Abstract P163: Global and Regional Consumption of Specific Dietary Fats and Dietary Cholesterol in 1990 and 2005: Systematic Analysis of Country-Specific Nutrition Surveys Worldwide

Background. Assessing the impact of diet on chronic diseases worldwide has been limited by availability only of food disappearance data rather than reliable and systematically assessed consumption data on dietary habits globally. Objective. To review and access published and unpublished national diet surveys worldwide in a systematic and consistent way to produce comprehensive intake data of specific dietary fats and their uncertainties by country, region, age, and sex in 1990 and 2005. Methods. We developed methods to identify, assess, and obtain exposure data (mean, SD) from nationally representative diet surveys worldwide on saturated, n-6, n-3 and trans fats, and dietary cholesterol. To address missing data and estimate mean intake, we developed and applied a multi-level hierarchical Bayesian model that accounted for country- and region-level data, measurement comparability, study representativeness, and diet assessment method. Time-varying country-level covariates were used to inform the estimates, including FAO food availability data, population, GDP, latitude, metabolic risks, and other diet covariates. Uncertainty of the estimates accounted for uncertainty from sampling and statistical modeling. Results. We obtained relevant data (85% by direct author contact) from 76 nationally representative and 15 large regional surveys from 49 countries in 15 regions, covering 75% of the world’s population. Several countries and regions lacked representative data. Data were most frequently available for saturated fat and dietary cholesterol (Figure). Results for other fats will be presented at the meeting. Conclusions. These new methods developed to systematically assess, compile and estimate the exposure distribution of specific dietary fats and cholesterol in a uniform fashion globally allow, for the first time, characterization of consumption habits and trends by country, region, age and sex. Such global assessment is imperative for estimating the impact of dietary fats on chronic diseases worldwide.

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Abstract MP045: Global and Regional Consumption of Major Food Groups in 1990 and 2005: Systematic Analysis of Country-Specific Nutrition Surveys Worldwide.

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.amp045 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽

Author(s):

Renata Micha ◽

Shahab Khatibzadeh ◽

Edward Giovannucci ◽

John Powles ◽

Peilin Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Data ◽

Global Scale ◽

Assessment Method ◽

Food Groups ◽

Nutrition Surveys ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Impact ◽

Age And Sex ◽

Country Specific

Background: Food-based research and policy recommendations are highly relevant in the modern era to understand and reduce the pandemics of chronic disease occurring in nearly all nations. Unfortunately, reliable and systematically assessed individual consumption data (as opposed to disappearance data) on food habits and trends have not been available on a global scale. Objective: To produce comprehensive data on consumption of major foods and their uncertainties by country, region, age, and sex in 1990 and 2005. Methods. We developed methods to identify, assess, and obtain exposure data (mean, SD) by age and sex from nationally representative diet surveys worldwide on fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts/seeds, whole grains, seafood, red meats, processed meats, milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages. To address missing data and estimate mean intake, we developed and applied a multi-level hierarchical imputation Bayesian model that accounted for country- and region-level data, measurement comparability, study representativeness, and diet assessment method. Time-varying country-level covariates were used to inform estimates, including FAO food availability data, population, GDP, latitude, metabolic risks, and other diet covariates. Uncertainty of the estimates accounted for uncertainty from sampling and statistical modeling. Results: We obtained relevant data (85% by direct author contact) from 165 nationally and 40 non-nationally representative surveys from 109 countries in 20 regions, covering 79% of the global population. Data were most frequently available for fruits and vegetables (Figure). Findings for other foods will be presented at the meeting. Conclusions: Our systematic analysis of representative country-specific nutrition surveys on a global scale has produced estimates of the exposure distribution of major foods by age, sex, country, region, and time period. Such global assessment is crucial to estimate the impact of diet on chronic diseases worldwide.

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Abstract MP51: Global, Regional, And National Intakes Of Sugar-sweetened Beverages, Milk, And Fruit Juice: A Systematic Analysis Including 193 Country-specific Nutrition Surveys Worldwide.

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.mp51 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Gitanjali M Singh ◽

Renata Micha ◽

Shahab Khatibzadeh ◽

Peilin Shi ◽

Stephen Lim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Juice ◽

Significant Heterogeneity ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Younger Adults ◽

Systematic Analysis ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Diet Surveys ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Age And Sex

Background: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), fruit juice, and milk each significantly contribute to health and disease. To-date, assessment of their global distributions and health impacts have been limited by insufficient comparable and reliable data by country, age, and sex. Objective: To quantify global, regional, and national levels of SSB, fruit juice, and milk intake by age and sex in adults over age 20 in 2010. Methods: We identified, obtained, and assessed data on intakes of these beverages in adults, by age and sex, from 193 nationally representative diet surveys worldwide, representing 62% of the world’s population. We developed a multi-level hierarchical Bayesian model to account for differences in national and regional missingness, measurement incomparability, study representativeness, and sampling and modeling uncertainty. Results: In 2010, global average intakes were 0.58 (95%UI: 0.37, 0.89) 8 oz servings/day for SSBs, 0.16 (0.10, 0.26) for fruit juice, and 0.57 (0.39, 0.83) for milk. There was significant heterogeneity in consumption of each beverage by region and age (Figure). SSB intakes were highest in the Caribbean (1.9 servings/day; 1.2, 3.0) fruit juice intakes were highest in Australia and New Zealand (0.66; 0.35, 1.13), and milk intakes were highest in Central Latin America and parts of Europe (1.06; 0.68, 1.59). Consumption levels of all three beverages were lowest in East Asia and Oceania. Globally and within regions, SSB consumption was highest in younger adults; fruit juice consumption showed little relation with age; and milk intakes were highest in older adults. Conclusions: This quantitative assessment of current beverage intakes at global, regional, and national levels, as well as by age and sex, is imperative for informing public health and policy priorities for intervention strategies, as well as for quantifying the impacts of these beverages on health worldwide.

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Greek Orthodox fasting rituals: a hidden characteristic of the Mediterranean diet of Crete

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20041197 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 92 (2) ◽

pp. 277-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Katerina O. Sarri ◽

Manolis K. Linardakis ◽

Frosso N. Bervanaki ◽

Nikolaos E. Tzanakis ◽

Anthony G. Kafatos

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Cholesterol ◽

Blood Collection ◽

Greek Orthodox ◽

Orthodox Christian ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

The Impact

The longevity and excellent health status of the population of Crete has been attributed to its lifestyle and dietary habits. The impact of Greek Orthodox Christian Church fasting on these dietary habits has never been studied. One hundred and twenty Greek Orthodox Christians living in Crete participated in a 1-year prospective study. One half of the subjects, who fasted regularly (fasters), and sixty non-faster controls were followed longitudinally for the three main fasting periods over 1 year; Christmas (40 d), Lent (48 d) and the Assumption (15 d). Pre- and end-holy days measurements were performed in each fasting period including: 24 h dietary recall, blood collection and anthropometric measurements. Based on the 24 h recall, fasters as compared with controls had lower intakes of end-holy days dietary cholesterol, total fat, saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids and protein (P>0·001). Fasters presented a decrease of 753 kJ (180 kcal) in end-holy days energy intake (P>0·05) compared with an increase of 573 kJ (137 kcal) in the controls (P>0·05). Fasters had a decrease in end-holy days Ca intake (P>0·001) and an increase in end-holy days total dietary fibre (P>0·001) and folate (P>0·05), attributed to their higher consumption of fruit and vegetables in end-holy periods (P>0·001). There were no differences for other vitamins or minerals between pre- and end-holy periods in both groups except for vitamin B2. The Orthodox Christian dietary regulations are an important component of the Mediterranean diet of Crete characterised by low levels of dietary saturated fatty acids, high levels of fibre and folate, and a high consumption of fruit, vegetables and legumes.

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Medical costs and out-of-pocket expenditures associated with multimorbidity in China: quantile regression analysis

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. e004042

Author(s):

Yang Zhao ◽

Rifat Atun ◽

Kanya Anindya ◽

Barbara McPake ◽

Tiara Marthias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Diseases ◽

Medical Cost ◽

Low Income ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveMultimorbidity is a growing challenge in low-income and middle-income countries. This study investigates the effects of multimorbidity on annual medical costs and the out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPEs) along the cost distribution.MethodsData from the nationally representative China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS 2015), including 10 592 participants aged ≥45 years and 15 physical and mental chronic diseases, were used for this nationally representative cross-sectional study. Quantile multivariable regressions were employed to understand variations in the association of chronic disease multimorbidity with medical cost and OOPE.ResultsOverall, 69.5% of middle-aged and elderly Chinese had multimorbidity in 2015. Increased number of chronic diseases was significantly associated with greater health expenditures across every cost quantile groups. The effect of chronic diseases on total medical cost was found to be larger among the upper tail than those in the lower tail of the cost distributions (coefficients 12, 95% CI 6 to 17 for 10th percentile; coefficients 296, 95% CI 71 to 522 for 90th percentile). Annual OOPE also increased with chronic diseases from the 10th percentile to the 90th percentile. Multimorbidity had larger effects on OOPE and was more pronounced at the upper tail of the health expenditure distribution (regression coefficients of 8 and 84 at the 10th percentile and 75th percentile, respectively).ConclusionMultimorbidity is associated with escalating healthcare costs in China. Further research is required to understand the impact of multimorbidity across different population groups.

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Exile, Diaspora, and Return

10.1093/oso/9780190693961.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luis Roniger ◽

Leonardo Senkman ◽

Saúl Sosnowski ◽

Mario Sznajder

Keyword(s):

Systematic Analysis ◽

The Arts ◽

Scientific Disciplines ◽

Early Twenty ◽

Transnational Connections ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

Institutional Impact ◽

Global Arena ◽

Education Science ◽

The Impact

This book explores how Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay have been affected by postexilic relocations, transnational migrant displacements, and diasporas. It provides a systematic analysis of the formation of exile communities and diaspora politics, the politics of return, and the agenda of democratization in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, focusing on the impact of intellectuals, academics, activists, and public figures who had experienced exile on the reconstitution and transformation of their societies following democratization. Readers are offered a kaleidoscope of intellectual itineraries, debates, and contributions held in the public domain by individuals who confronted and fought authoritarian rule. The book covers their contributions to the restructuring and transformation of scientific disciplines and of the humanities and the arts, as well as their collective institutional impact on higher education, science and technology, and public institutions. Bringing together sociopolitical, cultural, and policy analysis with the testimonies of dozens of intellectuals, academics, political activists, and policymakers, the book addresses the impact of exile on people’s lives and on their fractured experiences, the debates and prospects of return, the challenges of dis-exile and postexilic trends, and, finally, the ways in which those who experienced exile impacted democratized institutions, public culture, and discourse. It also follows some crucial shifts in the frontiers of citizenship, moving analysis to transnational connections and permanent diasporas, including the diasporas of knowledge that increasingly changed the very meaning of being national and transnational, while connecting those countries to the global arena.

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Work absence and multimorbidity in Portugal: results from the 1st National Health Examination Survey

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.1390 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

J Matos ◽

C Matias Dias ◽

A Félix

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Model ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

National Health ◽

Logistic Regression Model ◽

Health Examination ◽

Work Absence ◽

Health Examination Survey ◽

Absence From Work ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Studies on the impact of patients with multimorbidity in the absence of work indicate that the number and type of chronic diseases may increase absenteeism and that the risk of absence from work is higher in people with two or more chronic diseases. This study analyzed the association between multimorbidity and greater frequency and duration of work absence in the portuguese population between the ages of 25 and 65 during 2015. Methods This is an epidemiological, observational, cross-sectional study with an analytical component that has its source of information from the 1st National Health Examination Survey. The study analyzed univariate, bivariate and multivariate variables under study. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed. Results The prevalence of absenteeism was 55,1%. Education showed an association with absence of work (p = 0,0157), as well as professional activity (p = 0,0086). It wasn't possible to verify association between the presence of chronic diseases (p = 0,9358) or the presence of multimorbidity (p = 0,4309) with absence of work. The prevalence of multimorbidity was 31,8%. There was association between age (p < 0,0001), education (p < 0,001) and yield (p = 0,0009) and multimorbidity. There is no increase in the number of days of absence from work due to the increase in the number of chronic diseases. In the optimized logistic regression model the only variables that demonstrated association with the variable labor absence were age (p = 0,0391) and education (0,0089). Conclusions The scientific evidence generated will contribute to the current discussion on the need for the health and social security system to develop policies to patients with multimorbidity. Key messages The prevalence of absenteeism and multimorbidity in Portugal was respectively 55,1% and 31,8%. In the optimized model age and education demonstrated association with the variable labor absence.

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Efficiency Improvement of Miniaturized Heat Exchangers

Fluids ◽

10.3390/fluids6010025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Iris Gerken ◽

Thomas Wetzel ◽

Jürgen J. Brandner

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Heat Transfer Enhancement ◽

Heat Exchangers ◽

Assessment Method ◽

Flow Path ◽

Transfer Enhancement ◽

Pressure Losses ◽

Pin Fin ◽

Additional Pressure ◽

The Impact

Micro heat exchangers have been revealed to be efficient devices for improved heat transfer due to short heat transfer distances and increased surface-to-volume ratios. Further augmentation of the heat transfer behaviour within microstructured devices can be achieved with heat transfer enhancement techniques, and more precisely for this study, with passive enhancement techniques. Pin fin geometries influence the flow path and, therefore, were chosen as the option for further improvement of the heat transfer performance. The augmentation of heat transfer with micro heat exchangers was performed with the consideration of an improved heat transfer behaviour, and with additional pressure losses due to the change of flow path (pin fin geometries). To capture the impact of the heat transfer, as well as the impact of additional pressure losses, an assessment method should be considered. The overall exergy loss method can be applied to micro heat exchangers, and serves as a simple assessment for characterization. Experimental investigations with micro heat exchanger structures were performed to evaluate the assessment method and its importance. The heat transfer enhancement was experimentally investigated with microstructured pin fin geometries to understand the impact on pressure loss behaviour with air.

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SEM-PLS Approach to Green Building

Encyclopedia ◽

10.3390/encyclopedia1020039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 472-481

Author(s):

Nasim Aghili ◽

Mehdi Amirkhani

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation ◽

Green Building ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Assessment Method ◽

Assessment System ◽

Renewable Materials ◽

Sustainable Building ◽

Building Operation ◽

The Impact

Green buildings refer to buildings that decrease adverse environmental effects and maintain natural resources. They can diminish energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, the usage of non-renewable materials, water consumption, and waste generation while improving occupants’ health and well-being. As such, several rating tools and benchmarks have been developed worldwide to assess green building performance (GBP), including the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) in the United Kingdom, German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) in the United States and Canada, Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) in Japan, Green Star in Australia, Green Mark in Singapore, and Green Building Index in Malaysia. Energy management (EM) during building operation could also improve GBP. One of the best approaches to evaluating the impact of EM on GBP is by using structural equation modelling (SEM). SEM is a commanding statistical method to model testing. One of the most used SEM variance-based approaches is partial least squares (PLS), which can be implemented in the SmartPLS application. PLS-SEM uses path coefficients to determine the strength and significance of the hypothesised relationships between the latent constructs.

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The Impact of Diet on Urinary Risk Factors for Cystine Stone Formation

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020528 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 528

Author(s):

Roswitha Siener ◽

Norman Bitterlich ◽

Hubert Birwé ◽

Albrecht Hesse

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Stone Formation ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Vegetarian Diet ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Urine Ph ◽

Cystine Stone ◽

The Impact

Despite the importance of dietary management of cystinuria, data on the contribution of diet to urinary risk factors for cystine stone formation are limited. Studies on the physiological effects of diet on urinary cystine and cysteine excretion are lacking. Accordingly, 10 healthy men received three standardized diets for a period of five days each and collected daily 24 h urine. The Western-type diet (WD; 95 g/day protein) corresponded to usual dietary habits, whereas the mixed diet (MD; 65 g/day protein) and lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet (VD; 65 g/day protein) were calculated according to dietary reference intakes. With intake of the VD, urinary cystine and cysteine excretion decreased by 22 and 15%, respectively, compared to the WD, although the differences were not statistically significant. Urine pH was significantly highest on the VD. Regression analysis showed that urinary phosphate was significantly associated with cystine excretion, while urinary sulfate was a predictor of cysteine excretion. Neither urinary cystine nor cysteine excretion was affected by dietary sodium intake. A lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet is particularly suitable for the dietary treatment of cystinuria, since the additional alkali load may reduce the amount of required alkalizing agents.

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Ontogenetic shift in the trophic role of the invasive killer shrimp Dikerogammarus villosus: a stable isotope study

Biological Invasions ◽

10.1007/s10530-021-02472-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francesco Mancini ◽

Raffaele De Giorgi ◽

Alessandro Ludovisi ◽

Salvatrice Vizzini ◽

Giorgio Mancinelli

Keyword(s):

Dietary Habits ◽

Trophic Position ◽

Ecological Impact ◽

Central Italy ◽

Local Conditions ◽

Dikerogammarus Villosus ◽

Isotopic Signatures ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Stable Isotope Study ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe introduction of the amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus in European fresh waters is to date recognized as a threat to the integrity of invaded communities. Predation by D. villosus on native benthic invertebrates is assumed as the key determinant of its ecological impact, yet available information describe the species as a primary consumer as well as a carnivore depending on local conditions. Here, we assessed the trophic position (TP) of D. villosus in Lake Trasimeno, a recently invaded lentic system in central Italy, using the CN isotopic signatures of individuals captured in winter spanning two orders of magnitude in body size. TP estimations were compared with those characterizing the native amphipod Echinogammarus veneris and other representative invertebrate predators. On average, D. villosus showed a trophic position higher than E. veneris, and comparable with that of odonate nymphs. An in-depth analysis revealed that large-sized individuals had a trophic position of 3.07, higher than odonates and close to that of the hirudinean predator Erpobdella octoculata, while small-sized specimens had a trophic position of 2.57, similar to that of E. veneris (2.41). These findings indicate that size-related ontogenetic shifts in dietary habits may per se vary the nature of the interaction between Dikerogammarus villosus and native invertebrates from competition to predation. Information collated from published isotopic studies corroborated the generality of our results. We conclude that intra-specific trophic flexibility may potentially amplify and make more multifaceted the impact of the species on other invertebrate species in invaded food webs.

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