scholarly journals Evaluating the Spatial Deprivation of Public Transportation Resources in Areas of Rapid Urbanization: Accessibility and Social Equity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunyang Han ◽  
Xinquan Liu ◽  
Xiaojing Shen ◽  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Nana Feng
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Use Context ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
Transportation Resource

To better understand the transportation situation in rapid urbanization areas and to improve social equity, this study constructed an approach to assess the spatial differentiation of public transportation resources based on deprivation theory and an accessibility analysis. Chenggong New District in Kunming, a typical rapid urbanization area in China, was analyzed as a case study. We introduced 6 indexes to establish a public transportation spatial deprivation evaluation system and applied SPSS to screen out two main factors that reflected the spatial deprivation associated with public transportation resources and services. Then, we adopted the accessibility model and spatial cluster model to embody residents’ opportunities to obtain access to public transportation and to judge whether public transportation resource allocation is appropriate. In addition, we used ArcGIS technology to better understand the spatial deprivation characteristics of public transportation. We found that the pattern of public transportation spatial deprivation in Chenggong could be summarized as “multicore and local radiation”: the spatial accessibility characteristics of public transportation take the form of a circular layer along with the metro lines and decline progressively toward the peripheral areas, where public transportation resource allocation is lacking. These findings show that the public transportation situation in rapid urbanization areas is consistent with the local land-use context and the suitability of established methods for extracting spatial public transportation characteristics.

scholarly journals Spatial Accessibility to Healthcare Services in Metropolitan Suburbs: The Case of Qingpu, Shanghai

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaokun Gu ◽  
Lufa Zhang ◽  
Siyuan Tao ◽  
Boming Xie
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Central City ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Quality Life ◽  
Special Area ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New City

Spatial accessibility is an important factor for planning healthcare services to maintain a quality life for the metropolitan area. The metropolitan suburb is a special area for its location and rapidly changing population during urbanization. Taking Qingpu district, a suburb of Shanghai as a case, this study evaluated the spatial accessibility to healthcare services of 203 villages and neighborhoods based on the Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (2SFCA) method by ArcGIS software. The result shows that the spatial accessibility in the whole district is quite uneven under lower thresholds, and the spatial differences are beyond the traditional zoning of East Qingpu, New City and West Qingpu. The worst accessibility was mainly distributed at the edges of Jinze, Liantang and Zhujiajiao, while the best accessibility was mainly distributed in the New City and the region close around it. The average value of the spatial accessibility in Qingpu is 2.84, with a reach equal under 90 min threshold by bus index of 2.85, or an under 60 min threshold by self-driving index of 2.70. Secondly, the difference shows a new pattern, that is the spatial accessibility could be affected by both the New City and the Central City. Thirdly, the transportation mode, urbanization, the density of road network and bus lines, as well as the number of doctors in each healthcare service would directly affect the spatial accessibility. Lastly, in order to improve the spatial accessibility in metropolitan suburbs, greater effort is needed in increasing the numbers of bus stations and doctors, especially the areas which are farthest from the New City or the Central City, such as Jinze, and Lian Tang town in Qingpu. We acknowledge that the public transportation is vital to the accessibility to healthcare services. We also emphasize that healthcare services should be planned based on the anticipated future trends of population agglomeration. Our results for Shanghai are applicable to other big cities that are experiencing similar rapid urbanization in China, or other developing countries in Southeast Asia, South Asia, South America and Africa.

The 4E-Oriented Performance Evaluation of Public Traffic Based on BSC

2014 ◽  
Vol 587-589 ◽  
pp. 2025-2029
Author(s):  
Ri Jia Ding ◽  
Fang Zhe Xin
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Index Evaluation ◽  
Public Traffic ◽  
Index Evaluation System

Under the background of rapid urbanization development in our country, public transportation tends to the development of high speed and comprehensive type. It becomes a major issue how to build the people's satisfaction public transportation. More and more cities pay more attention to the performance evaluation of the traffic system. The paper draws the balanced scorecard strategy map of the public traffic and establishes the index evaluation system based on 4E from citizen dimension, finance dimension, internal operation and safety dimension, learning and growth dimension. Then information entropy theory and AHP are adopted to calculate the weight of each index.

Modelling the spatial accessibility of the elderly to healthcare services in Beijing, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1132-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuolin Tao ◽  
Yang Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
The Public ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
Beijing China ◽  
Multi Mode

In the context of rapid population aging, Beijing is facing great challenges in providing healthcare services for the elderly. The objective of this study is to measure the spatial accessibility of the elderly to healthcare services in Beijing. A major challenge is that healthcare services are not exclusive for the elderly, so the elderly must compete with the non-elderly for access to healthcare services. In this study, we have developed a multi-mode and variable-demand two-step floating catchment area model for measuring spatial accessibility of the elderly to healthcare services, taking into account the competition between the elderly and non-elderly. This is modeled by differences in demand intensity and mobility. The elderly have a higher demand intensity and are disadvantaged in mobility due to their higher dependence on public transportation than the non-elderly. To improve the elderly’s healthcare accessibility, more healthcare resources should be allocated and the public transportation to hospitals should be improved, especially in peripheral areas. The proposed model can also be applied in other scenarios considering multiple population groups with different demand intensity for public services and mobility.

Employing needs-based funding formulae – some unavoidable tradeoffs

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1092-1102
Author(s):  
Tal Gilead ◽  
Iris BenDavid-Hadar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
School Resources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Funding Formula ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
Schooling System

Purpose The method by which the state allocates resources to its schooling system can serve as an important instrument for achieving desired improvements in levels of educational attainment, social equity and other social policy goals. In many school systems, the allocation of school resources is done according to a needs-based funding formula. The purpose of this paper is to provide a deeper understanding of some significant tradeoffs involved in employing needs-based funding formulae. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on theoretical investigations of normative aspects involved in using needs-based funding formulae. Findings There are a number of underexplored complications and difficulties that arise from the use of needs-based funding formulae. Dealing with these involves significant tradeoffs that require taking normative decisions. Understanding these tradeoffs is important for improving the use of needs-based funding formulae. Originality/value The paper highlights three under-examined issues that emerge from the current use of needs-based funding formulae. These issues are: to what extent funding formulae should be responsive to social and economic needs? To what extent should funding formulae allow for the use of discretion in resource allocation? To what degree needs-based formulae funding should be linked to outcomes? By discussing these issues and the tradeoffs involved in them, the paper provides a deeper understanding of significant aspects stemming from the use of needs-based funding formulae. This, in turn, can serve as a basis for an improved and better informed process for decision making regarding the use of funding formulae.

Capital Production and Social Equity: Finding Balance in Chinese Cities

2014 ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Andrew Liang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
The One

China’s massive capital accumulation, economic ascent and wealth production has largely been the result of their rapid urbanization effort. While it is indisputable that the country has largely succeeded in its economic reform efforts given its status as the world’s second largest economy and in that process lifted hundreds of millions of its population out of poverty, it has also, in that process, created severe social inequality and friction. This essay largely argues that Chinese cities are purpose-built financial instruments for capital accumulation, a result of the forces of globalization which could only have happened in sync with the time and space of a global economy. Though highly successful, so far the process has marginalized the objective of social integration into its performative matrix indexing. In this regard China has pursued an exploitive model of market driven urbanization and the resultant morphological and spatial attributes of the Chinese cities, while having achieved spectacular results on many levels, are nevertheless disjunctive. They are commodities of generic sameness that are mass-produced and exhibit the same anesthetizing effects of the spectacle that are ever prevalent in today’s global market production process, product and place. Recognizing that globalization and capitalism are here to stay in the immediate future, it begs the question if China, while having already undertaken extreme economic reform experimentations allowing it to now bask in its temporal success, will be able to leverage its acquired market knowledge and wealth creation to prospectively overcome the incredibly complex challenge of creating equitable cities in the future — ones that balance the demands of capital production on the one hand and social equity on the other — or rather will it sink deeper into the “neoliberal modern society” that it has already become.

scholarly journals Spatial Assessment of Heat Exposure in Bay Cities: A Case of Xiamen in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 03065
Author(s):  
Haifeng Yang ◽  
Ya'nan Wang ◽  
Wei Shui
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Index System ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Evaluation Index System ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Evaluation Index ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Extreme High Temperature ◽  
Exposure Evaluation

With the global warming, the rapid urbanization process and the increasing intensity and scope of human activities, extreme high temperature and cooresponding high temperature events were frequent, meanwhile, the degree of urban exposure to high temperatures was growing. The research constructed the heat exposure evaluation index system by taking the heat exposure evaluation index system in Xiamen, a gulf-based city with high-temperature. This study evaluated the influence factors, spatial differentiation features and hotspots of the heat exposure based on the methods of geo-spatial analysis, emergy accounting theory, expert consultation and analytic hierarchy process in Xiamen. The research results were expected to promote the theoretical development of urban heat exposure researches, and to provide decision-making reference for heat exposure assessment, regulation and adaptation in Xiamen and similar high temperature cities.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Green Spaces in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region in the Past 20 Years

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaizhi Tang ◽  
Wenping Liu ◽  
Wenju Yun
Keyword(s):  
Green Space ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spatiotemporal Changes ◽  
Elevation Data ◽  
Peripheral Areas

Rapid urbanization has caused the reduction of green spaces in most cities, disrupting the structure and process of urban and rural ecosystems. The accurate identification of spatiotemporal changes in green spaces is important to delineate future management and planning. We investigated green space types of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 based on the elevation data and land use/cover for those years. Spatiotemporal changes in these identified green spaces between 1995 and 2015 were evaluated as well as the spatial hotspots of disappeared and unstable green patches. The results indicate that the cultivated land in plains and forests and cultivated land in medium-high mountainous areas were the main green space types in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region during the period from 1995 to 2015. A large number of green spaces, in particular cultivated lands, in the peripheral areas of big cities were replaced by construction sites over the past 20 years. Hotspots of unstable green spaces were mainly distributed in the western and northern mountainous areas of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, where green spaces changed from one type to another. These findings provide an important reference for the management and planning of land and green spaces towards an integrative and collaborative development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

scholarly journals The Association between Urban Public Transport Infrastructure and Social Equity and Spatial Accessibility within the Urban Environment: An Investigation of Tramlink in London

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Cuthill ◽  
Mengqiu Cao ◽  
Yuqi Liu ◽  
Xing Gao ◽  
Yuerong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Public Money ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The pursuit of sustainability has been at the forefront of contemporary planning initiatives. However, most recent research has focused on the environmental and economic aspects of developing sustainable urban environment, whilst largely neglecting the social aspects. Contemporary political thinking in the UK often disregards the potential of the urban infrastructure to improve social equity. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of transport infrastructure on a variety of social measures, in an empirical and ideologically unbiased fashion, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. We selected “Tramlink” as a case study: a light-rail system in the London Borough of Croydon which began operation in 2000. We used quantitative methods, including advanced spatial statistics, to produce a more detailed analysis of social equity than has been previously published. This acknowledges that determining localised issues can produce more informed and effective policy interventions. Our results demonstrate that the physical properties of transport infrastructure and the non-physical attributes of society, in combination, help to create opportunities for individuals to succeed. We also find that in order to reduce the negative effects of austerity, public money could be more effectively spent if diverted to areas that are most in need which can be highlighted through localised investigations.

Transportation—The Political Dimensions of an Economic Dilemma

1963 ◽  
Vol 345 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
William B. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
Transportation Management ◽  
Economic Weight ◽  
Transportation Capacity ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
Political Leverage

Although we have a large and flexible transportation capacity in our economy, it is becoming inefficient and overly costly through misallocation and wasteful use of national resources. Private carriage of one's own goods and person survives and grows to a major degree because current public policy and regulation regarding common carriers inhibit their power to compete. At the same time, private carriage is crowding the capacity of its right of way and is using its vehicular units inefficiently. The current pattern of public transportation regulation tends to resist market entry and exit— that is, to resist market forces which shift resource allocation or investment from one mode of carriage or transportation enterprise to another. The principal control device is minimum-price regulation. Exempt, private, or common carrier interests in the market have relied on this aspect of public regulation and have vested, in varying degrees. Their political leverage is beginning to equal the economic weight of their investment and services, and, in consequence, improvement of transportation resource allocation has become in large measure a problem solvable only by the legislature and not by transportation management or by the forces of the free market.

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