scholarly journals Evolution of the Complex Partnerships between Banks and B2B e-Trading Platforms: A Theoretical Interpretation from the Chinese Market

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jinzhao Shi ◽  
Ju’e Guo ◽  
Qiang Du ◽  
Libiao Bai ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Supply Chain Finance ◽  
Absolute Benefit ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Behavioral Choices ◽  
Dual Perspective ◽  
The Absolute

Based on the principal-agent theory, we give a theoretical interpretation on evolution of the complex partnerships between the online SCF (supply chain finance) providers in China. First, we describe the principal-agent relationships and analyze the optimal profit-sharing contracts between the banks and the B2B platforms. Then, from a dual perspective of leadership transfer and absolute benefit change, we explain the behavioral choices of the banks in the cooperation. Results show that, at the initial stage of growth of the platforms’ abilities to rate online borrowers, the leadership and the absolute benefit of the banks will suffer a “double decline,” which explains why the leading banks in China “divorced” the B2B platforms during 2011 to 2013. However, as the platforms’ rating abilities grow to “maturity,” the absolute benefit of the banks will finally exceed its original level, and then the rational banks would cooperate with the platforms again even at the expense of losing a portion of their leadership, which answers why the banks in China have come back to “remarry” the B2B platforms since 2014.

scholarly journals Islamic banks: Profit Sharing Contracts and Agency Theory in the Islamic banks in Lebanon

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (18) ◽  
pp. 137-162
Author(s):  
Racha Ghayad ◽  
◽  
Mohamad Hamdan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agency Theory ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
Contractual Relations ◽  
The Absolute

The central feature characterizing the financial Islamic system is the absolute prohibition of the payment and receipt of fixed interest in any transaction. Theoretically, Islamic Banking operates on the basis of Profit Loss Sharing (Mudaraba and Musharaka). In Lebanon the balance sheet of Islamic banks appear that, the percentage of PLS financing is very weak. The lack of profit and loss sharing (PLS) financing is an important problem affecting Islamic banks in Lebanon. The main objective of this research is to analyze problems faced by Islamic banks in Lebanon to use the PLS contract. The type of PLS contract raises a set of issues concerning the contractual relations between the Islamic bank and the clients. These issues may be addressed from the perspectives of Agency Theory, as we will do in this paper.

Risk perceptions in localized breast cancer (BC).

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9534-9534
Author(s):  
Pallavi Kumar ◽  
Karen Sepucha ◽  
Yuchiao Chang ◽  
Jeffrey Belkora ◽  
Clara N Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Decision Quality ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Absolute Benefit ◽  
The Absolute

9534 Background: Risk perceptions (RP) play an important role in decision making in localized BC. Little is known about RP in the context of adjuvant (adj) therapy decisions. We examined the accuracy of estimate of absolute benefit of adj therapy among patients (pts) with localized BC and sought to identify determinants of accurate RP. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in localized (Stage I-III) BC pts within 3 months after surgery at 4 U.S. cancer centers. Pts completed the Decision Quality Instrument, which includes items on BC knowledge, numerical estimates of benefit of adj therapy, and communication with providers. We analyzed pts with Stage I/II and calculated objective estimates of benefit of adj therapy using Adjuvant! Online. Based on published data, an estimate that was +/- 5% of the calculated risk was considered correct. We used multivariable (MV) regression to identify determinants of accuracy including tumor stage, age, adj treatment, education, total knowledge score, and decision involvement. Results: 192/249 (77.1%) pts completed the survey; analyses were limited to 166 pts stage I/II with complete risk estimate data. Mean age was 56.4 years (SD 12.1), 83% of respondents were white, and 58.5% were college graduates. 56.3% had stage I and 43.7% had stage II disease. Most (95.6%) had some type of adj therapy, either endocrine therapy only (43.2%), chemotherapy only (15.3%), or both (32%). On average, pts estimated the absolute benefit of adj therapy to be 31.8% (SD24.9), and this varied by stage (28.4 and 35.9 for stage I and II, p=0.06). The overall estimate for this sample from Adjuvant! Online was 11.8% (SD 7.67) and this varied by stage (8.6/16.0 for stage I/II respectively, p<0.001). Few pts (18.1%) had accurate estimates and the majority (68.3%) overestimated the benefit. In MV logistic regression analysis, only BC knowledge score was associated with accurate estimate of benefit (OR 1.36 95%CI 1.04, 1.8). No other factors were significantly associated with accuracy. Conclusions: Pts with localized BC overestimated the absolute benefit of adj therapy by an average of 20 percentage points. Some pts may be taking on risks of adj therapy without accurate knowledge of the benefits, calling into question whether these decisions are truly informed.

Supportive care and chemotherapy (CT) versus supportive care alone in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): A meta-analysis using individual patient data (IPD) from randomised clinical trials (RCTs)

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 7582-7582 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Burdett ◽  
L. A. Stewart ◽  
J. F. Tierney ◽  
C. Le Pechoux
Keyword(s):  
Supportive Care ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Alkylating Agents ◽  
Performance Status ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Absolute Benefit ◽  
Absolute Effect ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Treatment Comparisons

7582 Background: Building on a previous IPD meta-analysis of CT (BMJ 1995;311:899–909) which suggested that CT may have a role in the treatment of NSCLC, we have carried out a new, up-to-date IPD meta-analysis. This includes RCTs, regimens and outcomes that were not available in 1995. This new meta-analysis examines the role of CT in 7 treatment comparisons. Here we report the effectiveness of supportive care plus CT compared with supportive care alone. Methods: We conducted a systematic search for RCTs followed by the central collection, checking and re-analysis of updated IPD. Results from individual RCTs were combined using the stratified (by trial) log rank test to calculate individual and pooled hazard ratios (HRs). Previously included RCTs using long-term alkylating agents were excluded from this analysis due to their antiquity. Results: IPD were obtained on 2,666 patients from 15 RCTs. 11 RCTs used cisplatin-based CT regimens, 4 RCTs used single agent CT (etoposide, navelbine, gemcitabine, paclitaxel). This added 6 RCTs and 1,702 patients to the 1995 analyses. The results show a highly significant benefit of CT on survival (HR=0.78 95% Confidence Interval 0.71–0.84, p<0.000001), with an absolute benefit of 8% (from 20% to 28%) at 12 months across all patients. There was no evidence of a difference in effect (p=0.69) between trials that used cisplatin-based regimens (11 RCTs, HR=0.76), etoposide alone (1 RCT, HR=0.87) or newer single agents (3 RCTs, HR=0.79) (Interaction p=0.69). There was no evidence that any patient subgroup defined by age, sex, stage or histology benefited more or less from CT. The absolute benefit of CT at 12 months did vary according to WHO/ECOG (or equivalent) performance status. PS 0=8% (from 26% to 34%), PS 1=8% (from 18% to 26%), PS 2=5% (from 6% to 11%) and PS 3=4% (from 5% to 9%). Conclusion: The results demonstrate a substantial and consistent relative benefit of CT in advanced NSCLC. The effectiveness of newer agents such as navelbine, paclitaxel and gemcitabine (used as single agents) appears to be similar to that of cisplatin combined with older agents such as vindesine and mitomycin C. The absolute effect of CT varied according to performance status. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Study on Information Asymmetry and the Risks Initiated by it in the Supply Chain Finance

2014 ◽  
Vol 496-500 ◽  
pp. 2827-2831
Author(s):  
Guo Fang Qiu ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Chong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Information Risk ◽  
Supply Chain Finance ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Principal Agent Relationship

From the perspective of commercial banks, put the financial supply chain in the principal-agent relationship which is multi-agent and of multiple sections. This paper analyzed the principal-agent relationship between different subjects and commercial banks and information asymmetry. Secondly it also analyzes the information risk of supply chain finance caused by asymmetric information from in three aspects as risk types, risk behavior and risk loss. Finally it gives the Suggestions and countermeasures aimed to financial risk in supply chain information. It provides reference to main body understanding and the information risk of supply chain finance.

Estate Duty on Life Assurances and Annuities

1962 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 323-376
Author(s):  
H. A. A. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Absolute Benefit ◽  
Married Women's Property Acts ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Law

SynopsisThe paper is concerned mainly with the incidence of estate duty on life assurances and annuities under sub-sections 2 (1) (c) and 2 (1) (d) of the Finance Act 1894. The effect of changes in the law introduced by section 34 of the Finance Act 1959 are examined by reference to two trust policies effected under the Married Women's Property Acts, one a policy for the absolute benefit of the wife of the life assured and the other a policy also for the benefit of the wife but with the trust falling should she predecease her husband. Where the assessment falls under sub-section 2 (1) (c) the treatment of life policies now follows the same lines as gifts of other types of property and the requirements to obtain limitation or exemption from duty are considered in detail.The paper goes on to review the incidence of estate duty on joint life and last survivor annuities according to the manner in which the contract is written.Finally some examples are given of the effect on estate duty of dealings with policies by beneficiaries in terms of section 34 of the Finance Act 1959.

Assessing Benefit and Risk in the Prevention of Prostate Cancer: The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial Revisited

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (30) ◽  
pp. 7460-7466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Klein ◽  
Catherine M. Tangen ◽  
Phyllis J. Goodman ◽  
Scott M. Lippman ◽  
Ian M. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Prevention Trial ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Absolute Benefit ◽  
Prostate Cancer Prevention ◽  
Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial ◽  
The Absolute

PurposeThe Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial demonstrated a 25% reduction in period prevalence of prostate cancer in men randomly assigned to 5 mg/d of finasteride. However, widespread use of finasteride for prevention is inhibited by the observed increased risk of high-grade disease. We present a model of risk and benefit that estimates the potential effects of histologic artifact in the assignment of excess risk for high-grade disease and the possible effect of overdetection bias introduced by finasteride-induced volume reduction.MethodsThe absolute benefit/absolute risk ratio of finasteride use was estimated by calculating the ratio of absolute risk reduction in the finasteride arm to the absolute risk of excess high-grade cancers. This ratio was recalculated for assumptions that 10%, 25%, or 50% of the excess high-grade cancers were due to histologic artifact, and that there was a 25% overdetection bias in the finasteride arm.ResultsFor all cancers the absolute benefit/absolute risk ratio increased from 4.6:1 to 5.1:1, 6.2:1, and 9.2:1 for assumptions of 10%, 25%, or 50% histologic artifact, respectively. The ratio increased from 4.6:1 to 8.2:1 for the assumption of 25% overdetection bias, and to 9.1:1, 10.9:1, and 16.3:1 for combined assumptions of 25% overdetection bias and 10%, 25%, or 50% histologic artifact, respectively.ConclusionThe adoption of a prevention strategy hinges on potential benefits weighed against potential risks. This model demonstrates the magnitude of effect for a hypothesized range of histologic artifact and overdetection bias on the assessment of risk versus benefit for finasteride.

scholarly journals EFEITO DO FOGO NA ESTRUTURA E ESTOCAGEM DE CARBONO DE UM FRAGMENTO FLORESTAL DA MATA ATLÂNTICA

Nativa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Bruno Leão Said Schettini ◽  
Carlos Moreira Miquelino Eleto Torres ◽  
Laércio Antônio Gonçalves Jacovine ◽  
Paulo Henrique Villanova ◽  
Samuel José Silva Soares da Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Absolute Density ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Number Of Individuals

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do fogo na estrutura e estocagem de carbono de uma capoeira, e comparar qual o impacto na vegetação da queima prescrita (QP) em relação ao incêndio não controlado (INC). O estudo foi conduzido em um fragmento florestal em estágio inicial de regeneração de 1,94 ha. INC’s foram observados no local entre os anos de 2014 e 2017. Em um desses incêndios, no ano de 2017, parte da capoeira (0,37 ha) foi atingida. O restante da área (1,57 ha) foi submetido ao procedimento de QP, para comparar a diferença entre as duas ações na vegetação. Foi realizado inventário florestal do tipo censo, nos anos de 2013, 2015 e 2017, e, posteriormente, realizadas avaliações de estrutura horizontal, volumetria e estoque de carbono. A densidade absoluta (DA), no ano de 2017 foi 64,37% inferior ao primeiro levantamento. A dominância absoluta (DoA) foi 74,24% inferior que no inventário de 2013. Mabea fistulifera Mart. foi a espécie de maior valor de cobertura (VC) nos três inventários. O INC afetou drasticamente a estrutura da floresta. O número de indivíduos ha-1 da QP foi 51,86% superior ao do INC. O impacto do incêndio trouxe danos a estrutura da floresta, bem como ao seu potencial de mitigação das mudanças climáticas enquanto a QP produziu impacto menor.Palavras-chave: degradação florestal, incêndio não controlado, queima prescrita. EFFECT OF FIRE ON THE STRUCTURE AND CARBONO STORAGE OF A FOREST FRAGMENTE OF THE ATLANTIC FOREST ABSTRACT:The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fire on the structure and carbon storage of a capoeira, and to compare the impact on the vegetation of the prescribed burning (QP) in relation to uncontrolled fire (INC). The study was conducted in a forest fragment at the initial stage of regeneration of 1.94 ha. INC were observed at the site between the years 2014 and 2017. In one of these fires, in the year 2017, part of the capoeira (0,37 ha) was affected. The rest of the area (1.57 ha) was submitted to the QP procedure, for comparation between the two actions in the vegetation. A census-type forest inventory was carried out in the years 2013, 2015 and 2017, followed by assessments of horizontal structure, volumetry and carbon stock. The absolute density (AD) in 2017 was 64.37% lower than the first survey. The absolute dominance (DoA) was 74.24% lower than in the inventory of 2013. Mabea fistulifera Mart. was the species with the highest coverage value (CV) in all three inventories. The INC affected drastically the structure of the forest. The number of individuals ha-1 of QP was 51.86% higher than that of INC. The impact of the fire has damaged the forest structure as well as its potential to mitigate climate change and QP has a smaller impact on the forest than the INC.Keywords: forest degradation, uncontrolled fire, prescribed burning.

scholarly journals Restrain Price Collusion in Trade-Based Supply Chain Finance

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Qiang Wei ◽  
Xinyu Gou ◽  
Tianyu Deng ◽  
Chunguang Bai
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Management Implications ◽  
Supply Chain Finance ◽  
Price Collusion ◽  
Transaction Value ◽  
The Impact

Collusion can increase the transaction value among supply chain members to obtain higher loans from supply chain finance (SCF) service provider, which will bring some serious risks for SCF. However, it is difficult to be identified and restrain the SCF service provider due to its stability and hiddenness. Different SCF transaction structures will affect the profits of supply chain members from collusion. This paper develops various game models for collusion and not collusion for different SCF transaction structures and investigates the impact of SCF transaction structures on the boundary conditions of collusion. Through comparative analysis, the findings of models are as follows: (1) in a two-echelon supply chain, the supplier and retailer are more likely to conduct collusion under the sequential game than under the simultaneous game; (2) collusion in the two-echelon supply chain can obtain higher loans than that in the three-echelon supply chain, so it has more serious hidden danger; (3) in the two-echelon supply chain, collusion is easier to form than in the three-echelon SCF supply chain that has spontaneous endogenous constraints. We also develop two types of mechanisms to restrain collusion behavior from profit sharing and incomplete information perspectives. Finally, we summarize the theoretical implications and analyze the management implications through a case study.

Optimal Profit Sharing Contract and Principal-Agent Value in Islamic Bank

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1837-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noraina Mazuin Sapuan ◽  
Nur Azura Sanusi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Antoni Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Islamic Bank

scholarly journals Incentive Contract between Banks and B2B Platform in Online Agricultural Product Supply Chain Finance

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Xiaoxu Chen ◽  
Peng Xu ◽  
Guoqiang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Incentive Contract ◽  
Agent Model ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Supply Chain Finance ◽  
Principal Agent Model ◽  
The Given ◽  
Level Of Effort

Online agricultural supply chain finance, as an effective way to solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises in the chain, has made rapid progress in recent years, and the cooperation between banks and e-commerce has become the mainstream mode. Taking the electronic order pledge of agricultural products as an example, this paper discusses the incentive contract design between banks and B2B platform from the perspective of moral hazard prevention and the use of principal-agent theory. In this paper, the principal-agent model is constructed by considering the bank's effort and no effort, and then give the optimal incentive coefficient and fixed return. The results show that banks’ effort will increase the level of efforts of B2B platform, but also increase their own variable payment; under the given conditions, the bank’s effort will increase its income, and at a certain level of effort, the largest increase in revenue, In addition, improving the application level of B2B data processing technology and the degree of data pledge development will contribute to the increase of incentive coefficient and revenue.

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