Preparation and Methylene Blue Adsorption Capacity of HDPE/PVA Foaming Composites

High density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are blended with maleic anhydride grafted amorphous-alpha olefin copolymer as the compatibilizer. The effects of different raw material ratio and the content of compatibilizer and foaming agent on the mechanical properties of the material are studied. It is found that the increasing content of PVA added to HDPE has a negative effect on the properties of the composites. The compatibility and mechanical properties are improved after adding MAH-g-APAO and the most appropriate addition amount is 4%. Foaming agent can make the material lightweight but will decrease the mechanical properties of the material. The composites have a good effect on the removal of methylene blue (MB). Through the experiment, it is found that the initial concentration of MB and adsorption time will also influence the adsorption. The experiment to explore the influence of pH value and temperature of solution on the removal efficiency shows that alkaline environment and high temperature can promote the removal of MB. At 343.15 K, the adsorption capacity (qe) reaches 2.08 mg·g-1. Using the composites to remove dye has the advantages of environmental protection, simple operation and easy recycling. It has broad application prospects in the field of dye wastewater treatment.

Optimize Performance Through Customization of Paraffin Inhibitor Molecular Structure

Deposition of high molecular weight paraffins and subsequent plugging is one of the most prevalent flow assurance risks in both onshore and offshore oil and gas production. Several thermal (e.g., insulation, heat treatment), mechanical (e.g., pigging, cutting), and chemical (e.g., paraffin crystal modifiers, dispersants, and solvents) techniques are used for wax deposition prevention and remediation. Various chemistries such as long-chain poly alkyl acrylates, olefin vinyl acetate copolymers, alkyl phenol resins and esterified olefin maleic anhydride polymers are used as wax crystal modifiers. This study investigates the impact of the alpha olefin maleic anhydride co-polymers structure on the composition and deposition of paraffin. Eight different crude samples from condensates to black oils with API gravity in the range of 30 to 50° were studied. The focus of this research is on paraffin inhibitors’ effectiveness in reducing paraffin deposition that is driven by thermal driving force between the bulk oil and the pipe wall. Inhibitor performance was measured by cold finger testing. Three different alpha olefin (short, medium and long) maleic anhydrides esterified with different fatty alcohols with varying chain lengths were tested for performance. The impact of selected chemicals on amount and composition of paraffin deposit under different test conditions was studied. Wax deposit composition was characterized using high temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Effect of pendant side chain length as well as the composition and molecular weight of the alpha-olefin backbone on paraffin inhibition is presented. Additionally, the impact of test conditions on the composition and hence the performance of the selected chemicals is investigated. We present our findings on selective inhibition of lower molecular weight paraffin depending on the composition of the oil, leaving a much harder deposit rich in high molecular weight paraffin. This is an important observation since a hard deposit would be extremely difficult to remediate in the field and should be avoided. In summary this work provides guidelines for tailoring paraffin inhibitor molecules based on crude oil composition and field conditions, through a systematic structure-performance study.

Synthesis and use of TMP ester biolubricant derived from cottonseed oil in SI engine

Purpose Depleting reserves of crude oils and their adverse environmental effects have shifted focus toward environment friendly and biobased lubricant base oils. Natural oils and fats act as good lubricants but they have low oxidation and thermal stability which makes them unsuitable for modern day uses. This paper aims to produce trimethylolpropane ester biolubricant from cottonseed oil and study the effects of its use in spark ignition (SI) engines. Design/methodology/approach In this work, cottonseed oil is converted to TMP lubricant by a two-step based catalyzed esterification. The lubricants thermophysical properties are then analyzed and a 20% blend with synthetic poly-alpha olefin is used in an spark ignition engine. Findings The produced lubricant has viscosity @100oC of 4.91 cSt, a viscosity index of 230 and a flash point of 202oC. When used as a 20% blend in a petrol engine, the rate of oil deterioration was reduced by 18%, however, the overall wear increased by 6.7%. However, this increase is offset by its improved environmental impacts. Originality/value In its current state, such a biolubricant can be used as an additive to most commercially available lubricants to improve oil deterioration characteristics and environmental impact. However, further work on improving biolubricant’s wear characteristics is needed for the complete replacement of mineral oil-based lubricants.

Kinetic Study on Microwave-Assisted Oligomerization of 1-Decene over a HY Catalyst

A promising production route for a high-quality base stock for lubricants is the oligomerization of high molecular-weight olefins in a high energy efficiency system. Oligomerization of 1-decene (C10) was conducted in a microwave-assisted system over a HY zeolite catalyst at different reaction temperatures and times. Higher reaction temperature resulted in increasing formation of dimers and trimers. The oligomerization reaction yielded 80% conversion, 54.2% dimer product, 22.3% trimer product and 3.4% heavier product at 483 K for a reaction time of 3 h. The best fit kinetic model for the dimerization reaction was formulated from an assumption of no vacant reaction sites. For the trimerization reaction, a molecule of dimer (C20) formed on the active site, interacted with a molecule of 1-decene in the bulk solution to form a molecule of trimer (C30). Apparent activation energies for the dimerization and trimerization reactions were 70.8 ± 0.8 and 83.6 ± 0.9 kJ/mol, respectively. The C13-NMR spectrum indicated that the oligomer product contained a significant portion of highly branched hydrocarbons, causing a substantial reduction in the viscosity index compared to conventional poly-alpha olefin lubricant (PAO).

Value addition study on coker kero for producing alpha olefin and alkyl benzene

Coker kero stream is obtained from delayed coking which contains saturates with alpha olefins and PNA compounds which was physicochemical characterised. The fractions present in coker kero may be used further for value added products such as alkyl benzene and naphthalene etc. The study described potential of coker kero via aromatics and non-aromatics separation by using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), acetonitrile and methanol as solvents of different polarity. Methanol imparts best colour improvement as per ASTM D-1500. Beside this, adsorption study on coker kero was performed using fuller’s earth, chalk powder, red ochre and wood-stick’s ash as adsorbents. The adsorption study suggested that fuller’s earth not only separate aromatics and non-aromatics form coker kero, but also acts as a better adsorbent than graphitic carbon (activated charcoal) and is found suitable for colour improvement comparatively. This study inferred the separation of polar components, improvement in the colour, odour and established the stable fuel. FT-IR study suggested that N-methyl Pyrrolidone gives better results comparatively other solvents. HC22 type analysis of coker kero raffinate and extract phase confirm the sharp extraction of coker kero feed using N-Methyl pyrrolidone as it is a good solvent for extraction of aromatics. GCMS and HRMS compositional analysis successfully performed for the coker kero and it is separated aromatic and non-aromatic fractions.

Characterization and Tribological Performances of Graphene and Fluorinated Graphene Particles in PAO

Graphene has been widely used as a lubricating additive to reduce the energy consumption of engines and improve fuel economy because of its unique crystal structure. Herein, graphene (GR) and fluorinated graphene (F-GR) nanoparticles were prepared by ball milling and liquid-phase exfoliation. The SEM/EDS, HRTEM, XPS, Raman spectrometer, X-ray spectrometer, FTIR were used to investigate the morphologies, surface groups, and crystal structure of two kinds of graphene materials. The influence of loads on the tribological properties of two kinds of particles was investigated in Poly Alpha Olefin (PAO6) using a UMT-2 reciprocating tribometer. Results showed that the crystal structure of GR is better than F-GR. F-GR can improve the lubrication performance of PAO6. For PAO6 containing 1 wt% F-GR at 10 N, the average friction coefficient and average wear rate decreased by 12.3% and 87% relative to pure PAO6, respectively. However, the high load resulted in an inconspicuous anti-wear and anti-friction effect. The influence of F-GR on the tribological behavior of PAO6 was more substantial than that of GR. The friction and wear mechanisms attributed to F-GR quickly entered the interface between the friction pairs. Friction-induced F-GR nanosheets mainly took the tribo-chemical reactions to participate in the lubrication film formation and helped achieve a low friction coefficient and wear rate.

Effects of annealing treatment on tribological behavior of tungsten-doped diamond-like carbon film under lubrication (Part 2): Tribological behavior under MoDTC lubrication

Molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate (MoDTC) is widely used as a friction modifier in engine lubricating oil. Under MoDTC lubrication, the friction and wear behaviors of tungsten-doped diamond-like carbon (W-DLC) films annealed at 100–400 °C were discussed and evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy. Under (polymerized alpha olefin) PAO + MoDTC lubrication, the coefficient of friction of all samples decreased, but the wear rates of the W-DLC films annealed at 300 °C increased significantly. By interacting with zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP), the wear rates of W-DLC films annealed at different temperatures declined significantly owing to the formation of dense phosphate tribofilms on the worn surfaces.

HYDRODENITROGENATION OF 2-METHYL QUINOLINE - EFFECT OF STERIC HINDRANCE IN LIQUID PHASE CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION

Hydrodenitrognation (HDN) of 2-methyl quinoline (quinaldine) and quinoline in liquid phase on S-NiMo/a-Al2O3 catalyst was carried out in a batch reactor at 3.0 - 10.0 MPa and 130 � 360oC in Poly alpha-olefin solvent. Hydrogenolysis and Hydrogenation results in formation of products such as 1,2,3,4-treta hydro Quinaldine (1-THQ), 5,6,7,8-terta hydro Quinaldine (5-THQ), Deca hydro Quinaldine (DHQ), Butyl cyclohexane (BCH), Butyl cyclo hexene (BCHE) and butyl benzene (BB). Under studied condition, amine rings of quinaldine was rapidly hydrogenated and it forms relevant quasi equilibrium with 1,2,3,4-treta hydro quinaldine (1-THQ), 5,6,7,8-terta hydro quinaldine(5-THQ) and Deca hydro quinaldine (DHQ). The quinaldine reaction path either 1-THQ or 5-THQ indicated dependent of temperature and independent of partial pressure. Over which amine adsorption on metal sites reduced due to steric hindrance of methyl-group adjacent to N-bonding and increases the rate of intermediate formation through benzene ring hydrogenation. Distinguished HDN hydrogenolysis mechanism of quinaldine and its intermediate compounds were studied and compared with quinoline HDN. Thus, 5-THQ to DHQ and C-N cleavage identified as rate limiting step through steric hindrance HDN mechanism.