A Study of Pap Smears in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women from a Tertiary Care Center in South India

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Kritika Gupta ◽  
Cheryl Sarah Philipose ◽  
Sharada Rai ◽  
John Ramapuram ◽  
Gagandeep Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pap Smear ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesion ◽  
Hiv Negative

Objectives: The aim of this work was to study the spectrum of epithelial abnormalities on Pap smears of HIV-positive women categorized as per the Bethesda System of Reporting Cervical Cytology, to correlate them with CD4 lymphocyte counts, and to compare them with the spectrum of abnormalities seen in a HIV-negative control group. Study Design and Methodology: The present study was a 6-year retrospective study conducted in the Department of Pathology at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, which included 150 Pap smears from HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, respectively. The Pap-stained slides of the cases were retrieved and studied. The data collected were tabulated and analyzed. A statistical study was performed using SPSS software. The χ2 test was used to analyze the data and a p value < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Pap smear abnormalities were twice as high in HIV-infected women (12%) as compared with HIV-negative women (6%; p = 0.006, RR = 2). Negative for intraepithelial lesion/malignancy was the most common finding (88%), which was further subdivided into inflammatory, atrophic smear, non-specific, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginitis groups. The percentage of epithelial abnormalities was 12%, including: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 5.55%; atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude HSIL, 16.66%; low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 5.55%; high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 61.11%, and squamous cell carcinoma, 11.11%. The highest incidence of intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive females was in the age group of 34–49 years. CD4 cell counts fell in the range of 200–500 cells/mm3 in most of the HIV-positive patients (68.75%), but was not found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Routine Pap smear examination is advocated in women with HIV as the prevalence of epithelial cell abnormalities was found to be 12%, which was twice as high as compared to the HIV-negative control group. Although there was no correlation of epithelial cell abnormalities with CD4 counts, a higher rate of the cases with epithelial abnormalities were observed to have CD4 cell counts of 200–500 cells/mm3.

Evaluation of Salivary Vitamin C and Catalase in HIV Positive and Healthy HIV Negative Control Group

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Ahmadi-Motamayel ◽  
Samaneh Vaziri-Amjad ◽  
Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi ◽  
Jalal Poorolajal
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hiv Negative

scholarly journals Unexpected low frequency of respiratory symptoms in an HIV-positive urban sub-Saharan population compared to an HIV-negative control group

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Kummerow ◽  
Erica J. Shaddock ◽  
Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch ◽  
Roos B. Barth ◽  
Diederick E. Grobbee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv Negative

scholarly journals Erratum: Unexpected low frequency of respiratory symptoms in an HIV-positive urban sub-Saharan population compared to an HIV-negative control group

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Kummerow ◽  
Erica J. Shaddock ◽  
Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch ◽  
Roos B. Barth ◽  
Diederick E. Grobbee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv Negative

No abstract available.

scholarly journals Anolunula in Fingernails among Patients Infected with HIV

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Pratik Gahalaut ◽  
Nitin Mishra ◽  
Sandhya Chauhan ◽  
Mir Mubashir Ali ◽  
Madhur Kant Rastogi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hiv Negative

Lunula is the white, half-moon shaped area seen in proximal ends of some nails. Though a few studies have described the nail changes that can occur in association with HIV infection, none of these paid much attention to lunula. Aims and Objectives. To study the lunula in fingernails among HIV infected patients. Materials and Methods. An observational, cross-sectional study to record presence of lunula in 168 HIV-positive patients and compare it with age and sex matched 168 healthy HIV-negative control. Anolunula (absence of lunula) in HIV-positive patients was correlated with CD4 counts, stages of HIV infection, time since patient was diagnosed as HIV-positive, and status of antiretroviral therapy. Results. Anolunula was present in significantly more fingernails in HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative controls. There was a highly significant difference for total anolunula (anolunula in all fingernails) in study and control group. Incidence of total anolunula was directly proportional to the stage of HIV infection, increasing progressively as the HIV infection advances from stage 1 to stage 4. Conclusion. Absence of lunula is related to not only HIV infection per se but also the stages of HIV infection.

Patterns of Immunogenicity of an Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine in Anti-HIV Positive and Negative Hemophilic Patients

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (04) ◽  
pp. 508-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Santagostino ◽  
A Gringeri ◽  
A Rocino ◽  
A Zanetti ◽  
R de Biasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Clotting Factor ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Symptomatic Disease ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv Negative

SummaryHepatitis A vaccination has been recommended to patients with hemophilia since they are exposed to potentially infectious clotting factor concentrates. Aim of this study was to assess the immunogenicity of vaccination in hemophiliacs, infected or not with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A formalin-inactivated hepatitis A vaccine was injected subcutaneously to 113 susceptible adults and children and repeated after 1 and 6 months. 47 vaccinees were anti-HIV positive (28 asymptomatic, 15 with CD4 cell counts of less than 200/pl and 4 with symptomatic disease). The first dose of vaccine induced seroconversion, with antibody titers of at least 20 mlU/ml, in 89% of the 66 anti-HIV negative patients, 100% of them responding after the second injection. In anti-HIV positive hemophiliacs seroconversion rates and antibody titers were significantly lower than in non-infected patients. After 12 months, only 76% of anti-HIV positive vaccinees and 40% of those with signs of HIV disease progression maintained the antibody, whereas all anti-HIV negative patients had titers of 20 mlU/ml or more. Our results indicate that there is an association between defective response to hepatitis A vaccine and stage of progression of HIV disease.

scholarly journals Homocysteine Levels in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Ibadan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 4739-4745
Author(s):  
TOLULASE OLUTOGUN ◽  
FOLUKE FASOLA ◽  
Kehinde Olufemi-Aworinde ◽  
YETUNDE AKEN'OVA
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
Hiv Negative

Introduction: Homocysteine is produced from the conversion of methionine to cysteine. Conditions resulting in hyper homocysteinemia leads to an increased risk of both arterial and venous thromboembolisms by about 2 fold. 20% of HIV infected patients with objective evidence of venous thromboembolism are found to be thrombophilic with higher homocysteine levels. We enquired into homocysteine levels prior to the development of a clinical evidence of a venous thrombus in both HAART naïve and those on HAART of HIV /AIDS population. We evaluated the association between homocysteine, CD4 lymphocyte count and ART use in order to identify possible risk factors for hyper homocysteinemia in HIV population. Method: Employing a cross sectional design; we compared mean plasma levels of homocysteine, full blood count parameters and CD4+ lymphocytes counts in HIV positive patients and HIV negative controls. One hundred and twenty patients with HIV infection attending the APIN clinic at the University College Hospital Ibadan and St Mary’s Catholic Hospital Eleta Ibadan and one hundred and twenty-six HIV negative healthy controls were compared in the study. Results:  Fifty-nine point one percent of the HIV positive patient had hyperhomocysteinemia i.e. homocysteine levels of >18µmol/l. The mean plasma homocysteine levels were significantly higher at 24.4µmol/l (SD=13.8) (CI -2 to -8; p=0.002) in the HIV positive group compared with 19.5µmol/L (SD=10.6) in the control group.  The use of Anti-retroviral drugs was not associated with higher homocysteine level in the seropositive group and neither were factors like age, gender or the use of combined oral contraceptive pills. There was no correlation between CD4 cell count and homocysteine levels (r= -0.01; p=0.9). Conclusion:  Homocysteine levels are elevated in HIV positive patients and hyperhomocysteinemia was found in a significant number of HIV positive patients. None of the patients investigated had features of thromboembolism or outright deep venous thrombosis. Neither CD4 cell counts nor traditional risk factors were associated with the higher homocysteine levels.

scholarly journals Assessing national cervical cancer screening guidelines: Results from an HIV testing clinic also screening for cervical cancer and HPV in Soweto, South Africa

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0255124
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Hopkins ◽  
Maya Jaffer ◽  
Khuthadzo E. Hlongwane ◽  
Kennedy Otwombe ◽  
Janan Dietrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Cervical Cancer Screening ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Hiv Positive Women ◽  
Hiv Negative

Objective A screening centre in Soweto, South Africa (SA), investigated high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), HIV, cervical cancer risk amongst women. Methods This cross-sectional study (June 2018-March 2019) describes screening results (Roche Linear Array HPV test and Pap smear liquid based cytology) and history of screening (known HIV status, antiretroviral therapy [ART] use, previous Pap smears). Data were stratified by age group (18–29, 30+ years), HIV status, Pap smear results and tested for statistical significance. Results Of 280 women, 20.4% were HIV-positive, 18.2% had abnormal Pap smears, 41.8% had HR-HPV. Of older women, 48.2% (n = 78/162) had never had a Pap smear. Of younger women, 89.0% (n = 105/118) never had a Pap smear, but had significantly more low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and other HR-HPV infection than older women (12.7%[n = 15/118] vs 4.9%[n = 8/162], p = 0.0193; and 49.2%[n = 58/118] vs 29.0%[n = 47/162], p = 0.0006; respectively). HIV-positive women had more abnormal cytology results and infection with other HR-HPV types or co-infection with other HR-HPV type(s)/HPV-16 compared to HIV-negative women (35.1%[n = 20/57] vs 13.9%[n = 31/223], p = 0.0002; 56.1%[n = 32/57] vs 32.7%[n = 73/223], p = 0.001; and 12.3%[n = 7/57] vs 4.9%[n = 11/223], p = 0.044; respectively). Of 57 HIV-positive women, 45.6% (n = 26) already knew their HIV status; of which 69.2% were on ART and 34.6% never had a Pap smear. Conclusion South African women have high rates of HIV, Pap smear abnormalities and HR-HPV, with low cervical cancer screening coverage. SA cervical cancer screening policy excludes (undiagnosed) HIV-positive and HIV-negative women <30 years, both populations found to have high prevalence of HR-HPV. HPV-based primary screening from 25 years could improve outcomes.

scholarly journals Screening of HIV sero positive women for cervical abnormalities

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3222
Author(s):  
Meenakshi B. Chauhan ◽  
Sushila Chaudhary ◽  
Sunita Singh ◽  
Manasi Juneja ◽  
Smiti Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Precancerous Stage ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background: Cancer cervix is a leading cause of death among women worldwide. Detection of cervical cancer in precancerous stage is 100% curable. Screening with Pap smear has reduced mortality by cervical cancer in developed countries many folds. The objective of the study is to determine prevalence of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) in HIV infected women and observe for associated lower genital infections and their correlation with CD4 counts.Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional observational study conducted at PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana for a period of 18 months. 150 HIV patients and 150 age related control cases were taken. Pap smears were taken and analyzed for cervical abnormalities and genital infections.Results: Of the 300 Pap smear 22 (7.3%) has squamous intraepithelial abnormalities and 278 (92.7%) negative for intra epithelial abnormalities. Prevalence of cervical intraepithelial abnormities among HIV positive 12% while among HIV negative it is 2.7%. Cervical intraepithelial abnormalities were found in 40% and 3.5% of patients with CD4 count <200 and >200 respectively.Conclusions: HIV increases the risk of cervical abnormalities. Frequent screening of these patients for cervical cancer is needed.

scholarly journals Covid-19 vaccine immunogenicity in people living with HIV-1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauriane Nault ◽  
Lorie Marchitto ◽  
Guillaume Goyette ◽  
Daniel Tremblay-Sher ◽  
Claude Fortin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Real World Situation

Introduction: COVID-19 vaccine efficacy has been evaluated in large clinical trials and in real-world situation. Although they have proven to be very effective in the general population, little is known about their efficacy in immunocompromised patients. HIV-infected individuals response to vaccine may vary according to the type of vaccine and their level of immunosuppression. We evaluated immunogenicity of an mRNA anti-SARS CoV-2 vaccine in HIV-positive individuals. Methods: HIV-positive individuals (n=121) were recruited from HIV clinics in Montreal and stratified according to their CD4 counts. A control group of 20 health care workers naive to SARS CoV-2 was used. The participants Anti-RBD IgG responses were measured by ELISA at baseline and 3 to 4 weeks after receiving the first dose of an mRNA vaccine. Results: Eleven of 121 participants had anti-COVID-19 antibodies at baseline, and a further 4 had incomplete data for the analysis. Mean anti-RBD IgG responses were similar between between the HIV negative control group (n=20) and the combined HIV+ group (n=106) (p = 0.72). However, these responses were significantly lower in the group with <250 CD4 cells/mm3. (p<0.0001). Increasing age was independently associated with decreased immunogenicity. Conclusion: HIV-positive individuals with CD4 counts over 250 cells/mm3 have an anti-RBD IgG response similar to the general population. However, HIV-positive individuals with the lowest CD4 counts (<250 cells/mm3) have a weaker response. These data would support the hypothesis that a booster dose might be needed in this subgroup of HIV-positive individuals, depending on their response to the second dose.

scholarly journals INHIBITION OF COX-2 EXPRESSION BY LUNASIN-RICH SOYBEAN EXTRACT ON COLORECTAL CANCER

2019 ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
KUSMARDI KUSMARDI ◽  
VANNESSA KARENINA ◽  
ARI ESTUNINGTYAS ◽  
ARYO TEDJO
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Colorectal Carcinogenesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Soybean Extract ◽  
Cox 2

Objective: The incidence of colorectal cancer has been growing faster than most other cancers in the past decade, especially in developing countries. One of the substances that is currently being investigated as potential chemopreventive agent is lunasin, which is contained in soybeans. This research explored the effect of lunasin on COX-2 expression in the distal colons of mice in which colorectal carcinogenesis was induced with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Methods: A total of 30 Swiss Webster mice were separated into six groups. In five of the groups—a negative control group, positive control group, and three intervention groups—carcinogenesis was induced with AOM and DSS; the sixth group received no interventions. Lunasin-rich soybean extracts were given in doses of 250, 300, and 350 mg/kgBW for 6 w to the intervention groups Immunohistochemical staining of COX-2 was then carried out on tissue samples from the distal colons of mice that had been sacrificed. The samples were microscopically assessed and photographed, and cell counts were performed using the Image J application. COX-2 expression is reported in the form of an optical density score (ODS). Results: Significant differences between the negative control and the intervention groups were found at the 300 mg/kgBW (p = 0.047) and 350 mg/kgBW (p = 0.016) lunasin dosage levels. Conclusions: This demonstrates that administration of lunasin-rich soy extracts can inhibit COX-2 expression in cryptic epithelial cells of the distal colon in mice with carcinogenesis induced by AOM and DSS.

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