scholarly journals Personal Doses of Cocaine and Coca Paste are Adulterated in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jefferson Urzola-Ortega ◽  
Luis Mendoza-Goez ◽  
Diofanor Acevedo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
National Security ◽  
Street Drugs ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Illicit Market ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Cartagena De Indias ◽  
The City ◽  
Maximum Content

Knowledge of drug composition consumed on the streets and the identification and quantification of their adulterants is essential for understanding unexpected side effects, tracking routes, and drug profiling. Therefore, this work aimed to determine the purity and to identify and quantify the main adulterants found in personal doses of cocaine (perico) and coca paste (bazuco) in Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). The data collected in this study describe a first attempt to introduce the qualitative and quantitative analyses of adulterants present in street drugs in Cartagena de Indias to improve surveillance. Through gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the purity and adulterants were quantified in 45 personal doses of cocaine powder and coca paste. 100% of the personal doses in the city were adulterated; caffeine, phenacetin, and levamisole were the main adulterants identified in cocaine. Besides the above, lidocaine was also found in coca paste. The purity of cocaine varied from 8% to almost 70%, with caffeine ranging from 6% to 42%. In the case of coca paste, the maximum content of cocaine found was 60%, while some samples contained as little as 14%. The results are consistent with other research in terms of the widespread use of caffeine as an adulterant, but they also follow the growing trend of the use of levamisole and phenacetin. The wide range of cocaine content in samples sold in the illicit market could cause undesirable effects on cocaine users who do not know the exact intended dose for consumption; so, this study intends to make these results available not only to academic, public health, and national security agencies but also to tourists entering Cartagena de Indias, so that they are aware of what they are consuming and the risks to which they are exposed.

scholarly journals One Health or Three? Transmission modelling of Klebsiella isolates reveals ecological barriers to transmission between humans, animals and the environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry A Thorpe ◽  
Ross Booton ◽  
Teemu Kallonen ◽  
Marjorie J Gibbon ◽  
Natacha Couto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Ecological Barriers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The City

The Klebsiella group is highly diverse both genetically and ecologically, being commonly recovered from humans, livestock, plants, soil, water, and wild animals. Many species are opportunistic pathogens, and can harbour diverse classes of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. K. pneumoniae is responsible for a high public-health burden, due in part to the rapid spread of health-care associated clones that are non-susceptible to carbapenems. Klebsiella thus represents a highly pertinent taxon for assessing the risk to public health posed by animal and environmental reservoirs. Here we report an analysis of 6548 samples and 3,482 genome sequences representing 15 Klebsiella species sampled over a 15-month period from a wide range of clinical, community, animal and environmental settings in and around the city of Pavia, in the northern Italian region of Lombardy. Despite carbapenem-resistant clones circulating at a high frequency in the hospitals, we find no genotypic or phenotypic evidence for non-susceptibility to carbapenems outside of the clinical environment. The non-random distribution of species and strains across sources point to ecological barriers that are likely to limit AMR transmission. Although we find evidence for occasional transmission between settings, hierarchical modelling and intervention analysis suggests that direct transmission from the multiple non-human (animal and environmental) sources included in our sample accounts for less than 1% of hospital disease, with the vast majority of clinical cases originating from other humans.

scholarly journals An Interdisciplinary Definition of Pornography: Results from a Global Delphi Panel

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1085-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan McKee ◽  
Paul Byron ◽  
Katerina Litsou ◽  
Roger Ingham
Keyword(s):  
Delphi Panel ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Technical Report ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sexually Explicit ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Single Discipline ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Survey Responses

Abstract In interdisciplinary investigations into the relationships between pornography and its audiences, the issue of how to define the object of study is more complex than in studies situated within a single discipline. A Delphi panel of 38 leading pornography researchers from a wide range of disciplines was asked about various topics, including the definition of pornography. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of two rounds of survey responses suggested two different and—at first sight—incompatible definitions operating. The first was “Sexually explicit materials intended to arouse.” The second was a culturally relative definition suggesting pornography has no innate characteristics. This technical report suggests that we should encourage researchers to choose which definition they want to use in a self-reflective way depending on the needs of the project, so long as they make it explicit and justify their decision.

Plague and Public Health: Treating the Body of the City and the Body of the Poor

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-117
Author(s):  
John Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Political ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Local Structures ◽  
Marginalised Groups ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The City

This chapter examines the ways in which the combined administrative and medical expertise informed the developing strategies of the Italian government during the early stages of the epidemic. While conforming to more general public health policies of Italian states, it also considers how far the Florentine experience of plague was mediated through existing local structures and the political status quo. The influence of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II, remained very evident, as he sought to intervene in and to influence the developing policy of the magistrates of the health board, which was constituted by patricians who were members of his court. Meanwhile, the voluntary lay religious group, the Archconfraternity of the Misericordia, played a vital role in the transport and burial of the sick and the dead. While their porters and grave-diggers were paid, the members of the fraternity themselves performed their tasks from a sense of Christian charity towards the poorer members of society, a motivation which formed the obverse of the government's decrees against marginalised groups, such as prostitutes and Jews. A mixed motivation also informed the strategies of the medical staff in the service of the Sanità (health board), and the chapter looks at their role—sometimes distant, sometimes interventionist and sometimes compassionate—in inspecting the sick and recommending a wide range of treatments for the more affluent and the humble.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of the essential oils from two subspecies of Protium heptaphyllum

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delcio Dias Marques ◽  
Rogério Antônio Sartori ◽  
Telma Leda Gomes Lemos ◽  
Luciana Lucas Machado ◽  
João Sammy Nery de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Volatile Constituents ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The City

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the volatile constituents from resin of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand subsp. ulei (Swat) Daly (PHU), and Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand subsp. heptaphyllum (PHH), Burseraceae were performed using GC-MS and GC-FID. The resins were collected around the city of Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil. Essential oils from the two subspecies were extracted by hydrodistillation with a yield of 8.6% (PHU) and 11.3% (PHH); the main components were terpinolene (42.31%) and p-cymene (39.93%) for subspecies ulei (PHU) and heptaphyllum (PHH), respectively.

The Liverpool City-region Health is Wealth Commission

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Woodward ◽  
Clare Devaney
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Knowledge Capital ◽  
Business Research ◽  
City Region ◽  
European Capital Of Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The City

The Liverpool City-region Health is Wealth Commission was established to examine the growing divergence between the City-region’s public health status and its marked economic growth, specifically looking at links between health and productivity, identifying knowledge-gaps, and encouraging a more focused and collaborative alignment between the business, research and public health agendas. Over 18 months of investigation, Commissioners considered a wide range of research-based and plenary evidence from a number of key witnesses. The Commission made 12 final recommendations within six core themes: Alcohol, Smoking & Obesity; Incapacity Benefit; Wellbeing at Work; Beyond the Built Environment; Procurement; and Knowledge Capital. The Commission’s findings were published in September 2008, as part of Liverpool’s European Capital of Culture programme.

Simultaneous Determination of Prostaglandin and Hormones in Excreta of Trogopterus xanthipes

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-548
Author(s):  
Haolong Liu ◽  
Miaoxuan Fan ◽  
Xintong Fu ◽  
Yougen Chen ◽  
Min Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Chemical Profiling ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Endogenous Prostaglandin ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Good Linear Correlation

Abstract The excreta of Trogopterus xanthipes (also called Wulingzhi in Chinese, WLZ) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of irregular menstruation in clinic. Few reports are available on the chemical profiling of WLZ. In this work, qualitative and quantitative analyses of endogenous prostaglandin and hormones in WLZ were performed using UHPLC-orbitrap-MSn. In total, 48 compounds were identified in urine of T. xanthipes. Furthermore, the contents of four target compounds were simultaneously quantitated in 20 batches of samples by UPLC-MS/MS. The quantitative method showed a good linear correlation (R > 0.995) in a wide range for each compound. The method had a high sensitivity with LOD (0.5–1.0 ng/mL) and LOQ (1.0–2.5 ng/mL). The intra- and inter-day precisions were < 9.17 (RSD %), and repeatability and stability were < 6.14 (RSD %). The recovery of the analytes varied between 85.8% and 97.3% at three different concentrations. The present integrated qualitative and quantitative assessment of WLZ provides an evaluation strategy to assess the constituent in traditional Chinese medicine.

scholarly journals Implications of X-ray beam profiles on qualitative and quantitative synchrotron micro-focus X-ray fluorescence microscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1719-1726
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Morrell ◽  
J. Frederick W. Mosselmans ◽  
Kalotina Geraki ◽  
Konstantin Ignatyev ◽  
Hiram Castillo-Michel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Beam Profile ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Profile Correction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Distribution Of Elements ◽  
Image Artefacts ◽  
Quantitative Analyses

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence microscopy is frequently used to investigate the spatial distribution of elements within a wide range of samples. Interrogation of heterogeneous samples that contain large concentration ranges has the potential to produce image artefacts due to the profile of the X-ray beam. The presence of these artefacts and the distribution of flux within the beam profile can significantly affect qualitative and quantitative analyses. Two distinct correction methods have been generated by referencing the beam profile itself or by employing an adaptive-thresholding procedure. Both methods significantly improve qualitative imaging by removing the artefacts without compromising the low-intensity features. The beam-profile correction method improves quantitative results but requires accurate two-dimensional characterization of the X-ray beam profile.

In situ microprobe quantitation of inorganic particle burden in paraffin sections of lung tissue

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 990-991
Author(s):  
Jerrold L. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Paraffin Sections ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Data Result

Inorganic particulate material of diverse types is present in the ambient and occupational environment, and exposure to such materials is a well recognized cause of some lung disease. To investigate the interaction of inhaled inorganic particulates with the lung it is necessary to obtain quantitative information on the particulate burden of lung tissue in a wide variety of situations. The vast majority of diagnostic and experimental tissue samples (biopsies and autopsies) are fixed with formaldehyde solutions, dehydrated with organic solvents and embedded in paraffin wax. Over the past 16 years, I have attempted to obtain maximal analytical use of such tissue with minimal preparative steps. Unique diagnostic and research data result from both qualitative and quantitative analyses of sections. Most of the data has been related to inhaled inorganic particulates in lungs, but the basic methods are applicable to any tissues. The preparations are primarily designed for SEM use, but they are stable for storage and transport to other laboratories and several other instruments (e.g., for SIMS techniques).

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of some Plantago species from Serbia and Montenegro

Planta Medica ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Jankovic ◽  
G Zdunic ◽  
K Savikin ◽  
I Beara ◽  
N Mimica-Dukić
Keyword(s):  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Analyses

Death in the City

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Intimate Friend ◽  
Counter Narrative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
European Heritage ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple

Popular culture has long conflated Mexico with the macabre. Some persuasive intellectuals argue that Mexicans have a special relationship with death, formed in the crucible of their hybrid Aztec-European heritage. Death is their intimate friend; death is mocked and accepted with irony and fatalistic abandon. The commonplace nature of death desensitizes Mexicans to suffering. Death, simply put, defines Mexico. There must have been historical actors who looked away from human misery, but to essentialize a diverse group of people as possessing a unique death cult delights those who want to see the exotic in Mexico or distinguish that society from its peers. Examining tragic and untimely death—namely self-annihilation—reveals a counter narrative. What could be more chilling than suicide, especially the violent death of the young? What desperation or madness pushed the victim to raise the gun to the temple or slip the noose around the neck? A close examination of a wide range of twentieth-century historical documents proves that Mexicans did not accept death with a cavalier chuckle nor develop a unique death cult, for that matter. Quite the reverse, Mexicans behaved just as their contemporaries did in Austria, France, England, and the United States. They devoted scientific inquiry to the malady and mourned the loss of each life to suicide.

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