatelet used was aspirin, which was prescribed to 67.3% the patients. Age ≥ 65 adjusted odd ratio ((AOR): 2.56; 95% CI: 1.95-9.86, P = 0.001 ), presence of comorbidity (AOR: 5.25; 95% CI: 1.08-17.69, P < 0.001 ), admission with hemorrhagic stroke (AOR: 18.99; 95% CI: 7.05-42.07, P < 0.001 ), and admission to the hospital after 24 hour of stroke onset (AOR: 4.98; 95% CI: 1.09-21.91, P = 0.03 ) were independent predictors of poor treatment outcomes. Conclusion. Substantial numbers of stroke patients had poor treatment outcomes. Elderly patients, patients diagnosed with hemorrhagic stroke, patients with comorbidity, and those with delayed hospital admission were more likely to have poor treatment outcome. Hence, frequent monitoring and care should be given for the aforementioned patients. Awareness creation on the importance of early admission should be delivered particularly for patients who have risk factors of stroke (cardiovascular diseases).

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Management of first-episode psychosis

Advances in Psychiatric Treatment ◽

10.1192/apt.7.2.133 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 133-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Elizabeth Spencer ◽

Max Birchwood ◽

Dermot McGovern

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcome ◽

First Episode Psychosis ◽

First Episode ◽

Not Given ◽

Long Duration ◽

Episode Psychosis ◽

Poor Treatment ◽

Poor Treatment Outcome ◽

Early Intervention In Psychosis

Over recent years early intervention in psychosis has fired the imagination of clinicians and researchers, following the publication of several studies linking a long duration of psychosis prior to receiving treatment with a poor treatment outcome: a relationship that has been cogently argued to be independent of illness factors (e.g. Scully et al, 1997). Most influential was Wyatt's (1991) review of 22 studies, in which relatively similar groups of patients suffering from schizophrenia were, or were not, given antipsychotic medication early in the course of their illness. This pointed towards an improved long-term course in schizophrenia with early treatment.

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Patterns of large-vessel lesions are associated with treatment outcomes in large-vessel giant cell arteritis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-966652/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Takahiko Sugihara ◽

Haruhito A Uchida ◽

Hajime Yoshifuji ◽

Yasuhiro Maejima ◽

Taio Naniwa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcome ◽

Treatment Outcomes ◽

Large Vessel ◽

Poor Treatment ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Subclavian Lesions ◽

Poor Treatment Outcome ◽

Mean Time ◽

Group 1

Abstract ObjectiveTo evaluate whether the distribution of large-vessel lesions (LVLs) in giant cell arteritis (GCA) is associated with poor treatment outcomes.MethodsIn a retrospective, multi-centric, nationwide registry of GCA patients treated with glucocorticoids between 2007 and 2014, 68 newly-diagnosed patients with LVLs were identified by imaging. Non-achievement of clinical remission by week 24 and/or relapse within 104 weeks were primarily evaluated. Factors influencing the poor treatment outcome were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard modeling. Cumulative rates and median time to the first event were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank testing.ResultsAortic lesions were detected in 72.1% of the 68 GCA patients with LVLs (defined as group 2). Patients without aortic lesions were classified as having large-vessel GCA with subclavian lesions (group 1) or atypical large-vessel GCA without subclavian lesions (group 3). The mean age and proportions of PMR in group 3 were higher than those in the other two groups. Cranial lesions were observed in 66.7%, 55.1%, and 80.0% of patients in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In group 2, 73.5% had lesions in both the aorta and aortic branches. Group 1 had axillary lesions in 33.3%, and carotid lesions in 44.4%. Atypical LVLs in group 3 included pulmonary, hepatic or mesenteric lesions in addition to carotid lesions. Baseline doses of GCs were not different across the groups. Mean time to achievement of low-dose GC treatment (prednisolone ≤5 mg/day) was also not significantly different between the groups. The cumulative rate of poor treatment outcome over the two years was 11.1%, 55.3% and 88.0% in the groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively; mean time to the events was significantly different among the groups. Multivariable analysis showed that the risk of poor treatment outcome was significantly higher in the group 3.ConclusionsThe distribution of LVLs was associated with treatment outcomes in large-vessel GCA. In addition to subclavian arteries, lesions in aorta and aortic branches other than subclavian arteries should be evaluated by imaging for large-vessel GCA. The pattern of LVLs determined by imaging should be considered when determining treatment strategies for GCA.

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Clinical pattern and predictors of stroke treatment outcome among hospitalised patients who had a stroke at Felege Hiwot comprehensive specialised hospital, northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040238 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. e040238

Author(s):

Belayneh Kefale ◽

Amien Ewunetei ◽

Mulugeta Molla ◽

Gobezie Temesgen Tegegne ◽

Amsalu Degu

Keyword(s):

Treatment Outcome ◽

Treatment Outcomes ◽

Medical Records ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stroke Treatment ◽

Clinical Pattern ◽

Hospitalised Patients ◽

Poor Treatment

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the clinical pattern and predictors of stroke treatment outcomes among hospitalised patients in Felege Hiwot comprehensive specialised hospital (FHCSH) in northwest Ethiopia.DesignA retrospective cross-sectional study.SettingThe study was conducted medical ward of FHCSH.ParticipantsThe medical records of 597 adult patients who had a stroke were included in the study. All adult (≥18 years) patients who had a stroke had been admitted to the medical ward of FHSCH during 2015–2019 were included in the study. However, patients with incomplete medical records (ie, incomplete treatment regimen and the status of the patients after treatment) were excluded in the study.ResultsIn the present study, 317 (53.1%) were males, and the mean age of the study participants was 61.08±13.76 years. About two-thirds of patients (392, 65.7%) were diagnosed with ischaemic stroke. Regarding clinical pattern, about 203 (34.0%) of patients complained of right-side body weakness and the major comorbid condition identified was hypertension (216, 64.9%). Overall, 276 (46.2%) of them had poor treatment outcomes, and 101 (16.9%) of them died. Patients who cannot read and write (AOR=42.89, 95% CI 13.23 to 111.28, p<0.001), attend primary school (AOR=22.11, 95% CI 6.98 to 55.99, p<0.001) and secondary school (AOR=4.20, 95% CI 1.42 to 12.51, p<0.001), diagnosed with haemorrhagic stroke (AOR=2.68, 95% CI 1.62 to 4.43, p<0.001) and delayed hospital arrival more than 24 hours (AOR=2.92, 95% CI 1.83 to 4.66, p=0.001) were the independent predictors of poor treatment outcome.ConclusionsApproximately half of the patients who had a stroke had poor treatment outcomes. Ischaemic stroke was the most predominantly diagnosed stroke type. Education status, types of stroke and the median time from onset of symptoms to hospitalisation were the predictors of treatment outcome. Health education should be given to patients regarding clinical symptoms of stroke. In addition, local healthcare providers need to consider the above risk factors while managing stroke.

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The prevalence and associated factors of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) among men with suppressed viral load taking antiretroviral therapy

Current HIV Research ◽

10.2174/1570162x19666211202100308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

Author(s):

Safiye Nur Ozcan ◽

Dilek Yıldız Sevgi ◽

Ahsen Oncul ◽

Alper Gunduz ◽

Ozgun Pehlivan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Density ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Viral Load ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Hiv Diagnosis

Background: Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) is a frequent comorbidity observed in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and associated factors of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) among men with suppressed viral load taking antiretroviral therapy. Method: The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study design between January to April 2019. 211 patients were included in the study. Z-score at either body site between -1.0 and -2.0 or -2 or less were defined as osteopenia or osteoporosis, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the factors affecting the development of reduced BMD. Results: The mean age of the patients involved in the study was 34.8 ± 7.6. Osteoporosis was detected in 21.4% and osteopenia in 44.5% of the patients. There was a significant relationship between HIV diagnosis time, ART usage duration, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) use, TDF use in the past, total TDF usage time and decreased BMD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the likelihood of reduced bone marrow density was 67% lower among those with regular milk or dairy product intake compared to those without (OR=0.330; 95% CI = 0.12-0.92, p=0.033 ) Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of reduced BMD among PLHIV aged under 50 which is mainly confounded by HIV diagnosis time, ART usage duration and TDF usage. Although virological control has been achieved, these patients should be followed up, considering that they may have decreased BMD.

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