Cross-Sectional Association between Blood Pressure, in vivo Insulin Sensitivity and Adiponectin in Overweight Adolescents

Differences in gender are in part responsible for the development of insulin resistance (IR) and associated hypertension. Currently, it is unclear whether these differences are dictated by gender itself or by the relative changes in plasma estrogen and/or testosterone. We investigated the interrelationships between testosterone and estrogen in the progression of IR and hypertension in vivo in intact and gonadectomized fructose-fed male rats. Treatment with estrogen significantly reduced the testosterone levels in both normal chow-fed and fructose-fed rats. Interestingly, fructose feeding induced a relative increase in estradiol levels, which did not affect IR in both intact and gonadectomized fructose-fed rats. However, increasing the estrogen levels improved insulin sensitivity in both intact and gonadectomized fructose-fed rats. In intact males, fructose feeding increased the blood pressure (140 ± 2 mmHg), which was prevented by estrogen treatment. However, the blood pressure in the fructose-fed estrogen rats (125 ± 1 mmHg) was significantly higher than that of normal chow-fed (113 ± 1 mmHg) and fructose-fed gonadectomized rats. Estrogen treatment did not affect the blood pressure in gonadectomized fructose-fed rats (105 ± 2 mmHg). These data suggest the existence of a threshold value for estrogen below which insulin sensitivity is unaffected. The development of hypertension in this model is dictated solely by the presence or absence of testosterone. In summary, the development of IR and hypertension is governed not by gender per se but by the interactions of specific sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

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Weight cycling is associated with adverse cardiometabolic markers in a cross-sectional representative US sample

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2019-213419 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. jech-2019-213419

Author(s):

Lisa Kakinami ◽

Bärbel Knäuper ◽

Jennifer Brunet

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Weight Status ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Weight Cycling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Weight History ◽

Cardiometabolic Markers

BackgroundWhether weight cycling (repeated weight loss and regain) is associated with cardiometabolic health is unclear. Study objective was to examine whether weight cycling since young adulthood (ie, 25 years of age) was associated with cardiometabolic markers.MethodsData from a nationally representative cross-sectional US sample (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2014) were used. Weight history was based on self-reported weight at age 25, 10 years prior and 1 year prior to the survey (n=4190, 51% male). Using current self-reported weight as the anchor, participants were classified as (1) stable weight, (2) weight losers, (3) weight gainers and (4) weight cyclers. Cardiometabolic markers included fasting lipids, insulin sensitivity and blood pressure. Multiple linear regressions were used to analyse weight history (reference: stable weight) and adjusted for covariates. Analyses incorporated the sampling design and survey weights and were stratified by sex or weight status.ResultsCompared with females with stable weight, female weight cyclers had worse lipids and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (all ps<0.05). Compared with males with stable weight, male weight cyclers had worse high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and HOMA-IR (ps<0.05). Weight cyclers with normal weight had worse HDL and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ps<0.05), and weight cyclers with overweight or obesity had worse HOMA-IR (p=0.05). Blood pressure was not associated.ConclusionWeight cycling is adversely associated with cardiometabolic markers but associations differ by sex and weight status. While weight cycling is consistently associated with worse cardiometabolic markers among females, results are mixed among males. Weight cycling is associated with worse lipid measures for normal weight persons, and marginally worse insulin sensitivity for those with overweight/obesity.

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Effects of protein intake on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in children: a systematic review

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514003699 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 113 (3) ◽

pp. 383-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Trudy Voortman ◽

Anna Vitezova ◽

Wichor M. Bramer ◽

Charlotte L. Ars ◽

Paula K. Bautista ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Blood Lipids ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Beneficial Effects

High protein intake in early childhood is associated with obesity, suggesting possible adverse effects on other cardiometabolic outcomes. However, studies in adults have suggested beneficial effects of protein intake on blood pressure (BP) and lipid profile. Whether dietary protein intake is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic health in children is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the evidence on the associations of protein intake with BP, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids in children. We searched the databases Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central and PubMed for interventional and observational studies in healthy children up to the age of 18 years, in which associations of total, animal and/or vegetable protein intake with one or more of the following outcomes were reported: BP; measures of insulin sensitivity; cholesterol levels; or TAG levels. In the search, we identified 6636 abstracts, of which fifty-six studies met all selection criteria. In general, the quality of the included studies was low. Most studies were cross-sectional, and many did not control for potential confounders. No overall associations were observed between protein intake and insulin sensitivity or blood lipids. A few studies suggested an inverse association between dietary protein intake and BP, but evidence was inconclusive. Only four studies examined the effects of vegetable or animal protein intake, but with inconsistent results. In conclusion, the literature, to date provides insufficient evidence for effects of protein intake on BP, insulin sensitivity or blood lipids in children. Future studies could be improved by adequately adjusting for key confounders such as energy intake and obesity.

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Correlation between vitamin D and blood pressure in adolescents

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh-2017-0165 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Débora Fonseca Valle ◽

Denise Tavares Giannini

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Hypovitaminosis D ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Serum Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Overweight Adolescents

AbstractIntroductionLow serum levels of vitamin D have been associated with hypertension worldwide. Hypovitaminosis D has been observed even in countries with high incidence of sunlight all year round. Several studies demonstrated a high prevalence of deficiency/insufficiency of vitamin D in adolescents.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between the nutritional status of vitamin D with anthropometric measures and blood pressure in overweight adolescents.MethodsThis a descriptive and cross-sectional study with overweight adolescents of both sexes aged 12–19 years. The anthropometric data, biochemical profile, blood pressure and serum vitamin D dosage were analyzed. The chi-squared test for verification of association and Student’s t-test to compare medians between variables were used.ResultsThere were high frequencies of hypovitaminosis D (34%) and hypertension (43.3%) in overweight adolescents. We observed an inverse correlation between serum vitamin D levels and BP (r = −0.28, p = 0.005). Patients with desirable serum vitamin D had lower body mass index values (31.3 kg/m2 vs. 33.9 kg/m2; p < 0.02), waist circumference (95.2 cm vs. 101.1 cm; p < 0.03), waist-to-height ratio (0.58 vs. 0.61; p < 0.03) and systolic blood pressure (120 mm Hg vs. 127.6 mm Hg; p = 0.007).ConclusionsHigh frequency of vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased BP and adiposity in overweight adolescents.

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Hair cell changes after cationic stimulation of corti's organ

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100155967 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 798-799

Author(s):

Cesar D. Fermin ◽

Hans-Peter Zenner

Keyword(s):

Organ Of Corti ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Surface Areas ◽

High K ◽

Anatomical Arrangement ◽

Cell Cytosol ◽

High Concentrations ◽

K Concentration ◽

Cell Changes

Contraction of outer and inner hair cells (OHC&IHC) in the Organ of Corti (OC) of the inner ear is necessary for sound transduction. Getting at HC in vivo preparations is difficult. Thus, isolated HCs have been used to study OHC properties. Even though viability has been shown in isolated (iOHC) preparations by good responses to current and cationic stimulation, the contribution of adjoining cells can not be explained with iOHC preparations. This study was undertaken to examine changes in the OHC after expossure of the OHC to high concentrations of potassium (K) and sodium (Na), by carefully immersing the OC in either artifical endolymph or perilymph. After K and Na exposure, OCs were fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in osmium, separated into base, middle and apex and embedded in Araldite™. One μm thick sections were prepared for analysis with the light and E.M. Cross sectional areas were measured with Bioquant™ software.Potassium and sodium both cause isolated guinea pig OHC to contract. In vivo high K concentration may cause uncontrolled and sustained contractions that could contribute to Meniere's disease. The behavior of OHC in the vivo setting might be very different from that of iOHC. We show here changes of the cell cytosol and cisterns caused by K and Na to OHC in situs. The table below shows results from cross sectional area measurements of OHC from OC that were exposed to either K or Na. As one would expect, from the anatomical arrangement of the OC, OHC#l that are supported by rigid tissue would probably be displaced (move) less than those OHC located away from the pillar. Surprisingly, cells in the middle turn of the cochlea changed their surface areas more than those at either end of the cochlea. Moreover, changes in surface area do not seem to differ between K and Na treated OCs.

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INTERARM SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE DIFFERENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH PREVALENCE OF CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASES- A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN POLICE WORKER

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v4i11.1524 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Somesh Raju ◽

Rina Kumari ◽

Sunita Tiwari ◽

NS Verma

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Pressure Difference ◽

Systolic Pressure ◽

Working Environment ◽

Vascular Events ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Blood Pressure Difference ◽

High Prevalence

Background: Interarm systolic blood pressure difference more than 10 mm of Hg is predictor of cardiovascular and metabolic risk. Despite of sufficient physical activity there is high prevalence of obesity in police personal because of stressful working environment. No studies have addressed the significance of interarm pressure difference among them. Therefore, the present study conducted to access the relation of interarm blood pressure difference with obesity in police personnel. Aims and Objective: To estimate the interarm pressure difference in police personal to see its association with their obesity. Material and Method: This cross-sectional observational study done on 245 police workers in PAC, Sitapur, India. Subjects having more than ten years of working experience were included in study. Anthropometric measurements of subject recorded by following standard protocol. Measurement of systolic pressure in both arm recorded simultaneously by mercury sphygmomanometer. Available data analyze and expressed in percentage, mean with SD and chi square test to see the significance of association. Results: According to anthropometric results of subjects 77.14 prcent subjects were having generalised obesity and 82.04 percent of subjects having abdominal obesity. 34.29 percent of subjects showed abnormally high (?10 mmHg) inter-arm systolic blood pressure difference. Both type of obesity showed positive association with blood sugar level but no association with interarm pressure difference. Conclusion: Interarm blood pressure difference is greater in individual having obesity or prolong duration of service. Such subjects are more susceptible to develop coronary artery disease or peripheral arterial disease in future. Early screening can help to detect the vascular events likely to occur in the future Keywords: Body mass index, Waist circumference, Interarm pressure difference, Random blood sugar

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