scholarly journals Ozoroa insignis reticulata (Baker f.) R. Fern. & A. Fern. Root Extract Inhibits the Production of Extracellular Proteases by Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jonathan Katsukunya ◽  
Rumbidzai Makurira ◽  
Stanley Mukanganyama
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Extracellular Protease ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Solvent Mixtures ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Isolation And Purification

Treatment of infections caused by S. aureus has become a challenge due to the emergency of resistant strains. Ozoroa reticulata root extracts have been used in traditional medicine to treat throat and chest pains in Zimbabwe. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of O. reticulata root bark extracts on the production of extracellular proteases by S. aureus. The root barks were collected, dried, and crushed into powder. To obtain different phytoconstituents, plant extractions were performed. Extractions were carried out using two solvent mixtures: ethanol : water (50 : 50 v/v) and dichloromethane : methanol (50 : 50 v/v). Serial exhaustive extractions were also performed using methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, acetone, ethyl acetate, hexane, and water. The broth microdilution assays were used to assess the antibacterial effects of the Ozoroa reticulata root bark extracts against S. aureus. Ciprofloxacin was used as a positive control. Qualitative screening for extracellular protease production by S. aureus on BCG-skim milk agar plates using the most potent extract was carried out. The proteolytic zones were measured and expressed as the ratio of the diameter of the colony to the total diameter of the colony plus the zone of hydrolysis ( P z values). The ethyl acetate extract was found to be the most potent inhibitor of the growth of S. aureus with 99% inhibition and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 µg/mL. Inhibition of extracellular protease production was directly proportional to the concentration of the extract. At 100 µg/mL, the ethyl acetate extract had a P z value of 0.84, indicative of mild proteolytic activity. A P z value of 0.94 was observed at a concentration of 200 µg/mL and signified weak proteolytic activity. In conclusion, the extract inhibited the production of extracellular proteases in S. aureus. Further work on the isolation and purification of bioactive compounds responsible for inhibiting the production of extracellular proteases is of importance in the discovery of agents with antivirulent effects on S. aureus.

scholarly journals ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANANIXANTHONE FROM ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF ROOT BARK OF SLATRI (Calophyllum soulattri) (CLUSIACEAE))

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Dindha Ramah Mulia ◽  
Nestri Wulandari ◽  
Muhammad Widyo Wartono
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Spectroscopic Data ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Isolation And Identification

<p><em></em>A  xanthone,  named  ananixanthone  (1)  has  been  isolated  and  identified  from  the  ethyl acetate  extract of the root barks of  Calophyllum soulattri. Structure of the compound was determined based on spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, NMR 1D, NMR 2D and by comparison with references.</p>

scholarly journals Bioactivity-guided isolation of alkamides from a cytotoxic fraction of the ethyl acetate extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) DC. roots.

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-185
Author(s):  
Souad Hamimed ◽  
Nadji Boulebda ◽  
Hocine Laouer ◽  
Abdelmalik Belkhiri
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Alcohol Extract

Abstract Introduction. The alcohol extract of Pellitory (Anacyclus pyrethrum) roots has been previously shown to exert anticancer activities on the Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line (HCT) by targeting apoptosis, metastasis and cell cycle arrest. However, the nature of the cytotoxic molecules associated with this activity remains unexplored. Aims. This study aims to reinvestigate Pellitory root extract as regard to its cytotoxic activity and to proceed to a bioguided fractionation to explore its active fraction and to give new insight in their phytochemical constituents. Methods. Powdered roots were subjected to repeated extraction with Petroleum ether (Pe), Chloroform (Ch), Ethyl acetate (Ea) and Methanol (Me). Pellitory extracts were then screened for cytotoxic activity using the Brine Shrimp Lethality (BSL) bioassay. Results. Ea extract exhibited a marked cytotoxic activity, with LC50 of 249.26 μg/mL in the BSL bioassay. The remaining extracts (Pe,Ch,Me) treated groups exhibited no or low mortality in the range of tested concentrations (1-1000 µg/mL). BSL assay-guided chromatographic fractionation of Ea active Extract revealed a highly cytotoxic fraction (F11) with LC50 of 42.5 µg/mL. Multistep purifications of the active F11 fraction afforded four alkamides, namely N-isobutyldeca-2,4-dienamide or Pellitorine (I), N-propyldodeca- -2,8-dienamide (II), N-isobutyltetradeca-2,4-dienamide (III) and N-propylnona-2,5- -dienamide (IV). Conclusions. This study suggests that cytotoxic activity is localized mainly in the ethyl acetate extract (Ea) of pellitory roots. BSL assay fractionation of this active extract leads to the isolation of four alkamides, including pellitorine (I). While this isobutyl alkamide has previously shown strong cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines, the other compounds (II to IV) were not previously reported as cytotoxic. Subsequently, the isolated alkamides will be considered in future study as candidates for in depth in-vitro evaluation of their cytotoxicity against cancer and normal cell lines. Finally, through this study, BSL assay demonstrate again its usefulness as bench-top assay in exploring plant extracts for cytotoxic compounds.

scholarly journals Isolation of Ethyl p-Methoxycinnamate from Azadirachta indica Root Bark as Hong Kong Caterpillar (Tenebrio molitor) Antifeedant

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1348
Author(s):  
Rosnani Nasution ◽  
Cut Nyak Candein ◽  
Nurdin Saidi ◽  
Muhammad Bahi ◽  
Marianne Marianne
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Antifeedant Activity ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
Disk Method

This study aims to identify the antifeedant activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss root bark against Hong Kong caterpillar (Tenebrio molitor). A. indica A. root was macerated in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The investigation of antifeedant activity was conducted by using the no choice leaf disk method. The antifeedant activity (%AI) tests showed that the extracts of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol with each concentration of 0.5% were 6.71, 71.78, and 40.14%, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the most active antifeedant activity. Ethyl acetate extract was fractionated to obtain five subfractions (A-E). Each subfraction with each concentration of 0.5% showed the %AI of 70.55, 85.29; 67.40, 82.70 and 82.22%, respectively. Furthermore, GC-MS results demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract contained 19 compounds. The main compounds are methyl hexadecanoate and methyl 8-octadecenoate. Further purification of fraction A, which has the highest amount, was then carried out. The obtained isolate, i.e., A32, was determined as ethyl p-methoxycinnamate confirmed by 13C- and 1H-NMR, FTIR, and MS spectra. The presence of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate makes A. indica A. root is potential as T. molitor antifeedant. The implication of these findings is to reference herbal antifeedants and reduce the use of synthetic pesticides.

scholarly journals Aktivitas Antioksidan Akar Bawang Merah Lokal Palu (Allium cepa Var Aggergatum L.) dengan Berbagai Kepolaran Pelarut

KOVALEN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-205
Author(s):  
Nur Faidah ◽  
Nurhaeni ◽  
Ahmad Ridhay ◽  
Jusman ◽  
Abd. Rahman Razak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Polar Solvents ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
Keywords Antioxidants

Research on the antioxidant activity of the local onion roots of Palu (Allium cepa Var Aggregatum L.) with various polarity solvents has been carried out. This study aims to determine the potential of Palu local shallot root extract as an antioxidant and determine the IC50 value of the Palu local shallot root antioxidant activity. The method applied in this research is maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The extracts from each solvent were tested for their antioxidant activity by the DPPH method. The results of the study showed that the IC50 value in n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract, and ethanol extract were 579.98 ppm, 518.28 ppm 315.83 ppm and as a comparison used ascorbic acid obtained IC50 of 53.69 ppm. Based on the results obtained, the best antioxidant activity is in polar solvents (ethanol extract) compared to other solvents. Keywords: Antioxidants, roots, Palu local shallots, Allium cepa Var Aggregatum L.

scholarly journals Effects of Tormentic Acid and the Extracts from Callistemon citrinus on the Production of Extracellular Proteases by Staphylococcus aureus

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Rumbidzai Mashezha ◽  
Molly Mombeshora ◽  
Stanley Mukanganyama
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Extracellular Protease ◽  
Protease Production ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
Antibacterial Susceptibility ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Tormentic Acid

Staphylococcus aureus is among the common nosocomial pathogens. Antibiotics have been used to treat S. aureus infections. However, there has been increased mortality associated with drug-resistant strains of S. aureus. Extracellular proteases have been implicated to be responsible for the transition of S. aureus from an adhesive pathogen to an invasive pathogen. The development of resistant strains has necessitated the search for new sources of drugs. Plants have been traditionally used as sources of therapeutic molecules. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of tormentic acid and the extracts from Callistemon citrinus on the production of extracellular proteases by S. aureus. The broth microdilution antibacterial susceptibility assay was used to determine the antibacterial effects of tormentic acid and the extracts on S. aureus. Both extracts showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 50 μg/ml. The water : ethanol (50 : 50) and the dichloromethane : methanol (50 : 50) extracts were found to be bactericidal against S. aureus at a concentration of 100 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml, respectively. The effect of tormentic acid and extracts on extracellular protease production was investigated using the protease assay. A zone of proteolytic activity (Pr) was measured as the ratio of the diameter of the colony to the total diameter of colony plus zone of hydrolysis. The extracts reduced the production of extracellular proteases, while tormentic acid completely inhibited the production of extracellular proteases by S. aureus. The Pr value for tormentic acid was found to be 1. The Pr values of the dichloromethane : methanol extract and the water : ethanol extract were 0.92 and 0.84, respectively. In conclusion, tormentic acid was shown to inhibit extracellular protease production; therefore, there is need to explore its use in antivirulence therapy to combat S. aureus infections.

ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF Chenopodium murale ROOT, A SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Arshad Javaid ◽  
Syeda Fakehha Naqvi ◽  
Iqra Haider Khan
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Methyl Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Dioctyl Phthalate ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Chenopodium Murale

Chenopodium murale L. is a winter weed of Chenopodiaceae. In this study, bioactive compounds present in ethyl acetate fraction of root extract of C. murale were identified. The weed plants were collected from Jehlem, Pakistan. Its roots were dried, powdered and extracted in methanol. After evaporation of the solvent, the remaining extract was mixed in water and partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform and finally with ethyl acetate. The last fraction was analyzed through GC-MS that indicated the presence of 15 compounds. These included the three major compounds namely o-xylene (15.03%), cyclopentanol (13.42) and 2-hexanol (13.99%). The moderately and less abundant compounds were ethylbenzene (5.47); methyl acetate (6.00%); cholestrol (4.33%); 2-phenanthrenol (3.01%); cyclohexanone (5.32%); p-xylene (5.12%); furostan-3,26-diyl dibenzoate (3.29%); dihexyl phthalate (4.99%); tricosanoic acid (2.74%); dioctyl phthalate (4.99%), hexanal (3.05%) and ergostane (1.29%). Literature survey showed that 10 of the identified compounds exhibited various biological activities including antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer and antipsoriatic. Most of the compounds were antimicrobial in nature.

scholarly journals Antiproliferative Activity of Triterpenoid and Steroid Compounds from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Calotropis gigantea Root Bark against P388 Murine Leukemia Cell Lines

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Kartini Hasballah ◽  
Murniana Sarong ◽  
Renzavaldy Rusly ◽  
Herdina Fitria ◽  
Dewi Rara Maida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Leukemia Cell ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Leukemia Cell Lines ◽  
Murine Leukemia Cell ◽  
Murine Leukemia ◽  
Antiproliferative Activities

Calotropis gigantea has been known to produce bioactive secondary metabolites with antiproliferative activities against cancer cells. Herein, we extracted the secondary metabolites using ethyl acetate from its root bark and further tested its antiproliferative activities against P388 murine leukemia cell lines. The subfractions from the ethyl acetate extract was obtained from Vacuum Liquid Column Chromatography (VLCC), and followed by Gravity Column Chromatography (GCC). The subfraction C2 and D1 were identified to contain triterpenoids and steroids with the most potent cytotoxicity against Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2-5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay suggested that ethyl acetate extract has the highest antiproliferative activities against P388 murine leukemia cell lines (IC50 = 21.79 μg/mL), as opposed to subfraction C2 (IC50 = 50.64 µg/mL) and subfraction D1 (IC50 = 49.33 µg/mL). The compound identified in subfraction C2 and D1 are taraxerol acetate and calotropone, respectively. Though taraxerol acetate and calotropone were active in inhibiting the leukemic cell lines, their IC50s were lower than the ethyl acetate extract, which is probably due to the synergism of the secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF β-SITOSTEROL AND STIGMASTEROL MIXTURE FROM ROOT BARK OF SLATRI (Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Doni Eko Saputra ◽  
Nestri Handayani ◽  
Muhammad Widyo Wartono
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Flash Chromatography ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Vacuum Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Yellowish White ◽  
C Nmr

<p>Chemical isolation and identificationof root bark of <em>Calophyllumsoulattri</em>Burm. f. have been conducted. Isolation was conducted by maceration with ethyl acetate as solvent. Ethyl acetate extract was separated and purified by vacuum liquid chromatography and flash chromatography which was guided by thin layer chromatography to obtain yellowish white solid. Isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopy methods such as UV, FTIR, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC and were compared to the references. Based on the analysis result it’s known that the compounds are the mixture of?-sitosterol and stigmasterol.</p>

scholarly journals Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of ethyl acetate root bark extract of Strychnos innocua (Delile)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamisu Ibrahim ◽  
Ahmed Jibrin Uttu ◽  
Muhammad Sani Sallau ◽  
Ogunkemi Risikat Agbeke Iyun
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Dimethyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Oleate ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Ethyl Ester ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Ms Analysis

Abstract Background Majority of phytochemicals have been known to bear valuable therapeutic activities such as insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal, anticonstipative, spasmolytic, antiplasmodial and antioxidant activities. Strychnos innocua is straight-stemmed tree belonging to the family Loganiaceae and can grow up to 18 m tall. The plant is used for various pharmacological purposes. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extract of root bark of S. innocua using GC–MS analysis. The root bark was collected, air-dried and then crushed to powder. Standard extraction method (maceration) was used to obtain the ethyl acetate extract. The GC–MS was carried out on the extract using GC 7890B, MSD 5977A, Agilent Tech. Results Thirty-seven compounds were identified among which dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate showed the highest peak area (31.03%) and monomethyl pimelate showed the lowest peak area (0.39%). The major compounds identified were cyclooctane (methoxymethoxy), 2,4-dimethylheptanedioic acid dimethyl ester, azelaic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, butyl 8-methylnonyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, 9,15-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, cis-vaccenic acid, linoleic acid ethyl ester and ethyl oleate. Conclusions In conclusion, these phytoconstituents might be responsible for the medicinal efficacy of the root bark of S. innocua and can be used as a source therapeutic drug.

scholarly journals ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANANIXANTHONE FROM ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF ROOT BARK OF SLATRI (Calophyllum soulattri) (CLUSIACEAE))

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Dindha Ramah Mulia ◽  
Nestri Wulandari ◽  
Muhammad Widyo Wartono
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Spectroscopic Data ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Isolation And Identification

<p><em></em>A  xanthone,  named  ananixanthone  (1)  has  been  isolated  and  identified  from  the  ethyl acetate  extract of the root barks of  Calophyllum soulattri. Structure of the compound was determined based on spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, NMR 1D, NMR 2D and by comparison with references.</p>

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