scholarly journals Road Safety Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Stephen T. Odonkor ◽  
Hugues Mitsotsou-Makanga ◽  
Emmanuel Nene Dei
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Government

The importance of road safety in the developmental agenda of a country cannot be overemphasized. It is essential for effective socioeconomic development. However, several countries in the developing world are confronted by several challenges relating to road safety, which are inadequately investigated. These challenges further aggravate the already heavily burdened health-care systems. The aim of this study is, therefore, to determine and analyse road safety issues in Ghana aimed at contributing to national policy development, stakeholder engagements, and public safety education campaigns on road traffic collision. A qualitative study by one-on-one interviews with individuals (n = 97) in road safety leadership positions was performed from November 2018 to February 2019. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Data analysis was conducted using a constant comparative methodology approach facilitated by Atlas.ti 8.0 software. Important road safety challenges that were identified by the respondents were categorized into six thematic areas, namely, institutional, executional, managerial and operational, attitudinal and behavioural, research, and financial and investment challenges. We recommend that the government and stakeholders alike should tackle these challenges by building a collaborative environment where everyone is involved in the process of developing and implementing strategies aimed at overcoming these challenges as they arise. There is also the need to address the epidemic carnage of road traffic injuries, many of which are preventable since they arise from human actions and inactions.

Legal and organizational basis for ensuring road safety in the Ukrainian SSR in 1948–1953

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Maksim P. Tishakov
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Safety System ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Government

The work, based on previously little available for research, as well as materials and documents found in archival institutions, reflects the legal basis for ensuring road safety in 1948-1953, the state and organizational and legal measures taken in the field of combating accidents in road transport at the republican level by the example Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Attention is focused on the key problems that determine the development of the road safety system, the measures taken, their effectiveness, mistakes and achievements. Measures to counteract accidents in vehicles are investigated from a historical and legal standpoint, a critical and detailed analysis of decrees and orders of the government, departmental regulatory legal acts. It was found that the presence of a significant number of administrative decisions of the republican authorities of Soviet Ukraine, although it was a rather progressive step for its time, did not fully take into account the reality of achieving the set goals, local conditions and peculiarities. At the same time, the functioning of the emerging road safety system was significantly hampered by the lack of a unified national policy in the context of the rapid growth and development of the country’s automobile and road complex.

scholarly journals Pattern of traffic rules violations and the risk of fatal injuries in Mysuru city

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1608
Author(s):  
Rashmi A. ◽  
Shrinivasa B. M. ◽  
Shrinivasa B. M. ◽  
Shrinivasa B. M. ◽  
Narayanamurthy M. R. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Government ◽  
Traffic Rules ◽  
Fatal Injuries

Background: In India, Road safety is an issue of national concern. Road accidents create negative impact on the economy, public health and the general welfare of the people. Every year the lives of approximately 1.25 million people are cut short as a result of road traffic accidents. Between 20 and 50 million more people suffer non-fatal injuries, with many incurring a disability as a result of their injury. Reliable road traffic injury surveillance is an important component of evidence based road safety policy making. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted for the period of 3 months in Mysuru city. The present study included all the 5 Traffic Police stations coming under Mysuru city. Before conducting the study, permission to collect all the relevant information is obtained from the in charge of the stations. Retrospective data regarding the traffic rules violations, fatal and non-fatal injuries are obtained in the fixed format prescribed by the government which is maintained uniformly by all the police stations. Data collected was entered in MS office excel sheet and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0. Results: From the study we can observe that there is a drastic increase in the total number of traffic crimes in 2015 compared to 2014. Case fatality of road traffic accident showed decreasing trend from the year 2013. It was evident from the study that there was no significant correlation between total number of accidents every year with violation of traffic rules (r = -0.86 p =0.338). Similarly  There was no significant correlation between the number of persons killed every year with violation of rules by riding two wheeler without helmet(r = -0.380 p =0.752). Conclusions: With massive investment in roads and the exponential growth in the number of vehicles it has become necessary to have a system, which integrates all disciplines that influence road safety. In depth evaluation of the road traffic accidents to build infrastructures and to reinforce the regulations specific to local needs is required. 

scholarly journals Impact of Road Safety Laws in Colombia on Road Traffic Collision Fatalities and Injuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (s1) ◽  
pp. s65-s65
Author(s):  
Killiam A. Argote ◽  
Michael S Molloy ◽  
Alexander Hart ◽  
Amalia Voskanyan ◽  
Ritu R Sarin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Safety Plan ◽  
Road Traffic Collision ◽  
The Government ◽  
National Road

Introduction:Road traffic collisions (RTC) are the leading cause of preventable death among those aged 15–29 years worldwide. More than 1.2 million lives are lost each year on roads. Ninety percent of these deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries. The General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) proclaimed the period from 2011-2020 the “Decade of Action for Road Safety,” with the objective of stabilizing and reducing the number of deaths by 50% worldwide. In this context, the government of Colombia established the National Road Safety Plan (PNSV) for the period 2011–2021 with the objective of reducing the number of fatalities by 26%. However, the effectiveness of road safety policies in Colombia is still unknown.Aim:To evaluate the effect of road safety laws on the incidence of RTC, deaths, and injuries in Colombia.Methods:RTC data and fatality numbers for the time period of January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2017, were collated from official Colombian governmental publications and analyzed for reductions and trends related to the introduction of new road safety legislation.Results:Data analysis are expected to be completed by January 2019.Discussion:RTC remains the leading preventable cause of death in Colombia despite the PNSV. Data is being mined to determine the trends of these rates of crashes and fatalities, and their relation to the introduction of national traffic laws. Overall, while the absolute numbers of RTC and deaths have been increasing, the rate of RTC per 10,000 cars has been decreasing. This suggests that although the goals of the PNSV may not be realized, some of the laws emanating from it may be beneficial, but warrant further detailed analysis.

Current Options for the Pharmacotherapy of Obesity

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 2019-2032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioanna Gouni-Berthold ◽  
Heiner K. Berthold
Keyword(s):  
Safety Profile ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
The Us ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Obesity Drugs ◽  
Very High

650 millions of adults are obese worldwide - in the US alone, forty percent of the adults are obese. Although the obesity pandemic is constantly expanding at very high costs for health care systems, the currently available options of pharmacotherapy for obesity are rather limited. Despite intensive research efforts, the vast majority of the anti-obesity drugs developed up to now have a rather limited efficacy and/or safety profile. In the last fifty years, various drugs reached advanced states of clinical development but were either never marketed or were initially approved but withdrawn later due to safety issues. However, the understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity has been steadily improving and new, promising drugs targeting various selective obesityassociated and energy-homeostasis-related pathways are now available. When lifestyle changes alone fail to combat, then additional pharmacotherapy with an acceptable efficacy and safety profile could provide a useful therapeutic option.

Information about Health Care Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-53
Author(s):  
Alex Rajczi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Single Payer ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Government ◽  
Universal Health

One cannot discuss the ethics of health policy without understanding how health systems work, so this chapter provides background on the American health system before and after the Affordable Care Act. It also describes two universal health insurance systems the U.S. could adopt. In Canada’s single-payer system, the government serves as the basic insurer for the entire population. In the regulated-market systems of Switzerland and the Netherlands, citizens must purchase health insurance through private companies, and the government’s main jobs are providing subsidies to less wealthy individuals and ensuring that insurance companies deal fairly with citizens. The chapter concludes by examining the core ideas behind consumer-driven health care, a set of specific policies that conservatives often add to their health care proposals.

scholarly journals Changes In Mortality Trends Of Road Traffic Injuries In Lithuania Over 1971-2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birutė Strukčinskienė ◽  
Robert Bauer ◽  
Vaiva Strukčinskaitė ◽  
Sigutė Norkienė
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Road Traffic Crashes ◽  
Road Traffic Injuries ◽  
The Government

The goal of this study was to analyze the changes in mortality trends of road traffic injuries for the whole population in transitional Lithuania over 1971 to 2014. Special attention was paid to the potential effect of the activities at macro and micro-level, and the socio-economic changes after the Independence in 1991. The data were derived from the Department of Statistics for the Government of the Republic of Lithuania, the Archives of Health Information Centre, and the Institute of Hygiene in Lithuania. The numbers have been based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) of the World Health Organization (WHO). Trends were estimated by the use of logarithmic regression. During the study, trends before the Independence in 1991 and after the Independence were compared. The study revealed that during the 44-year study period, a total of 38,982 people died from road traffic injuries in Lithuania. Men deceased 3.2 times more than that of women. About 40% of those killed in road traffic crashes were pedestrians. The mortality rates of road traffic injuries showed no significant change over the pre-independence period (1971- 1991) for the whole group. However, during the post-independence period (1992-2014), the mortality rates of road traffic injuries in the country significantly decreased for the whole population. Before the Independence (1971-1991), no change was presented nor in men and nor in women subgroups, whereas after the Independence (1992-2014), road traffic injury deaths fell significantly in both sexes. In addition, over the post-independence period, a significant decrease in pedestrian mortality trends for the whole population, and in men and women subgroups was observed. The study confirmed that sustainable preventive measures at macro and micro levels had possible impact on fatal road traffic injuries in the country. Socioeconomic changes, political reforms, education activities, safe environment creation, legislation, and improved healthcare seem to have contributed to the significant decrease of fatal road traffic injuries in transitional Lithuania. Continuous and permanent injury prevention and road safety promotion work is recommended for road safety management.

scholarly journals Chronic care models and opportunities for improving health care practice and outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: Protocol for systematic review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Otieno ◽  
Charles Agyemang ◽  
Razak M. Gyasi ◽  
Anthony K. Ngugi ◽  
Catherine Kyobutungi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Care ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Care Models ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background: The rising burden of chronic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where health care systems are least developed has led to recent calls for increased investment in chronic care models (CCM) appropriate for low-resource settings. In SSA, limited resources are often allocated to treating acute diseases thus management of chronic conditions is a major challenge for health care systems. A large diversity of CCM exist in the literature but evidence supporting their use has been derived from high income settings. This is the motivation for conducting a systematic review to identify the existing CCM and their relevance and applicability in SSA.Methods and analysis: All peer-reviewed published and grey literature on CCM will be included. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Global Health Cinahl, African Journals Online, Informit Online, and PsycINFO will be searched to identify relevant articles. OpenSIGLE will be reviewed for grey literature. The articles retrieved will be independently screened for inclusion by two independent investigators while a third reviewer will arbitrate the disagreements. An independent critical appraisal of retrieved studies will be performed using standardized critical appraisal checklists. The data will be extracted from the key elements of CCM. Outcome measures for the effectiveness of the models in the context of SSA will include any reported improvement to the health care service delivery or changes in the health outcomes of patients with chronic illnesses. The study findings will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA).Discussion: This systematic review is expected to generate crucial evidence on the applicability of CCM in SSA and unearth the CCM components that are suitable for different levels of health care delivery systems and the emerging needs of the people living with comorbidities and multimorbidities in SSA.Systematic review registration: This review is registered in PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic reviews CRD42020187756.

scholarly journals Origin of imported SARS-CoV-2 strains in The Gambia identified from whole genome sequences

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0241942
Author(s):  
Abdoulie Kanteh ◽  
Jarra Manneh ◽  
Sona Jabang ◽  
Mariama A. Kujabi ◽  
Bakary Sanyang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Systems ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Travel History ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Local Transmission

The SARS-CoV-2 disease, first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has become a global pandemic and is causing an unprecedented burden on health care systems and the economy globally. While the travel history of index cases may suggest the origin of infection, phylogenetic analysis of isolated strains from these cases and contacts will increase the understanding and link between local transmission and other global populations. The objective of this analysis was to provide genomic data on the first six cases of SARS-CoV-2 in The Gambia and to determine the source of infection. This ultimately provide baseline data for subsequent local transmission and contribute genomic diversity information towards local and global data. Our analysis has shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus identified in The Gambia are of European and Asian origin and sequenced data matched patients’ travel history. In addition, we were able to show that two COVID-19 positive cases travelling in the same flight had different strains of SARS-CoV-2. Although whole genome sequencing (WGS) data is still limited in sub-Saharan Africa, this approach has proven to be a highly sensitive, specific and confirmatory tool for SARS-CoV-2 detection.

scholarly journals Standard motorcycle helmet usage and its effect on road traffic safety in the two major cities of Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trinh Thuy Anh
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic Safety ◽  
Motorcycle Helmet ◽  
Expert Interview ◽  
Road Crash ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
The Government

The number and severity of road accidents in Vietnam is at alarming rate. From 2003, the Government has tried to improve traffic safety, therefore the number of accident and traumatic brain injury (TBI) and the rate of death reduced suddenly. However, from the end of 2008, even though accident number decreasing, a number of TBI and deaths due to road crash are jumping up. This paper aims to analyze the reason of heavy injuries, TBI and deaths happening increased. The specific surveys were taken to motorcyclists, helmet market, traffic safety agencies and hospital in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Statistic method, integrated comparison, observation, expert interview survey and brainstorming method have been used in this study to analyze the problem. Then road safety situation, helmet usage, regulation and enforcement were analyzed. Base on these, proposal to improve road safety in the two major cities in Vietnam is going to be discussed.

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