Effect of Contaminant Flow-rate and Applied Voltage on the Current Density and Electric Field of Polymer Tracking Test

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 819
Author(s):  
F. L. Muhamedin ◽  
M. A. M. Piah ◽  
N. A. Othman ◽  
Nasir Ahmed Algeelani
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Fem Simulation ◽  
Surface Discharge ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Material Degradation ◽  
Contaminant Flow

<p>Electrical failure due to surface discharge on the insulation material will cause material degradation and eventually lead to system failure. The flow of leakage current (LC) on the insulator surface under wet contamination is used to determine the material degradation level. According to IEC 60587 standard, LC exceeding 60 mA for more than two seconds is considered as failure. In this study, the  electric field and current density distributions on the linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and natural rubber blend material have been analyzed using finite element method (FEM) analysis. The physical parameters used in FEM simulation were applied with voltage and contaminant flow rate, in accordance to contaminant conductivity. Tracking test condition according to IEC 60587 standard has been applied as proposed by the reference work in simulation using QuickField FEM software. The results show that the electric field and current density would become critical in higher applied voltage and contaminant flow rate. The highest average and highest maximum current density and electric field are found in both applied voltage of 6 kV and contaminant flow rate of 0.90 mlmin<sup>-1</sup>.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of Contaminant Flow-rate and Applied Voltage on the Current Density and Electric Field of Polymer Tracking Test

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 819
Author(s):  
F. L. Muhamedin ◽  
M. A. M. Piah ◽  
N. A. Othman ◽  
Nasir Ahmed Algeelani
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Fem Simulation ◽  
Surface Discharge ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Material Degradation ◽  
Contaminant Flow

<p>Electrical failure due to surface discharge on the insulation material will cause material degradation and eventually lead to system failure. The flow of leakage current (LC) on the insulator surface under wet contamination is used to determine the material degradation level. According to IEC 60587 standard, LC exceeding 60 mA for more than two seconds is considered as failure. In this study, the  electric field and current density distributions on the linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and natural rubber blend material have been analyzed using finite element method (FEM) analysis. The physical parameters used in FEM simulation were applied with voltage and contaminant flow rate, in accordance to contaminant conductivity. Tracking test condition according to IEC 60587 standard has been applied as proposed by the reference work in simulation using QuickField FEM software. The results show that the electric field and current density would become critical in higher applied voltage and contaminant flow rate. The highest average and highest maximum current density and electric field are found in both applied voltage of 6 kV and contaminant flow rate of 0.90 mlmin<sup>-1</sup>.</p>

The Flow Rate and Current Density of ERF (Corn Starch-Transformer Oil) Flowing through an Annulus

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (14n16) ◽  
pp. 1940-1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kobayashi ◽  
J. Ogura ◽  
R. Kodama ◽  
T. Sakai ◽  
M. Sato
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Transformer Oil ◽  
Entrance Length ◽  
Electrode Length ◽  
Inner Diameter

The purpose of the work is to examine fluidity and to formulate the flow rate and current density of ERF against applied voltage when it flows through a duct, an annulus in this study, under an electric field. In this paper the equations for the ratio of flow rate and current density are proposed for the following cases: a short entrance length or none and a long or sufficient entrance length. The effects of the electrode length, a change in the inner diameter and concentration of an ERF on the fluidity of the ERF are investigated. The equations proposed in this paper accurately represent the experimental results.

NONLINEAR CURRENT DENSITY IN QUANTUM WELLS WITH PARABOLIC POTENTIAL UNDER CROSSED ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

2012 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 1250021
Author(s):  
BUI DINH HOI ◽  
TRAN CONG PHONG
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Quantum Wells ◽  
Effective Mass ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Electrical Transport ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Electric And Magnetic Fields ◽  
Dc Electric Field

The DC electrical transport in a quantum well (QW) with parabolic confinement potential [Formula: see text] (where m and ωz are the effective mass of electron and the confinement frequency in z direction, respectively) subjected to a crossed DC electric field and magnetic field, is studied theoretically. The scattering by optical phonons is taken into account at high temperatures and strong magnetic fields. We obtained the expression for nonlinear current density (NCD) involving external (electric and magnetic) fields and characteristic parameters of QW. The dependence of NCD on the DC electric field is complicated. The analytical result is computationally evaluated and graphically plotted for a specific parabolic QW of GaAs / AlGaAs . The numerical results show the appearance of maximum peaks satisfying the condition of intersubband magnetophonon resonance (MPR) effect in the presence of a DC electric field. Especially, we show that the effect can be applied in experiment to determine some physical parameters by using magnetic field, such as the numbers of Landau levels for which electrons transfer, the effective mass, the charge of electrons or the confinement frequency characterized for PQW.

Oxidation of Elemental Mercury by Active Species Injection from a Surface Discharge Reactor

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 1294-1297
Author(s):  
Yu Ze Jiang ◽  
Jiu Tao An ◽  
Di Wen Jiang ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Yan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Air Injection ◽  
Surface Discharge ◽  
Applied Frequency ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Oxidation Efficiency

Active species injection generated by a surface discharge plasma reactor (SDPR) was studied to oxidize elemental mercury (Hg0) in the flue gas. The reactor was inserted in the simulated flue duct. The effects of several operational parameters, such as applied voltage, inlet Hg0 concentration, applied frequency and air injection flow rate, were well investigated. Experimental results showed that Hg0 oxidation efficiency of 83.8% was achieved at specific energy density of 4.0 J L-1 and the flow rate of 1.6 L min-1. Increasing applied voltage and air injection flow rate was beneficial for Hg0 oxidation due to higher production of active species. Lower Hg0 oxidation efficiency was observed with an increase of initial concentration. With an increase of applied frequency, Hg0 oxidation efficiency significantly increased, but the energy yield dropped.

scholarly journals Fouling Mitigation by Optimizing Flow Rate and Pulsed Electric Field during Bipolar Membrane Electroacidification of Caseinate Solution

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Vladlen S. Nichka ◽  
Victor V. Nikonenko ◽  
Laurent Bazinet
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Pulsed Electric Field ◽  
Pause Duration ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Bipolar Membrane ◽  
Bipolar Membranes ◽  
Protein Fouling

The efficiency of separation processes using ion exchange membranes (IEMs), especially in the food industry, is significantly limited by the fouling phenomenon, which is the process of the attachment and growth of certain species on the surface and inside the membrane. Pulsed electric field (PEF) mode, which consists in the application of constant current density pulses during a fixed time (Ton) alternated with pause lapses (Toff), has a positive antifouling impact. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of three different relatively high flow rates of feed solution (corresponding to Reynolds numbers of 187, 374 and 560) and various pulse–pause ratios of PEF current regime on protein fouling kinetics during electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM) of a model caseinate solution. Four different pulse/pause regimes (with Ton/Toff ratios equal to 10 s/10 s, 10 s/20 s, 10 s/33 s and 10 s/50 s) during electrodialysis (ED) treatment were evaluated at a current density of 5 mA/cm2. It was found that increasing the pause duration and caseinate solution flow rate had a positive impact on the minimization of protein fouling occurring on the cationic surface of the bipolar membrane (BPM) during the EDBM. Both a long pause and high flow rate contribute to a more effective decrease in the concentration of protons and caseinate anions at the BPM surface: a very good membrane performance was achieved with 50 s of pause duration of PEF and a flow rate corresponding to Re = 374. A further increase in PEF pause duration (above 50 s) or flow rate (above Re = 374) did not lead to a significant decrease in the amount of fouling.

scholarly journals Size mapping of electric field-assisted production of polycaprolactone particles

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (suppl_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Enayati ◽  
Z. Ahmad ◽  
E. Stride ◽  
M. Edirisinghe
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Uv Spectrophotometry ◽  
Polymeric Particles ◽  
Stable Cone

In this investigation, biodegradable polycaprolactone polymeric particles (300–4500 nm in diameter) were prepared by jetting a solution in an electric field. An extensive study has been carried out to determine how the size and size distribution of the particles generated can be controlled by systematically varying the polymer concentration in solution (and thereby its viscosity and electrical conductivity), and also the selected flow rate (2–50 µl min −1 ) and applied voltage (0–15 kV) during particle generation. Change in these parameters affects the mode of jetting, and within the stable cone-jet mode window, an increase in the applied voltage (approx. 15 kV) resulted in a reduction in particle size and this was more pronounced at high flow rates (such as; 30, 40 and 50 µl min −1 ) in the same region. The carrier particles were more polydisperse at the peripheral regions of the stable cone-jet mode, as defined in the applied voltage-flow rate parametric map. The effect of loading a drug on the particle size, size distribution and encapsulation efficiency was also studied. Release from drug-loaded particles was investigated using UV spectrophotometry over 45 days. This work demonstrates a powerful method of generating drug-loaded polymeric particles, with the ability to control size and polydispersivity, which has great potential in several categories of biotechnology requiring carrier particles, such as drug delivery and gene therapy.

Physical Parameters Affecting on the Electrode Performance for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1105 ◽  
pp. 320-324
Author(s):  
Chebbi Rachid ◽  
Wan Ramli Wan Daud ◽  
Beicha Abdellah ◽  
Mohd Ambar Yarmo
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Electrode Performance ◽  
Hydrogen Flow

Physical parameters effects are considered as sticking point to increase and decrease the electrode performance for PEMFCs, which is related to the electrode structural degradation under diverse operating conditions, such as various air and hydrogen pressures, humidifier temperatures, and air and hydrogen flow rates. The operating for electrode prepared with 20 wt% Pt loaded 0.3 mgPt/cm2 in single cell (25 cm2) showed that diverse parameters as pressures, humidifier temperatures, flow rate of air /hydrogen have an effects on the electrode performance. Results show better power density for high pressure, high air flow rate, and for low humidifier temperature, low H2 flow rate. The increase in pressure ratio results increases in the current density and power density from 91.96 to 99.96 mA/cm2 and from 32.56{mW/cm2} to 35.48 {mW/cm2} for an air/H2 ratio of 1/0.5 bar and 3/2 bar, respectively. The hydrogen and air flow with the stoichiometry coefficient ratio 2/1 is the best value to achieve better performance by a flow rate of 0.3 L/min for H2 and 0.6 L/min for air, which correspond to a current density and power density of 103.96{mA/cm2} and 31.56{mW/cm2}.

The Influence of Barrier and Applied Voltage Parameters on the Impulse Surface Discharge Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Vadim V. VOEVODIN ◽  
◽  
Marina V. SOKOLOVA ◽  
Viktor R. SOLOV’YEV ◽  
Nikolay Yu. LYSOV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Applied Voltage ◽  
Voltage Pulse ◽  
Discharge Zone ◽  
Surface Discharge ◽  
Initial Surface ◽  
Barrier Material ◽  
Dielectric Barrier ◽  
Discharge Ignition ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Wide Range

The results from an experimental study of impulse surface discharge occurring in an electrode system containing a dielectric plate are presented. On one of its sides, the plate had a corona-producing electrode made of 50 mm thick copper foil grounded through a current shunt for measuring the discharge current. On its other side, the plate had a high-voltage electrode, to which the voltage from a pulse generator was applied. The article presents the results from measurements of the initial voltage and the sizes of the surface discharge area in air when applying single voltage pulses with different pulse front steepness in the range 0,1–3,4 kV/ms and amplitude in the range 7–15 kV. The measurements were carried out for different dielectric barrier materials with the e values from 2 to 35. The dielectric barrier thickness was 0,9–1,8 mm. The study results have shown that the initial surface discharge ignition voltage depends essentially on the voltage pulse parameters, whereas the barrier characteristics have a weaker effect on this voltage. It has been determined that the discharge has different discharge zone length and different structure depending on the dielectric barrier properties and applied voltage parameters. The streamer zone sizes decrease with increasing the barrier material e value at the same voltage pulse steepness and increase with increasing the steepness for each barrier material. The data obtained for a wide range of external conditions can be used in numerical modeling of discharge.

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