scholarly journals Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on Clothing Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Jenni Virtanen ◽  
Kirsi Aaltonen ◽  
Ilkka Kivistö ◽  
Tarja Sironen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
American Mink ◽  
Surface Type ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Blue Fox ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Fur Animals ◽  
Raccoon Dogs

In order to plan and execute proper preventative measures against COVID-19, we need to understand how SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted. It has been shown to remain infectious on surfaces from hours to days depending on surface type and environmental factors. The possibility of transmission through fur animals and contaminated pelts, along with the safety of those working with them, is a major concern. SARS-CoV-2 can infect minks and raccoon dogs and has spread to mink farms in numerous countries. Here, we studied the stability of SARS-CoV-2 on blue fox, Finn raccoon, and American mink pelt, fake fur, cotton, plastic, faux leather, and polyester and tested its inactivation by UV light and heat treatment. We detected infectious virus up to 5 days on plastic, up to 1 day on fake fur, less than a day on cotton, polyester, and faux leather, and even 10 days on mink fur. UV light failed to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 on pelts, most likely due to the mechanical protection by the fur. Hence, it should not be used to inactivate the virus on fur products, and its use for other surfaces should also be considered carefully. Heat treatment at 60°C for 1 h inactivated the virus on all surfaces and is a promising method to be applied in practice. This study helps prevent further spread of COVID-19 by increasing our understanding about risks of SARS-CoV-2 spread through contaminated clothing materials and giving important information needed to improve safety of those working in the production line as well as people using the products.

Sorbitol enhances the physicochemical stability of B12 vitamers

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Hadinata Lie ◽  
Maria V Chandra-Hioe ◽  
Jayashree Arcot
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Uv Exposure ◽  
Physicochemical Stability ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Stability

Abstract. The stability of B12 vitamers is affected by interaction with other water-soluble vitamins, UV light, heat, and pH. This study compared the degradation losses in cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin due to the physicochemical exposure before and after the addition of sorbitol. The degradation losses of cyanocobalamin in the presence of increasing concentrations of thiamin and niacin ranged between 6%-13% and added sorbitol significantly prevented the loss of cyanocobalamin (p<0.05). Hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin exhibited degradation losses ranging from 24%–26% and 48%–76%, respectively; added sorbitol significantly minimised the loss to 10% and 20%, respectively (p < 0.05). Methylcobalamin was the most susceptible to degradation when co-existing with ascorbic acid, followed by hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin. The presence of ascorbic acid caused the greatest degradation loss in methylcobalamin (70%-76%), which was minimised to 16% with added sorbitol (p < 0.05). Heat exposure (100 °C, 60 minutes) caused a greater loss of cyanocobalamin (38%) than UV exposure (4%). However, degradation losses in hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin due to UV and heat exposures were comparable (>30%). At pH 3, methylcobalamin was the most unstable showing 79% degradation loss, which was down to 12% after sorbitol was added (p < 0.05). The losses of cyanocobalamin at pH 3 and pH 9 (~15%) were prevented by adding sorbitol. Addition of sorbitol to hydroxocobalamin at pH 3 and pH 9 reduced the loss by only 6%. The results showed that cyanocobalamin was the most stable, followed by hydroxocobalamin and methylcobalamin. Added sorbitol was sufficient to significantly enhance the stability of cobalamins against degradative agents and conditions.

scholarly journals Stability and ocular biodistribution of topically administered PLGA nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Swetledge ◽  
Renee Carter ◽  
Rhett Stout ◽  
Carlos E. Astete ◽  
Jangwook P. Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Plga Nanoparticles ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Eye Tissues ◽  
Nanoparticle Morphology ◽  
The Stability

AbstractPolymeric nanoparticles have been investigated as potential delivery systems for therapeutic compounds to address many ailments including eye disease. The stability and spatiotemporal distribution of polymeric nanoparticles in the eye are important regarding the practical applicability and efficacy of the delivery system in treating eye disease. We selected poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with lutein, a carotenoid antioxidant associated with eye health, as our model ophthalmic nanodelivery system and evaluated its stability when suspended in various conditions involving temperature and light exposure. We also assessed the ocular biodistribution of the fluorescently labeled nanoparticle vehicle when administered topically. Lutein-loaded nanoparticles were stable in suspension when stored at 4 °C with only 26% lutein release and no significant lutein decay or changes in nanoparticle morphology. When stored at 25 °C and 37 °C, these NPs showed signs of bulk degradation, had significant lutein decay compared to 4 °C, and released over 40% lutein after 5 weeks in suspension. Lutein-loaded nanoparticles were also more resistant to photodegradation compared to free lutein when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, decaying approximately 5 times slower. When applied topically in vivo, Cy5-labled nanoparticles showed high uptake in exterior eye tissues including the cornea, episcleral tissue, and sclera. The choroid was the only inner eye tissue that was significantly higher than the control group. Decreased fluorescence in all exterior eye tissues and the choroid at 1 h compared to 30 min indicated rapid elimination of nanoparticles from the eye.

scholarly journals First Report of Chlamydia abortus in Farmed Fur Animals

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaocai Li ◽  
Ping Liu ◽  
Xiaoan Cao ◽  
Zhongzi Lou ◽  
Kinga Zaręba-Marchewka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Loss ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
First Report ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Fur Animals ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Raccoon Dogs

Chlamydia (C.) abortus, a globally distributed obligate intracellular bacterium, has attracted increasing interest according to its veterinary importance and zoonotic nature. C. abortus can infect a variety of animals and cause foetal loss in livestock resulting in economic loss. In this study, the samples collected from two farms of foxes (n=20), raccoon dogs (n=15) and minks (n=20), were investigated by Chlamydiaceae- and Chlamydia species-specific real-time PCR. The results showed that all the tested foxes (20/20) and raccoon dogs (15/15) harbored Chlamydia spp., while 5% of minks (1/20) were positive for Chlamydia spp. C. abortus was identified in all positive samples as the dominant Chlamydia species, with C. pecorum DNA coexistence in some of the rectal samples (7/20) taken from foxes. Phylogenetic analysis based on specific gene fragments of 16S rRNA, IGS-23S rRNA, and ompA revealed that all sequences obtained in this study were assigned to the Chlamydiaceae family with high similarity to C. abortus S26/3 and B577 previously identified in ruminants. This is the first report confirming that farmed foxes, raccoon dogs, and minks carry C. abortus. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the epidemiology and pathogenicity of this pathogen in farmed fur animals as well as the potential risks to public health.

Keeping quality of milk in relation to the copper content and temperature of pasteurization

1986 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Ford ◽  
Monika J. A. Schröder ◽  
Michael A. Bland ◽  
Kim S. Blease ◽  
K. John Scott
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Storage Losses ◽  
C Storage ◽  
B Complex Vitamins ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
The Stability

SUMMARYFor milk from four herds of cows, maintained under different conditions of feeding and management, the natural Cu content and the stability of the ascorbate were highly correlated. Low Cu levels in milk from cows at pasture at farms A and B during the summer were associated with low storage losses of ascorbate. During this period, the milk of cows at farms C and D (on forage and Cu-supplemented concentrate) was richer in Cu, and losses of ascorbate were high. Heat treatment of the milk stabilized the ascorbate. Thus, in ‘high Cu’ milk (60 µg Cu/l), loss of ascorbate in the raw milk was 58% at 2 d, as against 17% after pasteurization at 72 °C and no loss after treatment at 82 °C. Storage of milk in light caused rapid destruction of ascorbate, equally with 72 and 82 °C heat treatments. The effects were examined of milk pasteurization temperature (72–82 °C) on flavour stability, bacteriological quality and vitamins of the B-complex. Heat treatment at 82 °C increased the susceptibility of vitamin B12 to destruction by light, but otherwise caused no greater losses of B-complex vitamins than did treatment at 72 °C. Taste panel ratings showed an initial preference for milk heated at 72 °C, but on storage of this milk in darkness the flavour score fell progressively and at 5 d it was judged ‘stale’. Treatment at 82 °C gave a faint ‘cooked’ flavour although, unlike that of the 72 °C-treated milk, the flavour remained stable throughout 14-d storage and after d 8 was increasingly preferred. On exposure to light after treatment at 72 °C milks rapidly acquired an unpleasant‘oxidized’ flavour, but after treatment at 82 °C, exposure to light had no such adverse effect on flavour during the early days of storage. Pasteurization at ∼ 80 °C offers a potential for improvement in the oxidative stability of milk and its contribution of vitamin C to the diet.

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterization of one-dimensional titanate structure

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljubica Nikolic ◽  
Marija Maletin ◽  
Paula Ferreira ◽  
Paula Vilarinho
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Simple Hydrothermal Process

One-dimensional titania structures were synthesized trough a simple hydrothermal process in a highly alkaline conditions. The aim of this work was to elucidate the effect of time on the formation of 1D titanates as well on its structural characteristics (morphology, phase composition, surface area). Apart from that, the effect of heat treatment conditions on the stability of titanate based 1D samples has been investigated. The results have revealed that it is possible to form one-dimensional titanates already after 1 hour of hydrothermal synthesis. Although the composition of titanates is still under debate, the results probably correspond to the layered sodium titanates. The 1D prepared structures show a remarkable stability during heating, remaining the basic morphology and composition even up to 700?C.

scholarly journals Carbonitration of a Tool for Pressing Stainless Steel Pipes

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. C17-C21
Author(s):  
I. V. Ivanov ◽  
M. V. Mohylenets ◽  
K. A. Dumenko ◽  
L. Kryvchyk ◽  
T. S. Khokhlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Matrix Ring ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Matrix Rings ◽  
Conventional Heat Treatment ◽  
The Stability

To upgrade the operational stability of the tool at LLC “Karbaz”, Sumy, Ukraine, carbonation of tools and samples for research in melts of salts of cyanates and carbonates of alkali metals at 570–580 °C was carried out to obtain a layer thickness of 0.15–0.25 mm and a hardness of 1000–1150 НV. Tests of the tool in real operating conditions were carried out at the press station at LLC “VO Oscar”, Dnipro, Ukraine. The purpose of the test is to evaluate the feasibility of carbonitriding of thermo-strengthened matrix rings and needle-mandrels to improve their stability, hardness, heat resistance, and endurance. If the stability of matrix rings after conventional heat setting varies around 4–6 presses, the rings additionally subjected to chemical-thermal treatment (carbonitration) demonstrated the stability of 7–9 presses due to higher hardness, heat resistance, the formation of a special structure on the surface due to carbonitration in salt melts cyanates and carbonates. Nitrogen and carbon present in the carbonitrided layer slowed down the processes of transformation of solid solutions and coagulation of carbonitride phases. The high hardness of the carbonitrified layer is maintained up to temperatures above 650 °C. If the stability of the needle-mandrels after conventional heat treatment varies between 50–80 presses, the needles, additionally subjected to chemical-thermal treatment (carbonitration) showed the stability of 100–130 presses due to higher hardness, wear resistance, heat resistance, the formation of a special surface structure due to carbonitration in melts of salts of cyanates and carbonates. Keywords: needle-mandrel, matrix ring, pressing, heat treatment, carbonitration.

Effect of Heat-Treatment Time on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-5Gd-2Y-2Zn-0.5Zr Alloy

2012 ◽  
Vol 482-484 ◽  
pp. 1384-1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Gang Meng ◽  
Can Feng Fang ◽  
Peng Peng ◽  
Nai Pu Li ◽  
Qiong Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Lpso Phase ◽  
High Temperature Heat Treatment ◽  
Lpso Structure ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Stability

Microstructure evolution of Mg-5Gd-2Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy during high temperature heat-treatment at 500°C in the time range 10-70h was investigated. The results show that after adding the element Y, the as-cast Mg-5Gd-2Y-2Zn-0.5Zr alloy forms the Mg12Zn(Y,Gd) phase with 18R-LPSO structure at the grain boundary. During heat-treatment at 500°C, the stability of 18R-LPSO structure is weakened by Gd atoms, parts of LPSO phases dissolve gradually into the matrix with time prolonged and a new type Mg(Y,Gd)Zn phase come into being. LPSO phase in the grain boundary can ensure the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the alloy, and effect of dissevering on the LPSO phase by Mg(Gd,Y)Zn phase results the decrease of UTS and elongation.

Effect of Preliminary Heat Treatment on the Stability of Austenite in Steel 08Kh15N5D2T

2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 232-234
Author(s):  
T. M. Makhneva ◽  
S. F. Savchenkova ◽  
E. S. Makhnev ◽  
M. V. Savchenkova
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Preliminary Heat Treatment ◽  
The Stability
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