scholarly journals Host Genetic and Environmental Factors Shape the Composition and Function of Gut Microbiota in Populations Living at High Altitude

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Kang Li ◽  
Wei Peng ◽  
Youlian Zhou ◽  
Yi Ren ◽  
Jianhua Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
High Altitudes ◽  
Clusters Of Orthologous Groups ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
And Function ◽  
Two Populations

The human gut microbiota is affected by genetic and environmental factors. It remains unclear how host genetic and environmental factors affect the composition and function of gut microbiota in populations living at high altitudes. We used a metagenome-wide analysis to investigate the gut microbiota composition in 15 native Tibetans and 12 Hans living on the Tibetan Plateau. The composition of gut microbiota differed significantly between these two groups (P<0.05). The Planctomycetes was the most abundant phyla both in native Tibetans and in Hans. Furthermore, the most relatively abundant phyla for native Tibetans were Bacteroidetes (15.66%), Firmicutes (11.10%), Proteobacteria (1.32%), Actinobacteria (1.10%), and Tenericutes (0.35%), while the most relatively abundant phyla for Hans were Bacteroidetes (16.28%), Firmicutes (8.41%), Proteobacteria (2.93%), Actinobacteria (0.49%), and Cyanobacteria (0.21%). The abundance of the majority of genera was significantly higher in Tibetans than in Hans (P<0.01). The number of microbial genes was 4.9 times higher in Tibetans than in Hans. The metabolic pathways and clusters of orthologous groups differed significantly between the two populations (P<0.05). The abundance of carbohydrate-active enzyme modules and antibiotic resistance genes was significantly lower in Tibetans compared to Hans (P<0.05). Our results suggest that different genetic factors (race) and environmental factors (diets and consumption of antibiotics) may play important roles in shaping the composition and function of gut microbiota in populations living at high altitudes.

scholarly journals Host genetic and environmental factors shape the human gut resistome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.I. Le Roy ◽  
R.C. E. Bowyer ◽  
V.R. Carr ◽  
R. Costeira ◽  
J.E. Castillo-Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Environmental Exposures ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding and controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest challenges of modern medicine. To this end many efforts focus on characterising the human resistome or the set of antibiotic resistance determinants within the microbiome of an individual. Aside from antibiotic use, other host environmental and genetic factors that may shape the resistome remain relatively underexplored.MethodsUsing gut metagenome data from 250 TwinsUK female twins, we quantified known antibiotic resistance genes to estimate gut microbiome antibiotic resistance potential for 41 types of antibiotics and resistance mechanisms. Using heritability modelling, we assessed the influence of host genetic and environmental factors on the gut resistome. We then explored links between gut resistome, host health and specific environmental exposures using linear mixed effect models adjusted for age, BMI, alpha diversity and family structure.ResultsWe considered gut microbiome antibiotic resistance to 21 classes of antibiotics, for which resistance genes were detected in over 90% of our population sample. Using twin modelling, we estimated that on average about 25% of resistome variability could be attributed to host genetic influences. Greatest heritability estimates were observed for resistance potential to acriflavine (70%), dalfopristin (51%), clindamycin (48%), aminocoumarin (48%) and the total score summing across all antibiotic resistance genes (38%). As expected, the majority of resistome variability was attributed to host environmental factors specific to an individual. We compared antibiotic resistance profiles to multiple environmental exposures, lifestyle and health factors. The strongest associations were observed with alcohol and vegetable consumption, followed by high cholesterol medication and antibiotic usage. Overall, inter-individual variation in host environment showed modest associations with antibiotic resistance profiles, and host health status had relatively minor signals.ConclusionOur results identify host genetic and environmental influences on the human gut resistome. The findings improve our knowledge of human factors that influence the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and may contribute towards helping to attenuate it.

Ongoing Supplementation of Probiotics to Cesarean-Born Neonates during the First Month of Life may Impact the Gut Microbial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Yang ◽  
Liang Tian ◽  
Jiao Luo ◽  
Jialin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Clusters Of Orthologous Groups ◽  
And Function

Objective The delivery mode is considered to be a significant influencing factor in the early gut microbiota composition, which is associated with the long-term health of the host. In this study, we tried to explore the effects of probiotics on the intestinal microbiota of C-section neonates. Study Design Twenty-six Chinese neonates were enrolled in this study. The neonates were divided into four groups: VD (natural delivery neonates, n = 3), CD (cesarean-born neonates, n = 9), CDL (cesarean-born neonates supplemented with probiotic at a lower dosage, n = 7), and CDH (cesarean-born neonates supplemented with probiotic at a higher dosage, n = 7). Fecal samples were collected on the 3rd, 7th, and 28th day since birth. The V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene was sequenced by next-generation sequencing technology. Results The α-diversity of the intestinal microbiota of cesarean delivery neonates was significantly lower than that of the naturally delivered neonates on the 28th day (p = 0.005). After supplementation with probiotics for 28 days, the α-diversity and the β-diversity of the gut flora in the cesarean-born infants (CDL28 and CDH28) was similar to that in the vaginally delivery infants. Meanwhile, the abundances of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were significantly increased since the 3rd day of probiotic supplementation. Besides, the sustained supplementation of probiotics to neonates would help improve the abundance of the operational taxonomic units in several different Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins. Conclusion This study showed that probiotics supplementation to cesarean-born neonates since birth might impact the diversity and function of gut microbiota. Key Points

Influence of genetic and environmental factors on oral diseases and function in aged twins

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kurushima ◽  
K. Ikebe ◽  
K. Matsuda ◽  
K. Enoki ◽  
S. Ogata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals The effects of combined environmental factors on the intestinal flora of mice based on ground simulation experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiming Sun ◽  
Jiaqi Yang ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Huan Ma ◽  
Yin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Normal Environment ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe composition and function of intestinal microbial communities are important for human health. However, these intestinal floras are sensitive to changes in the environment. Adverse changes to intestinal flora can affect the health of astronauts, resulting in difficulties in implementing space missions. We randomly divided mice into three groups and placed each group in either a normal environment, simulated microgravity environment or a combined effects environment, which included simulated microgravity, low pressure and noise. Fecal samples of the mice were collected for follow-up analysis based on metagenomics technology. With the influence of different space environmental factors, the species composition at the phylum and genus levels were significantly affected by the combined effects environment, especially the abundance of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Furthermore, screening was conducted to identify biomarkers that could be regarded as environmental markers. And there have also been some noticeable changes in the function of intestinal floras. Moreover, the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was also found to be changed under different environmental conditions, such as bacitracin and vancomycin. The combined effects environment could significantly affect the species composition, function, and the expression of ARGs of intestinal flora of mice which may provide a theoretical basis for space medical supervision and healthcare.

scholarly journals Genetic and environmental factors in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases and promising therapeutic intervention via fecal microbiota transplantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Feng Yang ◽  
Shidong Zhang ◽  
Ruihua Xin ◽  
Yan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neuronal impairment and loss of function, and with the major shared histopathological hallmarks of misfolding and aggregation of specific proteins inside or outside cells. Some genetic and environmental factors contribute to the promotion of the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, there are no effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. It has been revealed that bidirectional communication exists between the brain and the gut. The gut microbiota is a changeable and experience-dependent ecosystem and can be modified by genetic and environmental factors. The gut microbiota provides potential therapeutic targets that can be regulated as new interventions for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss genetic and environmental risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases, summarize the communication among the components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and discuss the treatment strategy of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). FMT is a promising treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, and restoration of the gut microbiota to a premorbid state is a novel goal for prevention and treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Intestinal Microbiome of Italian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Their Household Relatives

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 620
Author(s):  
Paola Galluzzo ◽  
Fanny Claire Capri ◽  
Luca Vecchioni ◽  
Sabrina Realmuto ◽  
Luca Scalisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Distinct Cluster ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Principle Coordinate Analysis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system, caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In recent years, a role in MS pathogenesis was assigned to the gut microbiota. However, different signatures of gut dysbiosis have been shown to depend on environmental factors, like diet and lifestyle. In this study, we compared the gut microbiome in MS patients and their household healthy relatives sharing lifestyle and environmental factors. Faecal metagenomic DNA was extracted and the V3–V4 regions of the conserved bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene were amplified and sequenced. While overall bacterial communities were similar, specific families differed between healthy and MS subjects. We observed an increase in Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Clostridiales, and Family XIII in MS patients, while Bacteroidaceae, Tannerellaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Burkholderiaceae were more abundant in healthy controls. In addition, principle coordinate analysis showed that the gut microbiome of all MS patients formed a cluster being less diverse than the household relatives and that gut microbiota of MS patients with EDSS 4.5–7 formed a distinct cluster in respect to their controls. Overall, our study is consistent with the hypothesis that MS patients have gut microbial dysbiosis and evidenced the importance of environmental factors in shaping the gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Muscle Plasticity in Fish

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Prasanthi Koganti ◽  
Jianbo Yao ◽  
Beth M. Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Muscle Plasticity ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
And Function

Growth rates in fish are largely dependent on genetic and environmental factors, of which the latter can be highly variable throughout development. For this reason, muscle growth in fish is particularly dynamic as muscle structure and function can be altered by environmental conditions, a concept referred to as muscle plasticity. Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) like Myogenin, MyoD, and Pax7 control the myogenic mechanisms regulating quiescent muscle cell maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation, critical processes central for muscle plasticity. This review focuses on recent advancements in molecular mechanisms involving microRNAs (miRNAs) and DNA methylation that regulate the expression and activity of MRFs in fish. Findings provide overwhelming support that these mechanisms are significant regulators of muscle plasticity, particularly in response to environmental factors like temperature and nutritional challenges. Genetic variation in DNA methylation and miRNA expression also correlate with variation in body weight and growth, suggesting that genetic markers related to these mechanisms may be useful for genomic selection strategies. Collectively, this knowledge improves the understanding of mechanisms regulating muscle plasticity and can contribute to the development of husbandry and breeding strategies that improve growth performance and the ability of the fish to respond to environmental challenges.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Factors Influencing the Placental Growth Factor (PGF) Variation in Two Populations

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e42537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Sorice ◽  
Daniela Ruggiero ◽  
Teresa Nutile ◽  
Mario Aversano ◽  
Lotte Husemoen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Placental Growth Factor ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Two Populations

Reductionist thinking and animal models in neuropsychiatric research

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Baran
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Developmental Genetic ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Plasticity

AbstractReductionist thinking in neuroscience is manifest in the widespread use of animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Broader investigations of diverse behaviors in non-model organisms and longer-term study of the mechanisms of plasticity will yield fundamental insights into the neurobiological, developmental, genetic, and environmental factors contributing to the “massively multifactorial system networks” which go awry in mental disorders.

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