scholarly journals Optimal Profile Limits for Maternal Mortality Rates (MMR) Influenced by Haemorrhage and Unsafe Abortion in South Sudan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Gabriel Makuei ◽  
Mali Abdollahian ◽  
Kaye Marion
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Unsafe Abortion ◽  
Current Value ◽  
The Government

Maternal mortality rate (MMR) is one of the main worldwide public health challenges. Presently, the high levels of MMR are a common problem in the world public health and especially, in developing countries. Half of these maternal deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa where little or nothing progress has been made. South Sudan is one of the developing countries which has the highest MMR. Thus, this paper deploys statistical analysis to identify the significant physiological causes of MMR in South Sudan. Prediction models based on Poisson Regression are then developed to predict MMR in terms of the significant physiological causes. Coefficients of determination and variance inflation factor are deployed to assess the influence of the individual causes on MMR. Efficacy of the models is assessed by analyzing their prediction errors. The paper for the first time has used optimization procedures to develop yearly lower and upper profile limits for MMR. Hemorrhaging and unsafe abortion are used to achieve UN 2030 lower and upper MMR targets. The statistical analysis indicates that reducing haemorrhaging by 1.91% per year would reduce MMR by 1.91% (95% CI (42.85–52.53)), reducing unsafe abortion by 0.49% per year would reduce MMR by 0.49% (95% CI (11.06–13.56)). The results indicate that the most influential predictors of MMR are; hemorrhaging (38%), sepsis (11.5%), obstructed labour (11.5%), unsafe abortion (10%), and indirect causes such as anaemia, malaria, and HIV/AIDs virus (29%). The results also show that to obtain the UN recommended MMR levels of minimum 21 and maximum 42 by 2030, the Government and other stakeholders should simultaneously, reduce haemorrhaging from the current value of 62 to 33.38 and 16.69, reduce unsafe abortion from the current value of 16 to 8.62 and 4.31. Thirty years of data is used to develop the optimal reduced Poisson Model based on hemorrhaging and unsafe abortion. The model with R2 of 92.68% can predict MMR with mean error of −0.42329 and SE-mean of 0.02268. The yearly optimal level of hemorrhage, unsafe abortion, and MMR can aid the government and other stakeholders on resources allocation to reduce the risk of maternal death.

Seroprevalence of human Taenia solium cysticercosis in Haiti

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.P. Raccurt ◽  
P. Agnamey ◽  
J. Boncy ◽  
J.-H. Henrys ◽  
A. Totet
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Blots

AbstractHuman Taenia solium cysticercosis is common in developing countries due to poor sanitary conditions and economics based on breeding livestock, especially pigs, with low hygiene standards. Neurocysticercosis, caused by migration of the larvae of the tapeworm in the nervous system, is the leading cause of acquired epilepsy in adults in Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa, and East and South Asia. This makes neurocysticercosis a large public health problem in developing countries. Two clinical cases of neurocysticercosis have been observed recently in Haiti. In order to evaluate the prevalence of human T. solium cysticercosis in this country, in 2007 we conducted a cross-sectional serological retrospective survey using a Western blotting test (LDBIO Diagnostics®) in Port-au-Prince, where sewage systems are rare and swine usually roam freely throughout the area. A total of 216 serum samples, obtained from healthy adults seen in the work setting of periodical medical visits, were tested after storage at − 20°C. The frequency of antibodies in serum samples of the study population was 2.8% (6/216). The immunodominant bands recognized in Western blots were 23–26 kDa (100%), 39 kDa (67%), 45 kDa and 6–8 kDa (50%), 50–55 kDa (33%). These results confirm for the first time an endemic situation of cysticercosis in humans in Haiti, with similar prevalence as that reported in other Latin American and African countries. It reinforces the urgent need for control and prevention measures to be taken by local public health services.

scholarly journals Strengthening health system building blocks: configuring post-COVID-19 scenario in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babar Tasneem Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health System ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Government

Abstract Aim: To gauge the level of preparedness of health system of Pakistan in the wake of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The global COVID-19 outbreak and its subsequent repercussions and implications, after being declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), exposed all the inherent, lingering, and acute shortcomings of the health systems in many developing countries and Pakistan was no exception. Methods: A detailed literature review was done which included peer-reviewed articles on COVID-19 and health system, published in local and international journals, WHO and World Bank’s publications, and the documents and official reports of the government. Focus was to glean and cite strategies adopted by the developing countries in response to COVID-19 and to see the applicability of those which are feasible for Pakistan. Findings: Level of preparedness was minimal and the response to manage the outbreak was weak. Based on toll of the cases and number of deaths, this public health threat turned out to be a catastrophe beyond the controlling authority and capacity of the health system, and hence other sectors and agencies had to be engaged for devising a concerted and integrated response to deal with the emergency. Governance was disorderly, financing was inadequate, human resources were not trained, supplies and logistic were not stocked, information system was patchy, and research capacity was limited, and most of all the service delivery was in a biggest chaos of times. COVID-19 demanded to re-configure the health system of Pakistan. Conclusion: Improving the emergency preparedness of the hospitals is the foremost and an urgent need. A strong national public health system in Pakistan is needed to rapidly investigate and analyze the reports, assess the magnitude of the public health risk, share real-time information, and implement public health control measures in a concerted and systematic demeanor.

scholarly journals The Association between Maternal Mortality and Non-Medical factors in African Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 351-362
Author(s):  
P. Lalthapersad-Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
National Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Medical Factors ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Sub Saharan

The medical expertise to treat to complications arising from pregnancy and childbirth has not spared girls and women in developing countries from dying of such conditions. Developing countries account for the bulk of the global share of maternal deaths with complications of pregnancy and childbirth being the leading cause of death in young women aged between 15 and 49. Sub-Saharan Africa is responsible for nearly three-fifths of all global maternal deaths which have saddled it with notoriously high levels of maternal mortality ratios, a concern that has been red-flagged internationally and regionally. Most studies on maternal mortality in Africa have been confined to an examination of factors impinging on maternal mortality from both medical and socioeconomic standpoints for individual country’s based on survey data. Our study differs from others as it employs logistic regression to look at the association between non-medical factors and maternal mortality nationally for all African countries. Whilst the results from the logistic regression suggests that there is no statistically significant relationship between any of the variables and maternal mortality, the odds ratio for Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross National Income per capita (GNI) imply that African countries with low HDI are about three time more likely to have high maternal mortality compared to high HDI countries. Similarly, African countries with low GNI are about five times more likely to have high maternal mortality compared to high GNI countries.

scholarly journals COVID-19 on the Nile: Review on the Management and Outcomes of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Arab Republic of Egypt from February to August 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1588
Author(s):  
Yai-Ellen Gaye ◽  
Christopher Agbajogu ◽  
Reida El Oakley
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
International Health ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

As the world fights the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that over 17 million people globally were infected with SARS-CoV-2 as of 1 August 2020. Although infections are asymptomatic in 80% of cases, severe respiratory illness occurs in 20% of cases, requiring hospitalization and highly specialized intensive care. The WHO, under the International Health Regulations, declared this pandemic a public health emergency of international concern; it has affected nearly all health systems worldwide. The health system in Egypt, similar to many others, was severely challenged when confronted with the need for urgent and major expansion required to manage such a significant pandemic. This review uses publicly available data to provide an epidemiological summary of the COVID-19 pandemic behavior during the first wave of the outbreak in Egypt. The article covers mathematical modeling predictions, Egypt’s healthcare system, economic and social impacts of COVID-19, as well as national responses that were crucial to the initial containment of the pandemic. We observed how the government managed the outbreak by enhancing testing capacity, contact tracing, announcing public health and social measures (PHSMs), as well as allocating extra funds and human resources to contain SARS-COV-2. Prospectively, economic losses from major sources of revenues—tourism, travel, and trade—may be reflected in future timelines, as Egypt continues to control cases and loss of life from COVID-19. Overall, trends indicate that the spread of COVID-19 in Egypt was initially contained. Revalidation of prediction models and follow-up studies may reveal the aftermath of the pandemic and how well it was managed in Egypt.

scholarly journals Editorial: Fighting Infections in Developing Countries by Cost-Affordable and Sustainable Means

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
Gadi Borkow
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Disease Rate ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

In developing areas around the globe it is extremely hard for health related institutions and governments to implement prevention and treatment policies, to improve public health, due to poor economical resources and infrastructures; low awareness; inadequate personnel; high prevalence of parasites and pathogens with extreme infection burdens, as well as sociopolitical factors. Central government programs essential for the improvement of the general public health are limited in developing countries. These include mass vaccination programs, which are cornerstones of primary health-care [1]; programs to reduce waterborne and water-associated vector-borne diseases [2]; routine surveillance activities [3,4]; regulation of pesticide usage (e.g. developing countries use only 20% of the world's agrochemicals, yet they suffer 99% of deaths from pesticide poisoning [5]); programs to reduce malnutrition [6]; programs to educate the public (e.g. use of condoms to reduce sexually transmitted diseases); and funding of medical care. However, the high disease rate itself possesses a very significant economic burden on developing countries. This burden exacerbates the incapacity of the governments to address the critical need for better health care. For example, malaria alone costs sub-Saharan Africa US$100 billion in lost annual gross domestic product (GDP) [1]. The combination of high infection rates together with poor public health care has become a vicious cycle that needs to broken. While in developed countries prevention and treatment modalities have significantly improved public health, the standard of living and life expectancy [1,7-9], this is not the case in developing countries, where the improvement of health care is multifaceted and extremely complicated. Assistance from world organizations together with the developed and affluent countries is essential. However, it has to be taken into consideration that solutions that have been successful in developed countries may not be appropriate for those that are developing. For example, vaccines that may confer protection against HIV-1 in Europe and USA, may fail to do so in Africa and other developing countries due to the significantly different pre-existing immune background of the population [10-12]. Another problem is the extremely high illiteracy and poverty rate that prevails in many rural areas in these countries. Thus, simple, cost affordable, wide spectrum, immediate and applicable means, which accommodate the particular constraints of developing countries, must be developed and applied in order to specifically and rapidly address key issues of public health in these volatile regions. The current Hot Topic issue presents several cost-affordable and sustainable means that may help fight the high infections rates in developing countries. Doucoure and Farcy propose novel membrane systems that can be applied in small rural communities and remote areas in developing countries aimed at reducing water-borne diseases and pollutants. Borkow and Gabbay suggest the use of biocidal textiles in hospitals in order to reduce the high rates of nosocomial infections. Togo and his colleagues from a hospital in Bamako - Mali make a robust attempt to identify the causes of nosocomial infections in a developing country and recommend measures aimed at reducing these infections in hospital settings. Ole Skovmand discusses the use of insecticidal bednets for the fight against malaria in developing countries. Finally, Bentwich and colleagues present the hypothesis that the relatively straightforward treatment of helminthic parasites may have very wide ramifications in improving the treatment and prognosis of other diseases, and in enhancing the capacity to achieve effective immunization.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Uganda: Predicting the impact of the disease and public health response on disease burden

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bell ◽  
Kristian Schultz Hansen ◽  
Agnes N. Kiragga ◽  
Andrew Kambugu ◽  
John Kissa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Lead Author ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

AbstractObjectiveCOVID-19 transmission and the public health ‘lock-down’ response are now established in sub-Saharan Africa, including Uganda. Population structure and prior morbidities differ markedly between these countries from those where outbreaks were previously established. We predicted the relative impact of COVID-19 and the response in Uganda to understand whether the benefits could be outweighed by the costs.Design and settingAge-based COVID-19 mortality data from China were applied to the population structures of Uganda and countries with previously established outbreaks, comparing theoretical mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost. Based on recent Ugandan data and theoretical scenarios of programme deterioration, we predicted potential additional disease burden for HIV/AIDS, malaria and maternal mortality.Main outcome measuresDALYs lost and mortality.ResultsBased on population age structure alone Uganda is predicted to have a relatively low COVID-19 burden compared to equivalent transmission in China and Western countries, with mortality and DALYs lost predicted to be 12% and 19% that of Italy. Scenarios of ‘lockdown’ impact predict HIV/AIDS and malaria equivalent to or higher than that of an extensive COVID-19 outbreak. Emerging HIV/AIDS and maternal mortality data indicate that such deterioration could be occurring.ConclusionsThe results predict a relatively low COVID-19 impact on Uganda associated with its young population, with a high risk of negative impact on non-COVID-19 disease burden from a prolonged lockdown response. The results are likely to reflect the situation in other sub-Saharan populations, underlining the importance of tailoring COVID-19 responses to population structure and potential disease vulnerabilities.Transparency statementThe lead author affirms that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that there are no discrepancies from the study as originally planned.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Absolute Income Towards Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Rwanda

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
Kabera Callixte ◽  
Jacob Niyoyita Mahina ◽  
Emmy Tushabe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Absolute Income ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Government

The study portrays current worldwide empirical facts on the progress of economic growth and poverty relief in developing countries of the world. It’s well known that in most developing countries, the lives of citizens are not always very pleasant. There are usually lots of inconveniences in the ways of life for the citizen of these countries. Whenever the government of such a country responds to the inconveniences of life by formulating developmental programs to alleviate the problems of the people, such programs in most cases, do not work, making such government to be frustrated and discouraged. However, the government of Rwanda plays an important role in a number of areas including agriculture, education, and the health sector in order to reduce the mortality rate to its citizens and promote entrepreneurship. The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of absolute poverty and the appropriate methods that Rwanda has applied to curb down poverty levels, at the same time, picking key lessons and guidelines that can be of assistance in curbing down poverty in parts of sub-Saharan countries, Rwanda inclusive. In order to achieve its aim, the paper was put into four sections. Section one explains the poverty profile of Rwanda before and immediately after the genocide while the second part describes the short strategies that Rwanda took to reduce poverty. Section three elaborates the work the country puts to ensure it achieves its goals of achieving long-term goals of becoming a middle-income country by 2020. The fourth section describes the environment that the state has created to ensure that its strategies work as planned. The research work also relies on other related secondary documents from the mentioned institutions.

scholarly journals Health Systems’ Preparedness to Provide Post-abortion Care: Assessment of Health Facilities in Burkina Faso, Kenya and Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Okoth Juma ◽  
Ramatou Ouedraogo ◽  
Joshua-Amo Adjei ◽  
Ali Sie ◽  
Mamadou Ouattara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Unsafe Abortion ◽  
Public Health Facilities ◽  
Abortion Care ◽  
Post Abortion Care ◽  
Care Assessment ◽  
Post Abortion

Abstract Background: In many parts of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), access to abortion is legally restricted, which partly contributes to high incidence of unsafe abortion. This may result in unsafe abortion-related complications that demand long hospital stays, treatment and attendance by skilled health providers. There is however, limited evidence on the capacity of public health facilities to deliver post-abortion care (PAC) in these settings. We describe and discuss the preparedness and capacity of public health facilities to deliver complete and quality PAC services in Burkina Faso, Kenya and Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of primary, secondary and tertiary-level public health facilities was conducted between November 2018 and February 2019 in the three countries. Data on signal functions for measuring the ability of health facilities to provide post-abortion services were collected and analyzed. These data included information on essential PAC equipment and supplies, PAC staffing and training among others. Results: Across the three countries, fewer primary health facilities (ranging from 4.3%–12.2% in Kenya and Burkina Faso) had the capacity to deliver on all components of basic PAC services. Only one in three (30–33%) of referral facilities across Burkina Faso, Kenya and Nigeria could provide comprehensive PAC services. Lack of trained staff, absence of necessary equipment and lack of PAC commodities and supplies were a main reason for inability to deliver specific PAC services (such as surgical procedures for abortion complications, blood transfusion and post-PAC contraceptive counselling). Further, the lack of capacity to refer acute PAC cases to higher-level facilities was identified as a key weakness in provision of post-abortion care services. Conclusions: Our findings reveal considerable gaps and weaknesses in the delivery of basic and comprehensive PAC within the three countries. There is need for increased investments by governments to strengthen capacity of primary, secondary and tertiary public health facilities to deliver quality PAC services.

scholarly journals STRATEGI PEMERINTAH DALAM MENGURANGI ANGKA KEMATIAN IBU (AKI) MELAHIRKAN DI KABUPATEN ENREKANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109
Author(s):  
Ainun Irada Darungan ◽  
Abdul Kadir ◽  
Nasrul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Maternal Mortality Rate ◽  
Interactive Analysis ◽  
The Government

This study purposed to find out how the institutionalization of government strategy in reducing maternal mortality rate (AKI)  and how to operationalize the government strategy in reducing maternal mortality rate (AKI)  in Enrekang Regency. This study used descriptive qualitative research .  Data collection techniques were observation, interviews with 5 informants and documentation. Data analysis used interactive analysis models and used 3 types of triangulation in data validation. The results of this study showed that the role of public health midwives in reducing maternal mortality was very important, especially in the role of community empowerment, optimizing Integrated Healthcare Center  activities, and leadership roles in public health and health cadres were expected to be able to encourage the community to carry out self-help activities in  improving health status. The role of community health workers in empowering cadres was very important by increasing the ability of community knowledge and awareness regarding prevention of maternal mortality in Enrekang Regency

On retroeconomy

2017 ◽  
pp. 148-159
Author(s):  
V. Papava
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
International Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

This paper analyzes the problem of technological backwardness of economy. In many mostly developing countries their economies use obsolete technologies. This can create the illusion that this or that business is prosperous. At the level of international competition, however, it is obvious that these types of firms do not have any chance for success. Retroeconomics as a theory of technological backwardness and its detrimental effect upon a country’s economy is considered in the paper. The role of the government is very important for overcoming the effects of retroeconomy. The phenomenon of retroeconomy is already quite deep-rooted throughout the world and it is essential to consolidate the attention of economists and politicians on this threat.

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