scholarly journals Synthesis and Interface Activity of a Series of Carboxylic Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants in Hydraulic Fracturing

Geofluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shixin Dai ◽  
Yufei Gong ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Pan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Emulsion Stability ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Foam Height ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
Surface Activities ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

Hydraulic fracturing is an important technology for the development of unconventional resources, while the foam fracturing plays an essential role for the oil recovery in hydraulic fracturing. To further explore the anion effect of quaternary ammonium cationic surfactants on their relative performances, four fatty acid surfactants were prepared (cetyltrimethylammonium acetate (CTAAC), cetyltrimethylammonium butyrate (CTABU), cetyltrimethylammonium hexanoate (CTAHE), and cetyltrimethylammonium caprylate (CTACA)). The effect of anions on surface tension and foaming properties were discussed, and the emulsion stability was also investigated. The experimental results were presented that the CTAAC possesses the highest surface activities compared with other members in the prepared surfactants. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) increase as increasing methylene segments in the anions, the maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax), and minimum area per molecule (Amin) present an opposite trend with the increase of methylene segments. The CTAAC exhibits the best performances on foamability and foam stability than other synthesized surfactants at 70°C; the initial foam height (H0) and the foam height ratio (R3) at 0 min and 3 min are 34.9 cm and 52.9%, respectively; this is due to the lowest surface tension and shortest methylene segments. In addition, the emulsion stability was shown to follow the order of CTAAC>CTABU>CTAHE>CTACA.

scholarly journals Role of Ionic Headgroups on the Thermal, Rheological, and Foaming Properties of Novel Betaine-Based Polyoxyethylene Zwitterionic Surfactants for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahzad Kamal ◽  
Syed Muhammad Shakil Hussain ◽  
Lionel Talley Fogang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
Zwitterionic Surfactants ◽  
Reservoir Conditions ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Long-term thermal stability of surfactants under harsh reservoir conditions is one of the main challenges for surfactant injection. Most of the commercially available surfactants thermally degrade or precipitate when exposed to high-temperature and high-salinity conditions. In this work, we designed and synthesized three novel betaine-based polyoxyethylene zwitterionic surfactants containing different head groups (carboxybetaine, sulfobetaine, and hydroxysulfobetaine) and bearing an unsaturated tail. The impact of the surfactant head group on the long-term thermal stability, foam stability, and surfactant–polymer interactions were examined. The thermal stability of the surfactants was assessed by monitoring the structural changes when exposed at high temperature (90 °C) for three months using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and FTIR analysis. All surfactants were found thermally stable regardless of the headgroup and no structural changes were evidenced. The surfactant–polymer interactions were dominant in deionized water. However, in seawater, the surfactant addition had no effect on the rheological properties. Similarly, changing the headgroup of polyoxyethylene zwitterionic surfactants had no major effect on the foamability and foam stability. The findings of the present study reveal that the betaine-based polyoxyethylene zwitterionic surfactant can be a good choice for enhanced oil recovery application and the nature of the headgroup has no major impact on the thermal, rheological, and foaming properties of the surfactant in typical harsh reservoir conditions (high salinity, high temperature).

Preparation of Novel Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Salt Cationic Surfactant

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 1433-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zong Cheng Miao ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Deng Deng ◽  
Yong Ming Zhang ◽  
Xiao Ping Huo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Cationic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salt ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Amine Hydrochloride ◽  
Gemini Cationic Surfactant

In order to obtain some novel cationic surfactants with high surface activity, n-octadecyldimethylamine and epichlorohydrin were used to synthesize 2-hydroxy-1, 3-dis (chloride octadecyl dimethyl ammonium) propane, which was a kind of gemini quaternary ammonium salt. N-octadecyldimethylamine and epichlorohydrin were used to prepare active epoxy intermediate glycidyloctadecyldimethyl ammonium chlorided, and then glycidyloctadecyldimethyl ammonium chlorided was reacted with octadecyldimethyl amine hydrochloride to synthesize the gemini cationic surfactant. FTIR and 1H NMR were used to represent structure of the gemini cationic surfactant. The interface characteristics were studied in detail. The critical micellar concentration (CMC) was determined by surface tension test to obtain the values of CMC and surface tension at CMC. The foam ability and foam stability of the gemini cationic surfactant were also discussed through contrast octadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride and cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Foam Stability Dependence on Nanoparticle Concentration for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

2014 ◽  
Vol 548-549 ◽  
pp. 1876-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.A.T. Mohd ◽  
A. H. M. Muhayyidin ◽  
Nurul Aimi Ghazali ◽  
M.Z. Shahruddin ◽  
N. Alias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Foam Height ◽  
Sweep Efficiency ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Reservoir Conditions ◽  
Foam Properties ◽  
Foam Generator ◽  
Foam Flooding

Foam flooding is an established approach in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) to recover a significant quantity of the residual oil left in the reservoir after primary and secondary recovery. However, foam flooding faces various problems due to low viscosity effect, which reduces its efficiency in recovering oil. Using surfactant to stabilize CO2foam may reduce mobility and improve areal and vertical sweep efficiency, but the potential weaknesses are such that high surfactant retention in porous media and unstable foam properties under high temperature reservoir conditions. Nanoparticles have higher adhesion energy to the fluid interface, which potentially stabilize longer lasting foams. Thus, this paper is aimed to investigate the CO2foam stability and mobility characteristics at different concentration of nanosilica, brine and surfactant. Foam generator has been used to generate CO2foam and analyze its stability under varying nanosilica concentration from 100 - 5000 ppm, while brine salinity and surfactant concentration ranging from 0 to 2.0 wt% NaCl and 0 – 10000 ppm, respectively. Foam stability was investigated through observation of the foam bubble size and the reduction of foam height inside the observation tube. The mobility was reduced as the concentration of nanosilica increased with the presence of surfactant. After 150 minutes of observation, the generated foam height reduced by 10%. Liquid with the presence of both silica nanoparticles and surfactant generated more stable foam with lower mobility. It can be concluded that the increase in concentration of nanosilica and addition of surfactant provided significant effects on the foam stability and mobility, which could enhance oil recovery.

Surface properties of the bovine casein components: relationships between structure and foaming properties

1989 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Lorient ◽  
Brigitte Closs ◽  
Jean Luc Courthaudon
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Covalent Binding ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
Foam Formation ◽  
Foaming Capacity ◽  
Low Ionic Strength

SummaryIn order to optimize the use of caseins as surfactants, the surface tension, foaming capacity and stability were measured as a function of pH, ionic strength, protein concentration and polarity (modified by covalent binding of carbohydrates). We found that the caseins differ in their behaviour at the air/water interface with β-casein showing the greatest ability to decrease surface tension and to produce foams, due probably to its amphipathic structure. In experiments carried out at pH values close to pI, with low ionic strength and constant solubility (optimal conditions for foam formation), we observed a high surface hydrophobicity, a good accessibility and flexibility of peptidic side chains (evaluated by proteolysis), and a high foaming capacity parallelled by increased surface pressure. Foam stability of caseins was low compared to those of globular proteins such as β lactoglobulin.

Advances in Evaluation of Surfactant Performances at High Temperature by Static Foam Tests

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 634-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mudassar Mumtaz ◽  
Isa Mohd Tan ◽  
Muhammad Mushtaq ◽  
Muhammad Sagir
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Foam Height ◽  
Surfactant Molecule ◽  
Sweep Efficiency ◽  
Endurance Time ◽  
Alpha Olefin ◽  
Designed Experiment

—Foam stability and mobility reduction are the key parameters for foam assisted enhanced oil recovery. The harsh conditions such as high temperature, pressure and salinity present in an oil reservoir tend to destabilise the foam leading to poor sweep efficiency. Screening for the best performing foaming recipes has been performed to ascertain foam stability in the presence and absence of oil. Static foam test has been performed in order to study the foam stability and foam oil interactions at 90°C. Two anionic surfactants, alpha olefin sulphonate (AOS14-16) and methyl ester sulphonate (MES16-18) were mixed with betaine (foam booster) in different proportions to design the formulations. In addition to the ternary formulations, binary formulation involving surfactant and betaine were also evaluated for foam stability. For the study of oil effects on foaming performance of surfactant formulation, n-decane, diesel and Dulang crude oil are used. The recipes were evaluated by static foam tests to note the foam height and endurance time. It was found that the anionic surfactant played a major role in foam stability and the betaine was found less significant. However, the betaine alone was found effective for foaming and was poor for endurance time. While in mixture, the surfactant and betaine were found to interact strongly and a profound synergistic effect was noted. During oil interaction studies, the alkane type oils of low molecular weight become solubilised with surfactant molecule forming an emulsion and hence decimate the foam stability. However, higher alkanes with molecular chain more than ten carbon atoms (decane) stabilised the foam because of low solubilisation efficiency between surfactant and oil to form emulsions. The obtained results of the designed experiment have been analysed and discussed in detail to understand the contribution of individual component as well as their interactions with each other in order to stabilize foams.Keywords—Static Foam, Foam-Oil interactions, AOS, MES, Enhanced Oil Recovery

Micellization Parameters of Six Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants from Measurements of Conductivity and Surface Tension

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 2891-2900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Zhang ◽  
Jing Yu ◽  
Jianzhou Wu ◽  
Wei Tong ◽  
Qunfang Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants

scholarly journals Interfacial and Foaming Properties of Tailor-Made Glycolipids—Influence of the Hydrophilic Head Group and Functional Groups in the Hydrophobic Tail

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 3797
Author(s):  
Rebecca Hollenbach ◽  
Annika Ricarda Völp ◽  
Ludwig Höfert ◽  
Jens Rudat ◽  
Katrin Ochsenreither ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Bubble Diameter ◽  
Foam Height ◽  
Head Group ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
Shear Moduli ◽  
Head Groups ◽  
Interfacial Adsorption

Glycolipids are a class of biodegradable surfactants less harmful to the environment than petrochemically derived surfactants. Here we discuss interfacial properties, foam stability, characterized in terms of transient foam height, gas volume fraction and bubble diameter as well as texture of seven enzymatically synthesized surfactants for the first time. Glycolipids consisting of different head groups, namely glucose, sorbitol, glucuronic acid and sorbose, combined with different C10 acyl chains, namely decanoate, dec-9-enoate and 4-methyl-nonanoate are compared. Equilibrium interfacial tension values vary between 24.3 and 29.6 mN/m, critical micelle concentration varies between 0.7 and 3.0 mM. In both cases highest values were found for the surfactants with unsaturated or branched tail groups. Interfacial elasticity and viscosity, however, were significantly reduced in these cases. Head and tail group both affect foam stability. Foams from glycolipids with sorbose and glucuronic acid derived head groups showed higher stability than those from surfactants with glucose head group, sorbitol provided lowest foam stability. We attribute this to different head group hydration also showing up in the time to reach equilibrium interfacial adsorption. Unsaturated tail groups reduced whereas branching enhanced foam stability compared to the systems with linear, saturated tail. Moreover, the tail group strongly influences foam texture. Glycolipids with unsaturated tail groups produced foams quickly collapsing even at smallest shear loads, whereas the branched tail group yielded a higher modulus than the linear tails. Normalized shear moduli for the systems with different head groups varied in a narrow range, with the highest value found for decylglucuronate.

scholarly journals Study on the application of a steam-foam drive profile modification technology for heavy oil reservoir development

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 678-685
Author(s):  
Yong Liu ◽  
Fajun Zhao ◽  
Yongxin Wu ◽  
Tianxiao Xu ◽  
Guangmeng Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Foam Stability ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
Oil Reservoir ◽  
Displacement Efficiency ◽  
Agent System ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Profile Modification ◽  
Heavy Oil Reservoir

Abstract This paper introduces a steam-foam drive profile modification technology for heavy oil development in Block Qi40 based on an in-depth study of the characteristics of heavy oil reservoir and cross flow characteristics of injected steam in Block Qi40 of Liaohe Oilfield. The performance evaluation was carried out indoors for foaming agents. Influencing factors affecting profile modification and foam injection mode selection are studied. The results show that the CX-4 foaming agent system has excellent foaming properties and foam stability at 300°C. The plugging pressure difference of core can be increased by more than 15 times at 240°C. When a 0.5 PV foaming agent system is injected, the oil displacement efficiency can reach more than 68%. The optimal concentration of the foaming agent is 0.5% and the change of resistance factor is the largest in the range of oil saturation between 15 and 20%. Foam has better plugging ability in high permeability and large pores. Furthermore, after field application effect analysis, it confirms that the steam-foam profile modification technology has an obvious effect on enhancing oil recovery.

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