scholarly journals COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus: The Link and Clinical Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Chidiebere V. Ugwueze ◽  
Basil Chukwuma Ezeokpo ◽  
Bede I. Nnolim ◽  
Emmanuel A. Agim ◽  
Nnamdi C. Anikpo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Glycemic Variability ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Drug Trials ◽  
Enzyme Molecule

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic viral infection that has ravaged the world in recent times, and the associated morbidity and mortality have been much more pronounced in those with noncommunicable disease. Diabetes mellitus is one of commonest noncommunicable diseases associated with worsening clinical status in COVID-19 patients. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> The aim of this review was to evaluate the receptors and pathogenetic link between diabetes and COVID-19. Both disease conditions involve inflammation with the release of inflammatory markers. The roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme molecule and dipeptidyl peptidase were explored to show their involvement in COVID-19 and diabetes. Pathogenetic mechanisms such as impaired immunity, microangiopathy, and glycemic variability may explain the effect of diabetes on recovery of COVID-19 patients. The effect of glucocorticoids and catecholamines, invasion of the pancreatic islet cells, drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19, and the lockdown policy may impact negatively on glycemic control of diabetic patients. The outcome studies between diabetic and nondiabetic patients with COVID-19 were also reviewed. Some drug trials are still ongoing to determine the suitability or otherwise of some drugs used in diabetic patients with COVID-19, such as dapagliflozin trial and linagliptin trial.

A Comparison Between Selected Noncommunicable Disease Mortality Rates Between 2010 and 2016 Among Selected Southern African Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Ellapen ◽  
M. Barnard ◽  
G. L. Strydom ◽  
K. M. Masime ◽  
Y. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Disease Mortality

Researchers have identified cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases as being the principal pathologies of increased aged standardized death rates (ASDRs) among noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The objective of this study was to compare the change in the ASDR of these principal NCDs between the years 2010 and 2016 in Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. ASDR data were collected from the 2016 Global Health Estimate. Among the selected Southern African countries for both 2010 and 2016, the order of prevalence of NCDs linked to increased ASDR was cardiovascular diseases (both cardiac and stroke), cancer, diabetes mellitus, and chronic respiratory diseases. The percentage of the total number of NCDs linked to increased ASDR in relation to total deaths increased from 43.8% (in 2010) to 51.0% (in 2016) from ( p < .0001). The percentage of principal NCDs in relation to total ASDR increased from 33.0% (in 2010) to 38.2% (in 2016; p < .0001).

scholarly journals Do Probiotics Improve the Health Status of Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus? A Review on Outcomes of Clinical Trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Periyanaina Kesika ◽  
Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi ◽  
Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Disease Category ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Probiotic Supplementation

Probiotics are now considered as an adjuvant and complementary therapeutic agent for several health complications, especially for metabolic and gastrointestinal disorders because of the influential impact of probiotic consumption on gut microbiota and immunity. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is fourth, in noncommunicable disease category, leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and economic crises in the world. Though several progressions are added in the medical field in recent decades, the treatment and management of diabetic-related health issues are still challenging. The present study summarizes the effects of probiotic supplementation on the health status of diabetic patients. The relevant information was collected from Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The detailed literature survey revealed that the consumption of probiotic supplementation significantly improved the overall health condition of diabetic patients. Especially, the probiotic intervention improved the fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and systemic inflammatory and antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. Moreover, improvement of gut microbial composition and prevention of bacterial translocation has also been observed in probiotic-supplemented T2D people. Some of the studies evidenced that the supplementation of probiotics can prevent and improve the gestational DM. Nevertheless, some of the studies reported negative results and limitations in the results of clinical trials. However, further studies are mandatory to develop a concrete probiotic-based adjuvant treatment procedure to treat DM.

scholarly journals Analysis of the infectional profile of diabetic patients infected by COVID 19 in the period of 2020 – 2021 Análise do perfil de infecção dos pacientes diabéticos infectados pela COVID 19 no período de 2020-2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 19930-19940
Author(s):  
Letícia Carla de Lima Cavalcante ◽  
Larissa Cristina de Lima Cavalcante ◽  
Maria Vitória Menezes Coutinho ◽  
Rebeca Montenegro De Lacerda ◽  
Rodrigo de Oliveira Arakaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
The City ◽  
Positive Results

The COVID-19 disease has as its etiological agent the SARS-CoV-2, a RNA virus that causes severe respiratory syndrome. Diabetes mellitus is one of the significant risk factors for COVID-19 due to the weakened immune response of these patients and widely distribution of ACE2 in diferent organs. ACE2 is a receptor that antagonizes the RAS system, and is  related to the clinical symptoms of COVID 19 .Its expression in the islet cells and exocrine pancreas suggest the susceptibility for SARS-CoV 2 infection in diabetic patients. This stydy analyses the infeccional profile of diabetic patients infeccted by COVID-19 in the city of Maceió. A research was performed in the year of 2020-2021 in english idiom in the database PubMed using the descriptors “ACE receptor” AND “Covid”, “Covid” AND “Diabetes” AND “ ACE receptor” .The criteria of inclusion and exclusion established was the relevance and approach based on the theme to be discussed.It was collected data about confirmed deaths by Covid 19 according to preexisting comorbidities in the city of Maceió – AL shown in the graphics , expressing an average mortality among patients infected by Covid and preexisting Diabetes Mellitus. This study shows a reduction in the percentage of mortality in diabetic patients infected by Covid-19 seen in view of the adoption of measures to restrict the spread of the virus, reducing the numbers of infecion, especially the risk group, in addition to the vaccination campaign which culminated in positive results to the reduction in the mortality in infected diabetics.

scholarly journals Isletβ-Cell Mass Preservation and Regeneration in Diabetes Mellitus: Four Factors with Potential Therapeutic Interest

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Manuel Mellado-Gil ◽  
Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier ◽  
Benoit R. Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cell Protection ◽  
Pancreatic Cell ◽  
Cell Replacement ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
And Function

Isletβ-cell replacement and regeneration are two promising approaches for the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Indeed, the success of islet transplantation in normalizing blood glucose in diabetic patients has provided the proof of principle that cell replacement can be employed as a safe and efficacious treatment. Nonetheless, shortage of organ donors has hampered expansion of this approach. Alternative sources of insulin-producing cells are mandatory to fill this gap. Although great advances have been achieved in generating surrogateβ-cells from stem cells, current protocols have yet to produce functionally mature insulin-secreting cells. Recently, the concept of islet regeneration in which newβ-cells are formed from either residualβ-cell proliferation or transdifferentiation of other endocrine islet cells has gained much interest as an attractive therapeutic alternative to restoreβ-cell mass. Complementary approaches to cell replacement and regeneration could aim at enhancingβ-cell survival and function. Herein, we discuss the value of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide (GIP), Paired box gene 4 (Pax4) and Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1) as key players forβ-cell replacement and regeneration therapies. These factors conveyβ-cell protection and enhanced function as well as facilitating proliferation and transdifferentiation of other pancreatic cell types toβ-cells, under stressful conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of COVID-19 Infection in the Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-170
Author(s):  
Aditya Anand ◽  
Varsha Pande
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Seriously Ill Patients ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Seriously Ill

Background: Coronavirus is pandemic virus infection which has recently affected the globe, and as a result, in patients with non-communicable diseases, the associated morbidity and death are substantially greater. One of the most common non-communicable diseases linked to worsening clinical conditions in corona virus patients is diabetes mellitus (dm). Covid-19 is a zoonotic illness that was firstly found in wuhan city of china, and is now recognized a zoonotic disease that spreads from moist animals to people in 2019. The disease has a low fatality rate and only affects the most seriously ill patients. Approximately 80% of the cases involve patients who are seriously to moderately ill. Since the outbreak of the disease, the number of people who have died has continuously increased. Summary: The aim for this study is to determine the receptors involved in diabetes and the pathogenetic relationship btw. Covid-19 and diabetes. Both diseases are characterized by inflammation and the release of inflammatory markers. The roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme molecule and dipeptidyl peptidase in covid-19 and diabetes have been investigated. The effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines, invasion of pancreatic islet cells, medications used to treat covid-19, and hence the lockdown policy, may have a deleterious impact on diabetes patients' glucose control. The results of covid-19 research involving diabetic and non-diabetic patients were also examined. Various medication trials, such as the dapagliflozin and linagliptin trials are still being conducted to see if certain medications are suitable for diabetic people with covid-19. Conclusion: Diabetes is a risk factor for covid-19 patients, according to the data, leading to their severity and mortality. This article also contains guidelines and recommendations that may be useful in the management and avoidance of diabetic individuals who are infected with covid-19.

scholarly journals The Administration of Xultophy for Diabetic Patients on Hemodialysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Fujikawa T ◽  
Kato Y ◽  
Bando H ◽  
Kakutani H ◽  
Kawata T ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Hepatic Clearance ◽  
Glycemic Variability ◽  
Insulin Degludec ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Hemodialysis Duration

Background: Recent diabetic treatments include Insulin Degludec/ liraglutide (IDeg/Lira, Xultophy) in clinical practice. Authors have continued clinical research concerning diabetes, chronic renal failure, dialysis, and others. Subjects and Methods: Ten patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) undergoing hemodialysis were investigated. They showed that ages 74.5 ± 5.9 years, M/F=6/4, BMI 21.1± 3.8kg/m2, hemodialysis duration 8.1 ± 5.7 years. At the beginning, fundamental data were Cre 8.2 ± 1.9 mg/dL, HbA1c 6.5 ± 0.8%. Xultophy was started on 5-12 doses and continued for 6 months with the same or 1-4 increased doses for better glycemic variability. Results: Out of 10 subjects, the changes in HbA1c showed a decrease in 7, stable in 2, and an increase in 1. HbA1c value was 6.2 ± 0.8% in average at 6 months. There were no remarkable adverse effects by Xultophy for 6 months. Discussion and Conclusion: Xultophy was started at 5-12 doses, which were remarkably lower doses than usual doses with satisfactory efficacy. One of the reasons may be from the characteristic of the patients, who were diabetic with undergoing hemodialysis. Another factor is possibly from liraglutide, which has hepatic clearance with potential vascular protective effects. These results are expected to become reference data for future research.

scholarly journals Insulin Resistance, Hyperinsulinemia and COVID-19 Mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (supplement) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Imran Majeed ◽  
Rehma Ahsan Gilani
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Open Access Article

Insulin resistance is at the heart of pathogenesis of major noncommunicable disorders namely atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, even autoimmune diseases, possibly allergies and some cancers. Inflammation as instigated by hyperinsulinemia appears responsible for a major portion of noncommunicable diseases burden. The modern human diet wherein most of the calories come from starches, is the singular most important prevalent cause of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Most of the humanity is either diabetic or prediabetic (glucose intolerant) and vulnerable to dangerous consequences of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. One such consequence that we are faced with today, is mortality in COVID-19 infected patients who suffer from diabetes mellitus. Very little, certainly inadequate, attention has been paid to hyperinsulinemia and its life threatening repercussions during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Attention of researchers and health care systems is drawn to the obvious dangers of this oversight; be that the ongoing mortality due to COVID-19, or the noncommunicable disease burden in general. Editor-in-Chief How to cite this: Majeed SMI, Gilani RA. Insulin Resistance, Hyperinsulinemia and COVID-19 Mortality. Life and Science. 2020; 1(suppl): 1-1. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.178 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

scholarly journals DIABETES MELLITUS IN COVID-19 PATIENTS: VERDICT OR NOT?

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2672-2676
Author(s):  
Oleksandr A. Halushko ◽  
Maryna A. Trishchynska ◽  
Tetiana M. Povietkina ◽  
Mariana V. Boliuk
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Severe Condition ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Keyword Searches

The aim: To investigate the causes of the negative impact of diabetes mellitus co-morbidity on the onset and development of COVID-19 in diabetic patients. Materials and methods: Electronic databases of MEDLINE and Google Scholar were searched using keyword searches. Conclusions: 1. Diabetes mellitus is not a verdict. Diabetic patients can have COVID-19 with the same frequency as other people. And diabetes mellitus co-morbidity does not increase the probability of development COVID-19. 2. Previous diabetes can contribute the complications of COVID-19, patient’s severe condition and can increase the mortality. 3. The reasons for the negative results of COVID 19 treatment in patients with diabetes may be: features of autonomic innervation in patients with diabetes, impaired function of pancreatic islet cells due to the influence of SARS-CoV-2, use of some cardiac drugs, expression of inflammatory factors due to infection.

Intramuscular Nerve and Neuromuscular Junction Alteration In Extraocular Muscles of Diabetic Mice

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Pachter
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Extraocular Muscles ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Oculomotor Palsy ◽  
Third Nerve Palsy ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Intramuscular Nerve ◽  
Oculomotor Nerves

Diabetes mellitus is one of the commonest causes of neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy is a heterogeneous group of neuropathic disorders to which patients with diabetes mellitus are susceptible; more than one kind of neuropathy can frequently occur in the same individual. Abnormalities are also known to occur in nearly every anatomic subdivision of the eye in diabetic patients. Oculomotor palsy appears to be common in diabetes mellitus for their occurrence in isolation to suggest diabetes. Nerves to the external ocular muscles are most commonly affected, particularly the oculomotor or third cranial nerve. The third nerve palsy of diabetes is characteristic, being of sudden onset, accompanied by orbital and retro-orbital pain, often associated with complete involvement of the external ocular muscles innervated by the nerve. While the human and experimental animal literature is replete with studies on the peripheral nerves in diabetes mellitus, there is but a paucity of reported studies dealing with the oculomotor nerves and their associated extraocular muscles (EOMs).

Association of Major Dietary Patterns with General and Abdominal Obesity in Iranian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2015 ◽  
Vol 85 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 145-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjan Ghane Basiri ◽  
Gity Sotoudeh ◽  
Mahmood Djalali ◽  
Mohammad Reza Eshraghian ◽  
Neda Noorshahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
General Obesity ◽  
Healthy Dietary Pattern

Abstract. Background: The aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns associated with general and abdominal obesity in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: We included 728 patients (35 - 65 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus in this cross-sectional study. The usual dietary intake of individuals over 1 year was collected using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured according to standard protocol. Results: The two major dietary patterns identified by factor analysis were healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns. After adjustment for potential confounders, subjects in the highest quintile of the healthy dietary pattern scores had a lower odds ratio for the general obesity when compared to the lowest quintile (OR = 0.45, 95 % CI = 0.26 - 0.79, P for trend = 0.02), while patients in the highest quintile of the unhealthy dietary pattern scores had greater odds for the general obesity (OR = 3.2, 95 % CI = 1.8 - 5.9, P for trend < 0.001). There were no significant associations between major dietary patterns and abdominal obesity, even after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusion: This study shows that in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a healthy dietary pattern is inversely associated and an unhealthy dietary pattern is directly associated with general obesity.

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