Abstract P115: Relationship between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Psychological Distress among Hispanic/Latinos: The Hispanic Community Health Study/ Study of Latinos

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila F Castaneda ◽  
Patricia Gonzalez ◽  
Linda C Gallo ◽  
Gregory A Talavera ◽  
Addie L Fortmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Hispanic Community ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Hispanic Latinos

Background: Studies show that cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are correlated with psychological distress. Minimal research has been conducted exploring the relationship between psychological distress and CVD risk among Hispanic/ Latinos (H/L) of different background groups. The aim of this study was to investigate which CVD risk factors were most strongly correlated with psychological distress. Methods: The multi-site prospective population-based Hispanic Community Health Study/ Study of Latinos enrolled a cohort of H/L adults (n = 16,415) ages 18-74 in four US communities (Chicago, San Diego, Miami, and Bronx). Households were selected using a stratified two-stage probability sampling design and door-to-door recruitment, and sampling weights calibrated to the 2010 US Population Census. Analyses involve 15,464 participants with complete data. Psychological distress (i.e., 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and 10 item Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale), socio-demographics (i.e., age, education, health insurance, gender, and H/L background), acculturation (i.e., years in the U.S., country of birth, and language), and CVD risk factors [i.e., dyslipidemia (HDL cholesterol < 40, LDL cholesterol ≥ 160,or triglycerides ≥ 200), body mass index (BMI), current cigarette smoking, diabetes (i.e., fasting time > 8 hr AND fasting glucose ≥ 126, or fasting time ≤ 8 hr AND fasting glucose ≥ 200, or post-OGTT glucose ≥ 200, or A1C≥ 6.5 or on medication), and hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 or on mediations)] were measured during the HCHS/SOL baseline exam. Associations between CVD risk factors and psychological distress were assessed using multiple linear regression models with depression and anxiety as dependent variables, accounting for the complex survey design and sampling weights, and controlling for socio-demographic and acculturation covariates. Results: Current smoking, diabetes, and BMI were significantly associated with depression and anxiety symptoms, after adjusting for covariates. Mean depressive symptomatology was 1.66 higher among smokers, .58 higher among diabetics, and increased by .04 for every one unit increase in BMI; mean anxiety symptomatology was 1.31 higher among smokers, .58 higher among diabetics, and increased by .05 for every one unit increase in BMI, adjusting for other factors. Dyslipidemia and hypertension were not associated with depression or anxiety. Discussion: Results demonstrate that certain CVD risk factors (i.e., smoking, diabetes, and BMI) were associated with psychological distress. Among the multiple CVD risk factors, current smoking was the strongest correlate; indicating its importance in CVD risk reduction among patients with depressive symptomatology.

Abstract P006: Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Burden is Associated With Hearing Loss in Young Men: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael R Baiduc ◽  
Brittany Bogle ◽  
Franklyn Gonzalez ◽  
Elizabeth Dinces ◽  
David J Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Hispanic Community

Introduction: Over 30 million Americans suffer from hearing loss (HL). Studies suggest that established cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors may contribute to the pathophysiology of the inner ear. However, the aggregate effect of CVD risk factors on hearing is not well understood. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that high CVD risk burden is associated with worse hearing. Methods: We assessed younger (ages 18-34) and older (ages 55-64) Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos participants who underwent audiometry in 2008-11. After excluding those with conductive pathology and asymmetric HL, we randomly chose one ear for analysis. Puretone thresholds were obtained at 0.5-8 kHz; puretone average (PTA) was calculated using thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz. Low CVD risk burden was defined as having all of: blood pressure (BP) <120/<80 mmHg; total cholesterol <180 mg/dL; not currently smoking; and not having prevalent diabetes. High CVD risk burden was defined as ≥ 2 of: diabetes; currently smoking; BP >160/>100 mmHg (or antihypertensive use); and total cholesterol >240 mg/dL (or statin use). By age group and sex, we estimated hearing thresholds per frequency with linear regression models adjusted for noise exposure. Least squares estimates were calculated using strata-specific means of covariates. Estimates were compared via t-tests. Data were weighted for all analyses and accounted for clustering. Results: Among younger and older individuals in the target population (51.9% female), 28.8% had low and 5.5% had high CVD risk. Younger men with high CVD risk had worse PTA than young men with low risk (7.7 dB HL [7.0-8.4] vs. 10.5 dB HL [8.4-12.5], p =0.02), and had significantly worse thresholds at 1,3,4,6 kHz than those with low risk ( Figure ). There was no difference in PTA or thresholds at any frequency by CVD risk burden in young women, older men, or older women. Conclusions: CVD risk burden is associated with HL among young men, but not young women or older adults. CVD risk burden may be useful for identifying young men at risk for HL.

scholarly journals Association between vegetarian diets and cardiovascular risk factors in non-Hispanic white participants of the Adventist Health Study-2

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiji Matsumoto ◽  
W. Lawrence Beeson ◽  
David J. Shavlik ◽  
Gina Siapco ◽  
Karen Jaceldo-Siegl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Vegetarian Diets ◽  
Prevalence Ratios ◽  
White Adults ◽  
Hispanic White ◽  
Adventist Health Study

AbstractThe association between dietary patterns and CVD risk factors among non-Hispanic whites has not been fully studied. Data from 650 non-Hispanic white adults who participated in one of two clinical sub-studies (about 2 years after the baseline) of the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) were analysed. Four dietary patters were identified using a validated 204-item semi-quantitative FFQ completed at enrolment into AHS-2: vegans (8·3 %), lacto-ovo-vegetarians (44·3 %), pesco-vegetarians (10·6 %) and non-vegetarians (NV) (37·3 %). Dietary pattern-specific prevalence ratios (PR) of CVD risk factors were assessed adjusting for confounders with or without BMI as an additional covariable. The adjusted PR for hypertension, high total cholesterol and high LDL-cholesterol were lower in all three vegetarian groups. Among the lacto-ovo-vegetarians the PR were 0·57 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·73), 0·72 (95 % CI 0·59, 0·88) and 0·72 (95 % CI 0·58, 0·89), respectively, which remained significant after additionally adjusting for BMI. The vegans and the pesco-vegetarians had similar PR for hypertension at 0·46 (95 % CI 0·25, 0·83) and 0·62 (95 % CI 0·42, 0·91), respectively, but estimates were attenuated and marginally significant after adjustment for BMI. Compared with NV, the PR of obesity and abdominal adiposity, as well as other CVD risk factors, were significantly lower among the vegetarian groups. Similar results were found when limiting analyses to participants not being treated for CVD risk factors, with the vegans having the lowest mean BMI and waist circumference. Thus, compared with the diet of NV, vegetarian diets were associated with significantly lower levels of CVD risk factors among the non-Hispanic whites.

Abstract P160: Conflicting Associations of Acculturation and Cardiovascular Risk in Hispanics in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010: What Are We Measuring?

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenny Lopez ◽  
Fatima Rodriguez ◽  
James B Meigs ◽  
Jeffrey M Ashburner
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
The Us ◽  
At Home

Background: Acculturation is the process by which immigrant groups adopt the cultural practices and values of the host country. Research has produced conflicting results in the association between acculturation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among Hispanics. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has collected multiple acculturation measures. We evaluated the hypothesis that the acculturation measure utilized impacts the association with CVD risk. Methods: The following measures of acculturation were available: Nativity, Language spoken at home (‘mostly English,’ ‘Equal English/Spanish,’ ‘Mostly Spanish’), Years in the US (0-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, >20), and US citizenship. The validated Short Acculturation Scale (SAS) was only used between 1999 and 2004. Chi-squared analyses and logistic regression models were used to examine the independent association of acculturation with CVD risk factors: hypertension, BMI, diabetes (HgbA1c ≥6.5), total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dl, HDL (male: <40 mg/dl, female <50 mg/dl). Models were adjusted for age, gender, insurance, education, income, having a usual place of care, and appropriate sampling weights. Nominal association between acculturation variables was assessed with the uncertainty coefficient (UC) (Range: -1 [100% negative association] to 1 [100% positive association]). Results: Of 8707 Hispanics, less acculturated adults, as measured through language, were slightly older (mean age 41 vs. 39), were more likely to have less than a high school education (66 vs. 25%), less likely to have a usual source of care (61 vs.79%), and more likely to be uninsured (57 vs. 27%). Only 8% were born in the US, 31% were US citizens, and 58% reported 15 yrs or less in the US. In fully adjusted models, the SAS and other language based acculturation measures showed null association with CVD risk while increasing years in the US was consistently associated with increasing risk over time of hypertension (ORs range: 1.1-2.3), obesity (ORs range: 1.2-2.4) and diabetes (ORs range: 1.0-2.6). Only obesity had similar point estimates and confidence intervals across acculturation measures (ORs range: 1.0 - 2.4). Moderate positive correlation was highest between language usually spoken at home and country of birth (UC=0.4) followed by US citizenship (UC=0.3). Conclusions: NHANES is widely used in the study of Hispanic health. Different acculturation measures demonstrate differing associations with CVD risk factors. In contrast to language-based measures, only length of residence in the US showed consist associations across CVD risk factors. Future research is needed to further characterize acculturation metrics among heterogeneous Hispanic populations.

Abstract P373: Higher Plaque Volume but Not Density of Coronary Artery Calcium is Associated With Left Ventricular Mass

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nketi I Forbang ◽  
Erin Michos ◽  
Matthew Allison ◽  
Isac Thomas ◽  
Robyn McClelland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Left Ventricular Mass ◽  
Coronary Artery Calcium ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Ventricular Mass ◽  
Unit Increase

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) predicts future cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, including heart failure (HF), improves risk stratification beyond traditional CVD risk factors, and is associated with a higher left ventricular mass (LVM), a HF risk factor. Recent findings from the MESA have shown that for a given CAC volume, higher CAC density was inversely associated with incident CVD. It remains uncertain whether CAC volume and density associate differently with LVM. In a multi-ethnic cohort of community dwelling individuals free from clinical CVD at recruitment, we determined the independent cross-sectional associations of baseline CAC volume and density, measured by non-contrast cardiac CT, with LVM, measured by MRI. In 2432 participants with prevalent CAC (density can only be assessed in those with CAC > 0), the mean age was 66 ± 10 years, 59% were men, 50% were European-, 22% were African-, 20% were Hispanic-, and 13% were Chinese-Americans. Median (25-75 th ) CAC volume was 78 (23-259) mm 3 , mean CAC density was 2.7 ± 0.7, and mean LVM was 151 ± 41 grams. CAC density and natural log ( ln ) CAC volume were correlated (correlation coefficient=0.60, P-value < 0.01). Multivariable linear regression models investigated associations of ln (CAC volume) and CAC density with LVM. Model 1 adjusted for demographics (age, sex, and ethnicity) and body surface area. Model 2 included Model 1 plus CVD risk factors (smoking status, fasting glucose, total and HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and use of medications for hypertension, diabetes, and abnormal lipids). In fully adjusted models one log unit increase in CAC volume as associated with 1.7 gram increase in LVM (Beta = 1.7, 95% CI: 0.7 to 2.6, P < 0.01). In contrast, a unit increase in CAC density was associated with 1.9 gram decrease in LVM (Beta = -1.9, 95% CI: -3.9 to 0.1, P = 0.07). Higher CAC volume, but not CAC density, was cross-sectionally associated with higher LVM; a risk factor for HF. Higher calcium density of coronary artery plaques may not be a hazard for ischemic heart disease mediated increase in LVM. Future studies should determine independent associations of CAC volume and density with incident HF.

Abstract P013: Prevalence, Correlates and Prognosis of Healthy Vascular Aging in a Western Community-dwelling Population

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teemu Niiranen ◽  
Asya Lyass ◽  
Martin Larson ◽  
Naomi Hamburg ◽  
Emelia Benjamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Vascular Aging ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Health Score ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Life’S Simple 7

Introduction: Although hypertension in the elderly is no longer considered harmless, increasing arterial stiffness and blood pressure (BP) are still widely seen as inevitable parts of the aging process. However, these phenomena may not be unavoidable as they are nearly absent in populations leading traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyles. Our study had 3 aims: 1) to define a new concept - healthy vascular aging (HVA); 2) to assess prevalence and correlates of HVA in a sample acculturated to a western life-style; and 3) to estimate the magnitude of cardiovascular (CVD) risk associated with HVA vs. absence of HVA. Methods: We studied 3197 Framingham Heart Study participants aged ≥50 years (62±9 years, 56% women) who underwent physical examination, interviews, and measurement of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) in 1999-2008. We defined HVA as no hypertension (BP <140/90 mmHg without antihypertensive treatment) and PWV <7.6 m/s (equivalent to +2 SD above mean of non-hypertensive reference sample aged <30 years with no CVD risk factors). We used logistic regression models that included physical activity, caloric intake, and classical CVD factors as covariates to assess the correlates of HVA. For each participant, we constructed a cardiovascular health score based on presence vs. absence of 6 modifiable risk factors (cholesterol, plasma glucose, healthy diet score, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and smoking) defined as dichotomous variables according to the American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7 score (modified to exclude hypertension). We estimated odds ratios (OR) per 1-unit increase in cardiovascular health score for HVA. We used Cox regression models adjusted for classical CVD risk factors, including systolic BP, to assess the relationship between HVA and incident CVD events (CVD death, myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and unstable angina). Results: In our sample, only 566 (17.7%) had HVA. Lower age (OR per 1-SD increase 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14-0.23), female sex (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.54-2.68), lower BMI (OR per 1-SD increase 0.54; 95% CI 0.47-0.63) and no diabetes (OR 0.09; 95% CI 0.02-0.36) were significantly associated with HVA. A 1-unit increase in the cardiovascular health score conferred 1.55-fold (95% CI 1.38-1.74) odds of HVA. During follow-up (median 9.6 years), 391 participants had CVD events. HVA was associated with an age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.36 (95% CI, 0.22-0.60) and a multivariable-adjusted HR of 0.45 (95% CI, 0.26-0.77) for CVD relative to absence of HVA. Conclusions: One in 6 individuals experiences HVA in our sample. Individuals with HVA are at a considerably low risk of CVD. Prevention strategies targeting modifiable factors and behaviors included in Life’s Simple 7 are important for preventing or delaying vascular aging and the associated risk of CVD.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Associations of Depressive Symptoms with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome among African Americans

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise C. Cooper ◽  
Ranak B. Trivedi ◽  
Karin M. Nelson ◽  
Gayle E. Reiber ◽  
Alan B. Zonderman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
African American ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
African Americans ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Unit Increase

Young to middle-aged women usually have notably lower rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than their male counterparts, but African American women lack this advantage. Their elevated CVD may be influenced by sex differences in associations between depressed mood and CVD risk factors. This cross-sectional study examined whether relations between scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale and a spectrum of CVD risk factors varied by sex among African Americans (n=1076; ages 30–64) from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. Sex-stratified multiple regressions and logistic regressions were conducted. Among women, CES-D scores correlated positively with systolic blood pressure and waist-to-hip ratio (P's<.05), but inversely with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P<.01). Women had twice the odds for metabolic syndrome if CES-D scores ≥16 and had a ≥14% increase in odds of hypertension, abdominal obesity, and low HDL-C with each 5-unit increase in CES-D scores. Among men, CES-D scores correlated positively with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P<.05), and odds of hypertension increased by 21% with each 5-unit increase in CES-D scores. Depressive symptoms may promote premature CVD risk in African Americans, at least in part, via CVD risk factors and prevalent metabolic syndrome, particularly in African American women.

Abstract P355: Variable associations of dehydroepiandrosterone with cardiovascular risk factors in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monik C Jimenez ◽  
Kathrine Tucker ◽  
Fatima Rodriguez ◽  
James B Meigs ◽  
Lenny Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
History Of

Introduction: Low blood levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) have been shown to have strong positive associations with diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and stroke. However, the underlying pathways remain unclear, given limited data to systematically examine associations of DHEAS with CVD risk. In exploratory analyses we tested the association between CVD risk factors and DHEAS levels in a large population of Latinos. Methods: Among 1,450 participants in the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study between the ages of 45-75 years at baseline, socio-demographic, behavior, medical history, anthropometric and blood pressure data were collected at in-home interviews conducted by trained staff. A certified phlebotomist collected fasting blood samples. All samples were assayed for DHEAS, lipids, and C-reactive protein (CRP), HbA1c, insulin and glucose (GL). Spearman correlations were estimated between DHEAS and continuous CVD risk factors (lipids, systolic blood pressure [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure [DBP], CRP, GL, HbA1c, insulin, body mass index [BMI], waist circumference, physical activity and alcohol consumptions). We used robust multivariable linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders and intermediates with α=0.05 to estimate the association selected CVD risk factors and DHEAS levels. CVD risk factors were identified from a set of potential candidate predictors (age, female gender, history of heart disease, diabetes status, SBP, DBP, total and high density cholesterol [TC, HDL], triglycerides [TG], GL, CRP) using stepwise linear regression with an entry criterion of α=0.20 and exit criterion of α=0.10. Results: The mean DHEAS concentration among women was 70.7 μg/dL (s.d. 53.9; median=70.7) and among men was 119 μg/dL (s.d. 87.7; median=100). In age and sex adjusted Spearman correlations, TC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, physical activity and alcohol were positively significantly correlated with DHEAS, while BMI and waist circumference were inversely correlated. In robust multivariable linear regression adjusted for potential confounders, age (-8.3; 95%CI:-10.0,-6.5; per 5 yrs), sex (β=-32.5; 95%CI:-38.4,-26.6) and TG (β=-0.5; 95%CI:-0.7,-0.2; per 10 mg/dl) were significantly inversely associated with DHEAS concentration, while TC (β=0.9; 95%CI:0.2,1.6;per 10 mg/dL) and GL (β=0.7; 95%CI:0.2, 1.2;per 10 mg/dL) were positively associated, albeit non-statistically significant. Adjustment for history of CVD, diabetes and BMI, only marginally attenuated these associations. Conclusions: Our data provide support for a significant association between TG levels and DHEAS concentrations even after adjustment for potential confounders and intermediates, which has been previously untested. These results suggest that DHEAS may work through lipid pathways.

Abstract P309: The Role of Traumatic Stress in Association Between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Hispanic/Latino Adults: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Vasquez ◽  
David X Marquez ◽  
Linda C Gallo ◽  
Maria Argos ◽  
Violeta Carrion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Ancillary Study ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Physical activity ( PA ) is associated with lower risk, and chronic stress with increased risk of CVD risk factors ( RFs ) such as hypertension ( HTN ) or type 2 diabetes. Little is known about potential interactions between PA and traumatic stress ( TS ) in relation to CVD risk factors. Objective: To assess whether the association of PA with CVD RFs is modified by the presence of traumatic stress ( TS ). Methods: Cross-sectional data from 4,169 adults ages 18-74 in 2008-11, who participated in the HCHS/SOL Sociocultural Ancillary Study and had complete information on key variables, were analyzed using complex survey design methods. TS was assessed by self-reported lifetime exposure to traumatic events; scores were categorized into tertiles based on number of stressors: low=0-1; intermediate=2; high=≥3. PA was assessed by the Global PA Questionnaire and grouped into 4 levels: inactive, low, intermediate, and high activity. CVD RFs included HTN, obesity, diabetes, smoking, and hypercholesterolemia. Multivariate logistic regression was used for analyses. Results: Compared to high PA levels, intermediate PA was significantly associated with HTN, inactivity was associated with obesity, and inactivity and intermediate PA were associated with diabetes ( Table ). Significant interaction between PA with TS was observed for HTN (p<0.001) but not for other CVD RFs. For effect modification by TS, among persons with low TS, intermediate PA was associated with 2.1 times higher odds of HTN vs. high PA levels. Among those with intermediate TS, low PA was associated with 2.3 times higher odds of HTN, and among those with high TS, inactivity was associated with 2.1 times higher odds of HTN vs. high PA levels. Conclusion: A statistical interaction was observed between traumatic stress and physical activity among those with hypertension (but not with other CVD risk factors), and the odds of HTN varied by TS. Further evaluation is needed to determine physical activity recommendations to prevent hypertension among those with traumatic stress.

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