Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation in Metabolic Disorders: Relevance for Behavioral Symptoms

The worldwide population is facing a double burden of epidemic, the COVID-19and obesity. This is even more alarming as obesity increases the COVID-19 severity. However, the relationship between obesity and COVID-19 severity is more complex than a simple association with BMI. In particular, obesity has been associated with low death rates in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, a fatal comorbidity to COVID-19, possibly due to the obesity paradox. Also, visceral adiposity could be a major risk factor for COVID- -19severity, due to its immune activation component, release of ACE2 and involvement in the cytokine storm, It is also known to correlate with metabolic disorders, low-grade inflammation and higher mortality rates.

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Mechanism-Based Biomarker Prediction for Low-Grade Inflammation in Liver and Adipose Tissue

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.703370 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Jolanda H. M. van Bilsen ◽

Willem van den Brink ◽

Anita M. van den Hoek ◽

Remon Dulos ◽

Martien P. M. Caspers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Strong Correlation ◽

In Silico ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Low Grade ◽

Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽

Hepatic Inflammation ◽

Tissue Specific ◽

Tissue Inflammation ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes have a large impact on global health, especially in industrialized countries. Tissue-specific chronic low-grade inflammation is a key contributor to complications in metabolic disorders. To support therapeutic approaches to these complications, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of the inflammatory dynamics and to monitor them on the individual level. To this end, blood-based biomarkers reflecting the tissue-specific inflammatory dynamics would be of great value. Here, we describe an in silico approach to select candidate biomarkers for tissue-specific inflammation by using a priori mechanistic knowledge from pathways and tissue-derived molecules. The workflow resulted in a list of candidate markers, in part consisting of literature confirmed biomarkers as well as a set of novel, more innovative biomarkers that reflect inflammation in the liver and adipose tissue. The first step of biomarker verification was on murine tissue gene-level by inducing hepatic inflammation and adipose tissue inflammation through a high-fat diet. Our data showed that in silico predicted hepatic markers had a strong correlation to hepatic inflammation in the absence of a relation to adipose tissue inflammation, while others had a strong correlation to adipose tissue inflammation in the absence of a relation to liver inflammation. Secondly, we evaluated the human translational value by performing a curation step in the literature using studies that describe the regulation of the markers in human, which identified 9 hepatic (such as Serum Amyloid A, Haptoglobin, and Interleukin 18 Binding Protein) and 2 adipose (Resistin and MMP-9) inflammatory biomarkers at the highest level of confirmation. Here, we identified and pre-clinically verified a set of in silico predicted biomarkers for liver and adipose tissue inflammation which can be of great value to study future development of therapeutic/lifestyle interventions to combat metabolic inflammatory complications.

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Relationship between gut microbiota, gut hyperpermeability, and obesity

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867327666200721160313 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

Author(s):

Amin Gasmi ◽

Pavan Kumar Mujawdiya ◽

Lyudmila Pivina ◽

Alexandru Doşa ◽

Yuliya Semenova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Close Relation ◽

Low Grade ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Low Grade Inflammation ◽

The Relationship

: Intestinal hyperpermeability is a complex metabolic process mediated by different pathways in close relation to the gut microbiota. Previous studies suggested that the gut microbiota is involved in different metabolic regulations, and its imbalance is associated with several metabolic diseases, including obesity. It is well known that intestinal hyperpermeability is associated with dysbiosis, and the combination of these two conditions can lead to an increase in the level of low-grade inflammation in obese patients due to an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Inflammatory bowel syndrome often accompanies this condition causing an alteration of the intestinal mucosa and thus reinforcing the dysbiosis and gut hyperpermeability. The onset of metabolic disorders depends on violations of the integrity of the intestinal barrier as a result of increased intestinal permeability. Chronic inflammation due to endotoxemia is responsible for the development of obesity. Metabolic disorders are associated with dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and with an altered composition of gut flora. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms that illustrate the relationship between hyperpermeability, the composition of the gut microbiota, and obesity.

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COVID-19 and Obesity: Overlapping of Two Pandemics

Obesity Facts ◽

10.1159/000518386 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Maria Alessandra Gammone ◽

Nicolantonio D’Orazio

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Critical Illness ◽

Strong Correlation ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Low Grade ◽

Obese Patients ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has recently led to worldwide research efforts to identify subjects at greater risk of developing more severe illness: overall obesity displayed a strong correlation with critical illness and major severity of COVID-19 manifestations. Summary: Obesity and metabolic disorders are closely linked to chronic systemic inflammation. The adipose tissue constitutes a source of cytokines, which configure a low-grade inflammation and a hypercoagulation status; in addition, diagnosis and care of obese patients are often complicated by excess weight and ventilation difficulties. Key Messages: This review aims to examine the intersection between obesity and adverse outcomes of COVID-19, in order to investigate its preventive and/or therapeutic potential in the management of obesity-related COVID-19 complications.

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Mechanism and Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Obesity: Prevention and Treatment Strategies

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.615895 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Chang-hua Zhang ◽

Jun-qing Sheng ◽

Wei-hua Xie ◽

Xiao-quan Luo ◽

Ya-nan Xue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chinese Medicine ◽

Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Low Grade ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Significant Enrichment ◽

Treatment Of Obesity ◽

Heat Syndrome ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

In the last few decades, the incidences of obesity and related metabolic disorders worldwide have increased dramatically. Major pathophysiology of obesity is termed “lipotoxicity” in modern western medicine (MWM) or “dampness-heat” in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). “Dampness-heat” is a very common and critically important syndrome to guild clinical treatment in TCM. However, the pathogenesis of obesity in TCM is not fully clarified, especially by MWM theories compared to TCM. In this review, the mechanism underlying the action of TCM in the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders was thoroughly discussed, and prevention and treatment strategies were proposed accordingly. Hypoxia and inflammation caused by lipotoxicity exist in obesity and are key pathophysiological characteristics of “dampness-heat” syndrome in TCM. “Dampness-heat” is prevalent in chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, prone to insulin resistance (IR), and causes variant metabolic disorders. In particular, the MWM theories of hypoxia and inflammation were applied to explain the “dampness-heat” syndrome of TCM, and we summarized and proposed the pathological path of obesity: lipotoxicity, hypoxia or chronic low-grade inflammation, IR, and metabolic disorders. This provides significant enrichment to the scientific connotation of TCM theories and promotes the modernization of TCM.

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State of the micro-biota of bowels with dislipidemii in the children

Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology ◽

10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-171-11-76-82 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 76-82

Author(s):

L. A. Kharitonova ◽

O. V. Papisheva ◽

T. A. Mayatskaya ◽

G. A. Kotaysh

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Chronic Disease ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Low Grade ◽

Gut Permeability ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

The gut microbiota has attracted increasing attention during the last several years as a key player in the pathophysiology of chronic disease. Microbiome is considered to be the link between metabolic disorders, obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Recent findings have related the intestinal microbiota to a plethora of pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, cholelithiasis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review presents potential mechanisms for the development of these diseases in response to changes in the gut microbiota. They involve increased gut permeability, low-grade inflammation and autoantibodies. Many studies contradict each other, which confirms the need for further scientific research in this area.

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Akkermansia muciniphila, a New Generation of Beneficial Microbiota in Modulating Obesity: A Systematic Review

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9051098 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 1098

Author(s):

Jumana Nabil Abuqwider ◽

Gianluigi Mauriello ◽

Mohammad Altamimi

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Web Of Science ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Low Grade ◽

Akkermansia Muciniphila ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Treatment Of Obesity ◽

New Generation ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Obesity is a complex syndrome and is recognized as the ultimate pathway of many chronic diseases. Studies using Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation strategy have proved to be effective for the prevention and treatment of obesity and other metabolic disorders. Although there are studies that support the protective effect of this strategy, the effects on the prevention of obesity on humans are not clear yet and need more investigation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of A. muciniphila administration on modulating obesity. This systematic review was generated from articles published within the last 10 years. All articles were in English and included animal subjects. The review relied on the search engines Google Scholar, Pub Med, Web of Science and Medline using the following keywords: A. muciniphila, next-generation probiotic, new-generation probiotic, obesity, fat mass, body fat and lipid profile. The search has revealed 804 articles with relevant key words. After the exclusion of irrelevant articles, 10 studies were selected based on the criteria. These studies were randomized controlled trials that have shown that A. muciniphila modulates obesity by regulating metabolism and energy hemostasis and improving insulin sensitivity and glucose hemostasis. In addition, studies showed this microorganism enhances low grade inflammation by different mechanisms.

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