scholarly journals Application of Statistical Experimental Design and Surface Plot Technique to Optimize Oxygenated Apatite Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Soumia Belouafa ◽  
Hassan Chaair ◽  
Khalid Digua
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Statistical Experimental Design ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Synthesis Parameters ◽  
Surface Plot

This work deals with oxygenated apatite synthesis from calcium chloride and phosphoric acid using a wet precipitation method. An experimental design is applied to precise the influence of the synthesis parameters (pH of the reaction medium, atomic ratio Ca/P of the reagents, concentration of the calcium solution (Ca2+), temperature of the reaction medium (T), and duration of the reaction (D)) on the chemical composition (Ca/P molar ratio, % O2, and % O22−). An empirical model was developed and validated by applying the ANOVA analysis incorporating the interaction effects of all parameters and optimized using the response surface methodology. A reproducible synthesis of more oxygenated apatite with speed of dissolution adaptable to that of the osseous neoformation and allowing a progressive diffusion of oxygenated species (Ca/P = 1.575) is attained.

Optimization of Oxidative Coupling of Methane Using Response Surface Methodology

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Aishah Saidina Amin ◽  
Zaki Yamani Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Oxidative Coupling ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Oxidative Coupling Of Methane ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Anova Analysis

Tindak balas penggandingan beroksida metana (OCM) terhadap mangkin Li/MgO dioptimumkan menggunakan reka bentuk eksperimen daripada perisian ‘Statsoft Statistica’ versi 6.0. Pemboleh ubah yang di pilih dalam kajian ialah suhu operasi, jumlah kadar aliran suapan per berat mangkin (F/W), dan peratus berat Li yang dimasukkan ke dalam mangkin MgO, manakala penukaran metana, kememilihan C2, dan keberhasilan C2 merupakan sambutannya. Model persamaan diuji menggunakan analisis Anova dengan 99% darjah keyakinan. Metodologi sambutan permukaan (RSM) digunakan bagi menentukan sambutan optimum. Dengan menggunakan analisis varians dan eksperimen tambahan, kejituan model dapat disahkan. Kata kunci: OCM, pengoptimuman, reka bentuk eksperimen, metodologi sambutan permukaan Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) reaction over Li/MgO catalyst was optimized using experimental design from ‘Statsoft Statistica’ version 6.0 software. The manipulated variables chosen in this study were operating temperature, total flow rate per weight of catalyst (F/W), and weight percent of Li doped into MgO catalyst, whilst methane conversion, C2 product selectivity, and C2 product yield were the responses. The equation model was tested with Anova analysis with 99% degree confidence. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to determine the optimum responses. By means of variance analysis and additional experiments, the adequacy of this model was confirmed. Key words: OCM, optimization, experimental design, response surface methodology

scholarly journals Synthesis of ZnO Nanopowders by the Homogeneous Precipitation Method: Use of Taguchi’s Method for Analyzing the Effect of Different Variables

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Herrera-Rivera ◽  
M. de la L. Olvera ◽  
A. Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Statistical Experimental Design ◽  
Homogeneous Precipitation ◽  
Taguchi’S Method ◽  
Homogeneous Precipitation Method

In the present work the effect of different factors in the synthesis of ZnO powders by the homogeneous precipitation method is analyzed. A robust statistical technique, Taguchi’s method, was used to reduce the experiments number. The variables studied were precursor, solvent and precipitating agent type, Zn molar concentration, percentage of saturation, speed and time of agitation, and temperature of synthesis. In order to optimize the particle size, an experimental design of 18 trials was proposed, according to L18 Taguchi array. Structural and morphological properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques (SEM and TEM). The estimated crystallite size in synthesized samples ranged from 32 to 57 nm. The morphologies obtained presented several forms, such as spheres, wires, flowers, bars, and tetrahedrons, with a particle size variation of 35 to 165 nm. In this work it is shown that using a statistical experimental design leads us to a fast and reliable optimization of the synthesis parameters for obtaining small size ZnO nanoparticles, thus optimizing time and human and materials resources.

Role of Synthesis Parameters on Structural and Electrical Properties of M-Type Hexa-Ferrites

2012 ◽  
Vol 510-511 ◽  
pp. 201-205
Author(s):  
G. Asghar ◽  
S. Nasir ◽  
M.S. Awan ◽  
G.H. Tariq ◽  
M. Akram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Narrow Particle Size Distribution ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Phase Purity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Volume Rate ◽  
Synthesis Parameters

Phase purity, particle size and its distribution contributes a lot to the physical properties of M-type hexa-ferrites. These parameters are strongly influenced by the variation in synthesis parameters. In the present work, effect of synthesis parameters such as molar ratio (Fe/Sr) and volume rate of addition of precipitating agent on M-type hexa-ferrite (SrFe12O19) prepared by co-precipitation method have been investigated systematically. The molar ratio (Fe/Sr) in SrFe12O19was varied as 12, 11, 10, 09, and 08. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that molar ratio does not affect the phase purity. X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples prepared with different volume rate of addition of precipitating agent indicated that phase purity and micro-structural properties of SrFe12O19are greatly influenced by the above synthesis parameter. High volume rate of addition of precipitating agent resulted in high phase purity, smaller particle size, and narrow particle size distribution.

scholarly journals Development and Optimization of Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Phospholipids Containing 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic Acid by Response Surface Methodology

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Magdalena Rychlicka ◽  
Natalia Niezgoda ◽  
Anna Gliszczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Egg Yolk Phosphatidylcholine ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Substrate Molar Ratio ◽  
Enzyme Load

The interesterification reaction of egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) with ethyl ester of 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (E3,4DMCA) catalyzed by Novozym 435 in hexane as a reaction medium was shown to be an effective method for the synthesis of corresponding structured O-methylated phenophospholipids. The effects of substrate molar ratios, time of the reaction and enzyme load on the process of incorporation of 3,4DMCA into PC were evaluated by using the experimental factorial design of three factors and three levels. The results showed that a substrate molar ratio is a crucial variable for the maximization of the synthesis of 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoylated phospholipids. Under optimized parameters of 1/10 substrate molar ratio PC/E3,4DMCA, enzyme load 30% (w/w), hexane as a medium and incubation time of 3 days, the incorporation of aromatic acid into phospholipid fraction reached 21 mol%. The modified phosphatidylcholine (3,4DMCA-PC) and modified lysophosphatidylcholine (3,4DMCA-LPC) were obtained in isolated yields of 3.5% and 27.5% (w/w), respectively. The developed method of phosphatidylcholine interesterification is the first described in the literature dealing with 3,4DMCA and allows us to obtain new O-methylated phenophospholipids with potential applications as food additives or nutraceuticals with pro-health activity.

Synthesis Parameters of Ultrafine YAG Powder Materials via Hydrothermal Precipitation Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 279 ◽  
pp. 99-103
Author(s):  
Ming Han Xu ◽  
Ai Xia Chen ◽  
Rui Hua Wang ◽  
Long Tao Liu ◽  
Zhi Hui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Powder Materials ◽  
Synthesis Parameters ◽  
Hydrothermal Precipitation

YAG materials has a number of unique properties, the application is very extensive. In this paper, the superfine YAG powder materials were prepared by hydrothermal precipitation method. The influence of synthesis process on the morphology of the powder was investigated. The results showed that when the molar ratio of salt to alkali that Y3+: OH- is 1:8, the more uniform morphology of the particles can be prepared, when the molar ratio of salt to alkali is increased, the morphology of the particles will not change. The reaction time is longer, the particle size will be thicker. The smaller the concentration of Y3+ ions is, the larger the particle size will be small. The experimental results show that the rod-like particles have a poly-crystal structure at the reaction temperature of 200°C, reaction time of 2 days and the molar ratio of salt to alkali of 1:8. The diameter of the rod-like particles is most of the powders have a particle size of 1000 nm and a small amount of powder has a particle size of about 5000 nm. The purity of powder is higher through the test of XRD.

scholarly journals Application of Statistical Experimental Design to Benzylation of p-Chlorophenol

1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shams Tania Afroza Islam ◽  
Manoranjan Saha ◽  
Dipti Saha ◽  
Mohammad Ismail ◽  
Mirza Galib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Benzyl Alcohol ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Statistical Experimental Design ◽  
Stirring Time ◽  
Experimental Yield ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Factor Interaction

A 23 Yates pattern experimental design was used to develop a mathematical model for the benzylation of p-chlorophenol with benzyl alcohol in the presence of perchloric acid as catalyst. A set of trials was planned with two replicates and the centre point trial with 4 replicates according to the design. The critical response was the yield of 2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol. Main effects as well as two- and three- factor interaction effects were statistically significant. The highest experimental yield was 91.6%. The experimental settings were 130°C, molar ratio of p-chlorophenol to benzyl alcohol 4:1, amount of 60% perchloric acid 5% by wt. of p-chlorophenol, addition time 2 h and stirring time 1 h. The difference between the experimental and predicted yields did not exceed 0.04%.Key words: p-Chlorophenol; Benzyl alcohol; Perchloric acid; 2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol; Experimental design DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v45i2.5706Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 45(2), 105-110, 2010

scholarly journals Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of the Forward Osmosis Process to Predict Membrane Flux Using a Novel Combination of Neural Network and Response Surface Methodology Techniques

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Jasir Jawad ◽  
Alaa H. Hawari ◽  
Syed Javaid Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Membrane Flux ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Rsm Model

The forward osmosis (FO) process is an emerging technology that has been considered as an alternative to desalination due to its low energy consumption and less severe reversible fouling. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and response surface methodology (RSM) have become popular for the modeling and optimization of membrane processes. RSM requires the data on a specific experimental design whereas ANN does not. In this work, a combined ANN-RSM approach is presented to predict and optimize the membrane flux for the FO process. The ANN model, developed based on an experimental study, is used to predict the membrane flux for the experimental design in order to create the RSM model for optimization. A Box–Behnken design (BBD) is used to develop a response surface design where the ANN model evaluates the responses. The input variables were osmotic pressure difference, feed solution (FS) velocity, draw solution (DS) velocity, FS temperature, and DS temperature. The R2 obtained for the developed ANN and RSM model are 0.98036 and 0.9408, respectively. The weights of the ANN model and the response surface plots were used to optimize and study the influence of the operating conditions on the membrane flux.

A novel separation method of the valuable components for activated clay production wastewater

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 530-540
Author(s):  
Lvshan Zhou ◽  
Tongjiang Peng ◽  
Hongjuan Sun ◽  
Dong Fu ◽  
Chuan Lai
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Phosphate ◽  
Iron Phosphate ◽  
Acid Sites ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Iron Aluminum ◽  
Phosphorus Iron ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Acidic Wastewater

Abstract The acidic wastewater produced by the wet production of activated clay contains valuable components such as iron and aluminum. The precipitation method was successfully introduced to separate iron and aluminum from the activated clay production wastewater step by step, which can not only recover the valuable components, but also avoid environmental pollution. In the separation process, gypsum, iron aluminum phosphate, alumina, and sodium sulfate were prepared, and the phase compositions of separation products were analyzed by XRD and IR. The main influencing factors in the separation of iron and aluminum components were studied by single factor experiment. The results show that at the optimized conditions, phosphorus/iron molar ratio 6.0, the system pH 3.0, the reaction temperature 343 K, and the reaction time 90 min, the iron(iii) ion in the system can form a sodium-containing aluminum iron phosphate double salt, and the filtrate after separating Fe3+ and part of Al3+ can meet the requirements for forming high-purity Al2O3. During the phosphate precipitation process, the hypothesis should be correct that Al3+ reacts with PO 4 3 − {\text{PO}}_{4}^{3-} to form an AlPO4 skeleton, Fe3+ isomorphically replaces Al3+ in the [AlO4] tetrahedron, and adsorption occurs simultaneously, with Na+ occupying the terminal acid sites, P(Al)–OH.

scholarly journals Impact of Process Parameters on the Diameter of Nanobubbles Generated by Electrolysis on Platinum-Coated Titanium Electrodes Using Box–Behnken Experimental Design

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2542
Author(s):  
Karol Ulatowski ◽  
Radosław Jeżak ◽  
Paweł Sobieszuk
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Multiphase System ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Parameter Function

(1) The generation of nanobubbles by electrolysis is an interesting method of using electrical energy to form bubble nuclei, effectively creating a multiphase system. For every process, the effectiveness of nanobubble generation by electrolysis depends on various process parameters that impact should be determined. (2) In this work, the electrolytic generation of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles was performed in a self-built setup, in which a Nafion membrane separated two chambers. The generation of bubbles of both gases was investigated using Box–Behnken experimental design. Three independent variables were salt concentration, current density, and electrolysis time, while the dependent variables were Sauter diameters of generated bubbles. An ANOVA analysis and multivariate regression were carried out to propose a statistical and power model of nanobubble size as a process parameter function. (3) The generation of bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis showed that different factors or their combinations determine their size. The results presented in this work proved to be complementary to previous works reported in the literature. (4) The Sauter diameter of bubbles increases with salt concentration and stays constant with increasing current density in investigated range. The proposed correlations allow the Sauter diameters of nanobubbles generated during electrolysis to be predicted.

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