scholarly journals Recent Developments in Diabetic Retinal Neurodegeneration: A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Shani Pillar ◽  
Elad Moisseiev ◽  
Jelizaveta Sokolovska ◽  
Andrzej Grzybowski
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Glucose Variability ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Retinal Neurodegeneration ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities ◽  
Diabetic Retinal Neurodegeneration

Neurodegeneration plays a significant role in the complex pathology of diabetic retinopathy. Evidence suggests the onset of neurodegeneration occurs early on in the disease, and so a greater understanding of the process is essential for prompt detection and targeted therapies. Neurodegeneration is a common pathway of assorted processes, including activation of inflammatory pathways, reduction of neuroprotective factors, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Oxidative stress and formation of advanced glycation end products amplify these processes and are elevated in the setting of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and glucose variability. These key pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed, as well as diagnostic modalities and novel therapeutic avenues, with an emphasis on recent discoveries. The aim of this article is to highlight the crucial role of neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy and to review the molecular basis for this neuronal dysfunction, its diagnostic features, and the progress currently made in relevant therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Involvement of TAGE-RAGE System in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Takeuchi ◽  
Jun-ichi Takino ◽  
Sho-ichi Yamagishi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Stress Generation ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Advanced Glycation ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Pathophysiological Role ◽  
End Stage

Diabetic complications are a leading cause of acquired blindness, end-stage renal failure, and accelerated atherosclerosis, which are associated with the disabilities and high mortality rates seen in diabetic patients. Continuous hyperglycemia is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic micro- and macrovascular complicationsviavarious metabolic pathways, and numerous hyperglycemia-induced metabolic and hemodynamic conditions exist, including increased generation of various types of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Recently, we demonstrated that glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs, the predominant structure of toxic AGEs (TAGE), play an important role in the pathogenesis of angiopathy in diabetic patients. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the interaction of TAGE with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) elicits oxidative stress generation in numerous types of cells, all of which may contribute to the pathological changes observed in diabetic complications. In this paper, we discuss the pathophysiological role of the TAGE-RAGE system in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.

scholarly journals Iron Overload in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cause or a Consequence of Impaired Mechanisms?

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreea Ciudin ◽  
Cristina Hernández ◽  
Rafael Simó
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Retinal Neurodegeneration ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Iron is an essential ion for life, playing a central role in many metabolic processes. The most important property of free iron is its capacity to be reversibly oxidized and reduced, but at same time this make it highly pro-oxidant molecule. In this regard, iron is able to generate powerful reactive oxygen species (ROS). For this reason, careful control on iron availability is central to the maintenance of normal cell function in the retina. In the diabetic eye there is an impairment of iron homeostasis, thus leading to iron overload. The mechanisms involved in this process include: (1) Destruction of heme molecules induced by hyperglycemia (2) Intraretinal and vitreal hemorrhages (3) Overexpression of the renin-angiotensin system. The main consequences of iron overload are the following: (1) Retinal neurodegeneration due to the increase of oxidative stress (2) Increase of AGE-RAGE binding (3) Defective phagocytosis of retinal pigment epithelium, which generates the accumulation of autoantigens and the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Further studies addressed to explore not only the role of iron in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, but also to design novel therapeutic strategies based on the regulation of iron homeostasis are needed.

Role of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Retinopathy

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 962-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sho-ichi Yamagishi ◽  
Seiji Ueda ◽  
Takanori Matsui ◽  
Kazuo Nakamura ◽  
Seiya Okuda
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Advanced Glycation End Products ◽  
Advanced Glycation ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
End Products ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

scholarly journals Retinal Neurodegeneration in Diabetes: an Emerging Concept in Diabetic Retinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira M. Sachdeva
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Retinal Neurodegeneration ◽  
Diabetic Retinal Neurodegeneration

Abstract Purpose of Review Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading cause of blindness in working-aged adults, remains clinically defined and staged by its vascular manifestations. However, early retinal neurodegeneration may precede vascular pathology, suggesting that this neuronal damage may contribute to disease pathogenesis and represent an independent target for intervention. This review will discuss the evidence and implications for diabetic retinal neurodegeneration. Recent Findings A growing body of literature has identified progressive retinal thinning and visual dysfunction in patients with diabetes even prior to the onset of DR, though advances in retinal vascular imaging suggest that vascular remodeling and choroidal changes occur during these early stages as well. Animal models of diabetes and in vitro studies have also suggested that diabetes may directly affect the retinal neural and glial tissue, providing support to the concept that diabetic retinal neurodegeneration occurs early in the disease and suggesting potentially relevant molecular pathways. Summary Diabetic retinal neurodegeneration may represent a “preclinical” manifestation of diabetic retinal disease and remains an active area of investigation. As the natural history and molecular mechanisms become increasingly understood, it may lead to upcoming developments in not only the treatment options but also the clinical definition of DR.

scholarly journals Left atrial intramural hematoma: the main role of echocardiography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cosimo Greco ◽  
Miriam Albanese ◽  
Ennio Pisanò ◽  
Massimiliano Garzya ◽  
Mario Donateo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Intramural Hematoma ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Ablation Procedure ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Widespread Availability ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities

Left atrial intramural hematoma (LAIH) is an uncommon entity for which a timely diagnosis is critical for decision making. Cardiac surgical or catheter-based procedures are potential causing factors. Though cardiac computerized tomography and magnetic resonance are highly accurate diagnostic modalities, their role is limited by the lack of widespread availability. The present clinical case illustrates the diagnostic features of LAIH that can be obtained using echocardiography at the bedside in critically ill patients. We report a case of LAIH, that followed a catheter ablation procedure and was complicated by cardiac and cerebral ischemia. Cardiac surgical management was required.

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), Glutathione and Breast Cancer: Factors, Mechanism and Therapeutic Interventions

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil K. Sharma ◽  
Var R. Sharma ◽  
Girish K. Gupta ◽  
Ghulam Md. Ashraf ◽  
Mohammad A. Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Advanced Glycation End Products ◽  
Cancer Prognosis ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Advanced Glycation ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
End Products ◽  
Gsh Metabolism ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) are basically the end result of glycation of proteins and/or lipids in the presence of sugars. Specific cases of hyperglycemia have been reported with increased propensity of generation of AGEs. Many chronic and deadly diseases such as diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders have been known to be caused as a result of generation of AGEs. The role of glutathione (GSH) metabolism and its intricate association with AGEs have also been well established in breast cancer prognosis and treatment. To understand the etiology, mechanism and production of AGEs along with clinical relevance of Receptors for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) and RAGE ligands, their interplay with GSH is of paramount importance especially in relation to breast cancer. Methods: The available literature using PubMed, National Library of Medicine database, Web of Science and SCOPUS indexed, Science Direct and other prestigious journals have been systematically reviewed using the keywords: advanced glycation end-products, breast cancer, glutathione RAGE, and AGEs inhibitors. This narrative review of all the relevant papers with significant citations has led us to have greater insight into the action mechanism and potential therapeutic significance of AGEs inhibitors. Results: Targeting breast cancer with the specific immunoglobulins and with other therapeutic interventions is needed to inhibit the generation of AGEs and manage glutathione expression, thus having strong implications in the management of breast cancer. Many RAGE ligands such as HMGB1, S100P, S100A8, S100A9 etc. have been known to enhance RAGE expression which may further lead to increased proliferation, migration and metastatic nature of tumor cells. Hence, RAGE and RAGE ligands in a close linkup with GSH may prove to be effective therapeutic markers of severity of breast cancer and for angiogenesis of tumor. Conclusion: This review provides a strong platform to comprehend the etiology, mechanism and production of AGEs and glutathione along with the agents which can block their production, paving a way for the therapeutic intervention and an amicable solution to treat and manage breast cancer.

scholarly journals Role of advanced glycation end products and sorbitol dehydrogenase in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leqaa A. Moemen ◽  
Mona A. Abdel Hamid ◽  
Soher Abdel Wahab ◽  
Mahmoud Kenawy M. Kenawy ◽  
Manal H. Abuelela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Advanced Glycation End Products ◽  
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Advanced Glycation ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
End Products

scholarly journals The modifying role of pregnancy on ophthalmological and neuro-ophthalmological diseases

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Henry Liu ◽  
Yiu-chia Chang ◽  
Xiang Ji
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Proliferative Stage

The female visual system experiences a series of physiological modifications during pregnancy, and these changes have profound implications on many general ophthalmological and neuro-ophthalmological disorders, exacerbating some conditions while alleviating others. Patients with open-angle glaucoma experience improved disease states, with accompanying normal visual fields. Uveitis and MS-induced optic neuritis exhibit decreased rates of occurrence. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy initially worsens with gestation, eventually improving in the postpartum state with only 5% of cases progressing into the proliferative stage. As for idiopathic intracranial hypertension, existing symptoms worsen during pregnancy. Therapeutic interventions such as immunosuppressants, anti-neoplastic drugs, and steroids administered prophylactically during fetal development may lead to potential teratogenic outcomes manifesting in devastating birth defects and should be administered with caution. RésuméLe système visuel féminin subit une série de modifications physiologiques pendant la grossesse, et ces changements ont des implications profondes sur de nombreux troubles ophtalmologiques et neuro-ophtalmologiques généraux, exacerbant certaines conditions tout en soulageant d’autres. Les patients atteints de glaucome à angle ouvert ont une amélioration des états pathologiques, accompagnés de champs visuels normaux. L’uvéite et la névrite optique induite par la SEP présentent des taux d’occurrence réduits. La rétinopathie diabétique non proliférative s’aggrave au début avec la gestation, s’améliorant finalement dans l’état postpartum avec seulement 5% des cas progressant dans le stade prolifératif. En ce qui concerne l’hypertension intracrânienne idiopathique, les symptômes existants s’aggravent pendant la grossesse. Les interventions thérapeutiques comme les immunosuppresseurs, les médicaments antinéoplasiques et les stéroïdes administrés de façon prophylactique pendant le développement du fœtus peuvent entraîner des effets tératogènes potentiels se manifestant par des malformations congénitales dévastatrices et doivent être administrés avec prudence.  

Effect of Cinnamon and its Procyanidin-B2 on Diabetic Retinopathy in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Muthenna Puppala ◽  
Kishore Kumar Godisela ◽  
Bhanuprakash Reddy Geereddy ◽  
Akileshwari Chandrashaker ◽  
Raghu Gangula
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Immunoblotting Analysis ◽  
Diabetic Retina ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
And Control ◽  
Carboxy Methyl

<p><em>Advanced glycation end products (AGE) are amalgamated in the development of certain pathophysiologies including diabetic retinopathy (DR). Procyanidin-B2 (PCB2), an active principle of cinnamon, has shown to inhibit AGE formation</em><em>. In current study we inspected the protective role of PCB2 to prevent DR in diabetic rats.<strong> </strong>Diabetes was induced in Wistar-NIN rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg bodyweight) and the control rats received vehicle alone. The retinal morphology was studied by microscopy and immunohistochemistry of diabetic and control rats. The expression of retinal selective genes analysis was done via real-time PCR. Immunoblotting of diabetic and control rat retina was studied. Gene expression and immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis of diabetic retina from PCB2 and cinnamon fed rat showed declined expression of VEGF and GFAP and increased expression of NGF. Immunoblotting analysis resulted that feeding of PCB2 significantly reserved the formation of carboxy methyl lysine and RAGE in diabetic rats compare with controls. The results indicate that PCB2 was effective in protecting the diabetic retina from development of diabetic retinopathy in rats owing to its antiglycating potential. Thus, active principle of dietary sources, such as PCB2, may be explored for the prevention or delay of DR.<strong></strong></em></p>

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