scholarly journals Assessment of the Impact of Salt Iodisation Programmes on Urinary Iodine Concentrations and Goitre Rates: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Almeida Abudo Leite Machamba ◽  
Francilene Maria Azevedo ◽  
Aline Carare Candido ◽  
Mariana de Souza Macedo ◽  
Silvia Eloiza Priore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Population ◽  
Programme Implementation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Two main strategies are currently recommended for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency in the world: implementation of universal salt iodisation programmes and permanent monitoring of iodine consumption by the population. Although iodine intake and coverage iodised salt have increased in the world population, iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) may still be a public health problem in a few countries or communities. Objective. To assess the impact of salt iodisation programmes on urinary iodine concentrations and goitre rates in the world population. Methodology. A systematic review based on the PRISMA method. We obtained articles from Scopus, Science Direct, MEDLINE databases, and other sources between March and April 2020, without limitation of dates. “Iodisation” AND “urinary iodine concentrations” AND “goitre” in English, Portuguese, and Spanish without filters and clinical trial, case-control, and cross-sectional studies were included in this review. Results. Of 479 abstracts, twenty-three were eligible. Coverage on iodised salt was in the range of 16 to 98%, and 11 studies had been sufficient, whilst eight studies had adequate iodine concentration in salt and three excess. 81.8% of studies that had an adequate median of UIC had a good impact in their respective salt iodisation programmes. Conclusion. After 18 years of salt iodisation programme implementation in the 13 countries, the majority achieved sustaining elimination of IDD whilst all had adequate median UIC; however, more detailed studies are still needed to confirm that all communities are equally protected of IDD.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 Home Confinement in Children’s Refractive Errors

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5347
Author(s):  
Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina ◽  
Clara Martinez-Perez ◽  
Cesar Villa-Collar ◽  
Cristina Andreu-Vázquez ◽  
Alicia Ruiz-Pomeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Population ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
Visual Screening ◽  
Near Work ◽  
The Impact

Background: Myopia is a public health problem, with estimations that 50% of the world population will be myopic by 2050. Some environmental factors, such as time spent outdoors, doing near work, and using digital devices, influence the development of myopia in children. Home confinement in Spain has increased these risk factors, so this study aims to investigate the impact of home confinement during the COVID-19 outbreak in the vision of school-aged children; Methods: A cross-sectional study in children between 5 and 7 years old that completed a visual screening and a questionnaire about their lifestyles at opticians in Spain in September and October of 2019 and 2020. Statistical analysis to compare lifestyles pre and post confinement, and vision in 2020 versus a similar cohort examined at the same opticians in 2019, was conducted; Results: Spanish children spent less time outdoors and more time doing near work in 2020 than in 2019 (p ≤ 0.001). There was a significant decrease of the spherical equivalent (mean ± standard deviation; 0.66 ± 2.03 D in 2019 vs. 0.48 ± 1.81 D in 2020; p ≤ 0.001); Conclusions: Lifestyles of Spanish children changed during the home confinement at the beginning of 2020. Together with changes in their lifestyles, spherical equivalents have decreased, which implies higher figures of myopia for children aged between 5 and 7.

scholarly journals A study on the iodised salt use pattern amongst the slum dwellers in Kolkata

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4845
Author(s):  
Sourav Kundu ◽  
Tamasi Mandal ◽  
Arkaprabha Sau ◽  
Ishita Bhakta ◽  
Arindam Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Centre ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Use Pattern

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are most important causes of preventable brain damage all over the world. Iodization of salt is used as a weapon to prevent IDD through national iodine deficiency disorders control programme and food safety and standards act, 2006 and regulations, 2011. Climatic condition, knowledge about storage and culinary practices pose a problem in maintaining adequate iodine level in salt at the consumer level.Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in the slum of Baghbazar under the service area of urban health and training centre, R.G. Kar medical college and hospital, Kolkata from 18 April to 30 April 2018. Households were chosen using simple random sampling and one adult representative from each household was interviewed with pre-designed pre-tested schedule.Results: 100% of the households were found to use iodised salt. 19.2% were aware that they were using iodised form of salt. 96.2% people keep the salt in covered container but only 7.7% of them knew that if kept uncovered iodine vaporises from salt. Moreover 40.4% of the respondents were found to keep salt open close to the oven during cooking with 86.5% of them not believing that this practice can have effect on the quality of the salt.Conclusions: Awareness regarding the effect of iodised salt on health, proper storage and use pattern should be initiated for desired sustainable change in practice and strict enforcement of law for curbing sale of non-iodised salt must be implemented so that IDD cease to be a serious public health problem.

scholarly journals Mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt modestly improves iodine status in schoolchildren

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila A. Skeaff ◽  
Emily Lonsdale-Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Median Serum ◽  
The Impact

Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in many parts of the world including the UK, Australia and New Zealand (NZ). In 2009, the NZ government introduced the mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt as a strategy to improve iodine intakes. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of fortification on the iodine status of NZ schoolchildren. A school-based cluster survey was used to randomly select schools from two NZ cities. Children aged 8–10 years were administered a general questionnaire, and asked to provide a casual urine and finger-prick blood sample. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of the children (n147) was 113 μg/l, which falls between 100 and 199 μg/l indicating adequate iodine status; 12 % of children had a UIC < 50 μg/l and 39 % had a UIC < 100 μg/l. The median serum thyroxine concentration was 115 nmol/l. The median serum thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration was 10·8 μg/l and falls in the 10·0–19·9 μg/l range indicative of mild iodine deficiency, suggesting that these children still had enlarged thyroid glands. When compared with the median UIC of 68 μg/l reported in the 2002 NZ Children's Nutrition Survey, the UIC of children in the present study had increased, which is probably caused by the addition of iodised salt to bread. However, the elevated concentration of Tg in these children suggests that the increase in UIC is not sufficient to ensure that thyroid volume has normalised. The fortification of other staple foods, in addition to bread, should be considered to ensure good iodine status in NZ children.

scholarly journals Knowledge about goitre among female school-going children in Wellega Province, Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zekarias F. Abessa ◽  
Yohana J. Mashalla
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
World Population ◽  
Local Foods ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The World ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
School Girls ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

Background: About 30% of the world population is affected by Iodine Deficiency Disorder and Ethiopia is among the top ten countries in the world with severe iodine deficiency. The objective of this study was to explore the knowledge about goitre and preventive measures among female school children aimed at reducing the occurrence of goitre.Methods: Quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to explore the knowledge about goitre among school-going children in three schools in Wellega Province, Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse, organise and interpret the findings.Results: A total of 364 girls aged between 15–19 years participated in the study. Overall, 71.4% did not have the knowledge about goitre, one third (28.6%) knew that goitre is caused by iodine deficiency and less than half (48.4%) knew that iodinated salt prevents occurrence of goitre. Sixty one per cent did not know which local foods aggravate goitre, 35.7% indicated that goitre affects both males and females and a small proportion identified pregnant women, children and adolescents as vulnerable groups for goitre. Only 38% received information about goitre from the schools.Conclusion: The level of knowledge about goitre among school girls in Wellega Province is low. It is recommended that concerted efforts targeting adolescents to acquire knowledge about the causes and prevention of goitre should be made and further studies should be done to explore perceptions and cultural factors that may contribute to the knowledge gap.

scholarly journals The Covid-19 pandemic as a trigger for depression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália Murad Schmitt ◽  
Gabriel Costa Ferreira Andrade ◽  
Maria Arlete da Silva Rodrigues ◽  
Myrela Murad Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Routine Activities ◽  
World Population ◽  
The World ◽  
First Contact ◽  
The Impact

Background: In the last years, a high number of people with depression have been found and it’s estimated that 5% of the world population lives with this disease. However, since the Covid-19 pandemic, there was a significant increase, which is justify by the fear of the virus, boredom of isolation and the uncertainty of the future due to the difficulties caused by the situation. In this scenario, understand this disease considered a public health problem is important, because health professionals may need to deal with a possible imminent new pandemic: the depression one. Objective: To understand the impact of depression during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: An integrative review was performed, through a virtual scenario, selecting articles from the last five years in the Pubmed, Scielo and Google Scholar platforms. Results: Depression brings desmotivation, lack of energy and loss of pleasure in routine activities, besides feeling deep sadness, low self-esteem and a recurrent feeling of guilt. It’s natural the population suffers from mood swings and that’s why it’s important to take care of mental health during the pandemic, like how to create a new routine and make it work, because the atypical situation has been the trigger for the first contact with psychiatric symptoms of many. Conclusion: Fear, financial crisis and the lack of routine are risk factors, which may reflect on the behavior of the population. Understanding the trigger and being able to live with it’s essential for the mental health.

scholarly journals Epidemiological survey on the relationship between different iodine intakes and the prevalence of hyperthyroidism

2002 ◽  
pp. 613-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Yang ◽  
W Teng ◽  
Z Shan ◽  
H Guan ◽  
Y Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different levels of iodine intake on the prevalence of hyperthyroidism and the impact of universal salt iodization on the incidence of hyperthyroidism. DESIGN: A comparative cross-sectional and longitudinal survey was conducted in three areas with borderline iodine deficiency, mild iodine excess (previously mild iodine deficiency) and severe iodine excess. Universal salt iodization had been introduced 3 years previously except in the area with borderline iodine deficiency. METHODS: In total 16 287 inhabitants from three areas answered a questionnaire concerning the history of thyroid disease. Among them 3761 unselected subjects received further investigations including thyroid function, thyroid autoantibodies, thyroid ultrasonography and urinary iodine excretion. RESULTS: Among areas with median urinary iodine excretion of 103 microg/l, 375 microg/l and 615 microg/l (P<0.05), the prevalence of hyperthyroidism did not differ significantly (1.6%, 2% and 1.2%). The prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism was higher in areas with borderline iodine deficiency and mild iodine excess than in the area with severe excess iodine intake (3.7%, 3.9% and 1.1%, P<0.001). The prevalence of Graves' disease and its proportion in hyperthyroidism did not differ among areas. The incidence of hyperthyroidism did not significantly increase after the introduction of universal salt iodization. CONCLUSION: Different iodine intakes under a certain range do not affect the prevalence and type of hyperthyroidism. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is more prevalent in the iodine deficient area than in the severe iodine excessive area. In the area with mild iodine deficiency, the introduction of universal salt iodization may not be accompanied by an increased incidence of hyperthyroidism.

scholarly journals Iodine Deficiency Disorders as a Predictor of Stunting among Primary School Children in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7644
Author(s):  
Fuad I. Abbag ◽  
Saeed A. Abu-Eshy ◽  
Ahmed A. Mahfouz ◽  
Mohammed A. Alsaleem ◽  
Safar A. Alsaleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutrition Sensitive

Objectives: To investigate the present occurrence of stunting and explore the role of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) as a predictor of stunting among primary school children in the Aseer Region. Methods: In a cross-sectional investigation on school children in the Aseer region, thyroid enlargement was evaluated clinically. Urine was collected to evaluate iodine content. Results: The present study involved 3046 school-age pupils. The study disclosed a total goiter rate of 24.0% (95% CI: 22.5–25.5%). The median urinary iodine content (UIC) was 17.0 µg/L. A prevalence of stunting (height for age z score of less than −2) of 7.8% (95% CI: 6.9–8.8%) was found. In a logistic regression model, pupils having clinical goiter (aOR = 1.739; 95% CI: 1.222–2.475) and students having UIC of less than 17 µg/L (aOR = 1.934; 95% CI: 1.457–2.571) were considerably related with stunting. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, urinary iodine content to forecast stunting was good (AUC = 0.611, 95% CI: 0.594–0.629). The curve recognized the optimum cutoff point of urinary iodine content to be ≤19.0 µg/L. The sensitivity was 59.66% (95% CI: 53.1–66.0) and the specificity was 57.62% (95% CI: 55.8–59.5). Conclusion: The present study showed that stunting among school-aged children presents a mild public health problem. On the other hand, a severe iodine deficiency situation was revealed among school children in the Aseer region. Continuous monitoring of iodine status among school children is therefore necessary. Concerted interventions that blend nutrition-sensitive with nutrition-specific approaches are expected to influence decreasing stunting significantly.

National study on the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders among schoolchildren 8-12 years of age in Bahrain

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 609-616
Author(s):  
K. Moosa ◽  
A. W. Abdul Wahab ◽  
J. Al Sayyad ◽  
B. Z. Baig
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
National Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Public Health

A cross-sectional survey of primary-school children in Bahrain was conducted to estimate the prevalence of goitre and iodine deficiency according to age, sex and area of residence. During January-May 1999, 1600 children were randomly chosen from all government schools. Children were examined for goitre and of those, 50% were randomly selected for urinary iodine level assessment. Only 26 children [1.7%] had goitre. Although median urinary iodine was above 100 microg/L, 121 of 749 children [16.2%] had low urinary iodine levels. Although iodine deficiency does not pose a significant public health problem in Bahrain, education about the nutritional value of iodized salts in the prevention of this disorder could increase public awareness.

scholarly journals Remaining challenges in Tanzania's efforts to eliminate iodine deficiency

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1032-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent D Assey ◽  
Celestin Mgoba ◽  
Nicholaus Mlingi ◽  
Alfred Sanga ◽  
Godwin D Ndossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Goitre Prevalence

AbstractObjectiveTo determine iodine levels in salt and iodine deficiency prevalence in school-aged children in 16 districts in Tanzania with previous severe iodine deficiency.DesignA cross-sectional study in schoolchildren. Systematic probability sampling was used to select schools and subjects for goitre assessment and urinary iodine determination.SettingSixteen districts randomly selected from the 27 categorised as severely iodine-deficient in Tanzania.SubjectsThe study population was primary-school children aged 6–18 years who were examined for goitre prevalence and urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Salt samples from schoolchildren's homes and from shops were tested for iodine content.ResultsThe study revealed that 83.3% of households (n = 21 160) in the surveyed districts used iodised salt. Also, 94% of sampled shops (n = 397) sold iodised salt, with a median iodine level of 37.0 ppm (range 4.2–240 ppm). Median UIC in 2089 schoolchildren was 235.0 μg l− 1and 9.3% had UIC values below 50 μg l− 1. The overall unweighted mean visible and total goitre prevalence was 6.7% and 24.3%, respectively (n = 16 222). The age group 6–12 years had the lowest goitre prevalence (3.6% visible and 18.0% total goitre,n = 7147). The total goitre prevalence had decreased significantly in all districts from an unweighted mean of 65.4% in the 1980s to 24.3% in 1999 (P < 0.05). We believe this difference was also biologically significant.ConclusionThese findings indicate that iodine deficiency is largely eliminated in the 16 districts categorised as severely iodine-deficient in Tanzania, and that the iodine content of salt purchased from shops is highly variable.

scholarly journals Psychological impact in the time of COVID-19: A cross-sectional population survey study during confinement

2021 ◽  
pp. 135910532098558
Author(s):  
Carmina Castellano-Tejedor ◽  
María Torres-Serrano ◽  
Andrés Cencerrado
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Females ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The transformation that COVID-19 has brought upon the world is unparalleled. The impact on mental health is equally unprecedented and yet unexplored in depth. An online-based survey was administered to 413 community-based adults during COVID-19 confinement to explore psychological impact and identify high risk profiles. Young females concerned about the future, expressing high COVID-related distress, already following psychological therapy and suffering from pre-existing chronic conditions, were those at highest risk of psychological impact due to the COVID-19 situation. Findings could be employed to design tailored psychological interventions in the early stages of the outbreak to avoid the onset/exacerbation of psychopathology.

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