Abstract P320: Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Diets rich in plant-based foods have been associated with lower stroke risk. Plant-based foods contain a variety of potentially cardioprotective compounds, including flavonoids. We assessed the hypothesis that total flavonoid and flavonoid subclass intakes are associated with incident ischemic stroke in a population-based cohort oversampled for non-Hispanic blacks and Stroke Belt residents. Methods: Between 2003 and 2007, REGARDS enrolled black and white Americans age ≥ 45 years. Participants were 20,413 men and women who completed a Block 98 food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and without stroke at baseline. Total flavonoid and flavonoid subclass (anthocyanidin, flavan-3-ol, flavanone, flavonol, flavone, proanthocyanidin and isoflavone) intakes were estimated using the food consumption reported by the FFQ and the flavonoid contents of each food using USDA databases. Incident strokes were captured by participant report and adjudicated by experts. Quintiles of flavonoid intake were examined as predictors of incident stroke using Cox regression models using the first quintile as the referent. Tests for trend used the quintile medians. Results: Adjusting for age and caloric intake, there was a statistically significant inverse association between total flavonoid intake and ischemic stroke (Q5 v Q1: HR=0.68; 95% CI=0.51, 0.90; p-trend=0.04) however, this association weakened after additional adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic and health behavior factors as well as self-reported CHD at baseline (Q5 v Q1: HR=0.77; 95% CI=0.58, 1.03; p-trend=0.31). A similar pattern was seen for flavanones (age, energy adjusted HR=0.74; 95% CI= 0.57, 0.95; p-trend=0.02; fully adjusted HR= 0.82; 95%CI=0.65, 1.05; p-trend=0.06). Effect estimates for total flavonoids, flavanones, proanthocyanidins, and isoflavones, suggested a protective, though nonlinear association with risk reduction emerging at the second quintile, though these did not achieve statistical significance (total flavonoids, fully adjusted HR (95% CI): Q2= 0.80 (0.61, 1.04); Q3= 0.85 (0.65, 1.11); Q4=0.92 (0.70, 1.19); Q5= 0.77 (0.58, 1.03)). Total flavonoid and flavanone intake were significantly associated with IS in fully adjusted models in women (total: Q5 v Q1 HR=0.62; 95% CI= 0.41, 0.94; p-trend=0.15; flavanones HR=0.65; 95% CI=0.44, 0.95; p-trend=0.03) but not in men (total: Q5 v Q1 HR=0.95; 95% CI= 0.63, 1.42; flavanones HR=0.80; 95% CI=0.58, 1.09; p-interaction=0.67). There was no effect modification by race or region of residence. Conclusion: Total dietary flavonoids and flavanones are associated with a reduction in risk of incident ischemic stroke, particularly in women. The emergence of a protective effect at the second quintile for total flavonoids, flavanones, proanthocyanidins and isoflavones is consistent with previous studies of dietary flavonoid intake and CVD mortality.

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Effects of long-term anti-seizure medication monotherapy on all-cause death in patients with post-stroke epilepsy: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan

BMC Neurology ◽

10.1186/s12883-021-02241-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chia-Yu Hsu ◽

Chun-Yu Cheng ◽

Jiann-Der Lee ◽

Meng Lee ◽

Bruce Ovbiagele

Keyword(s):

Valproic Acid ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Population Based ◽

Primary Diagnosis ◽

Research Database ◽

Post Stroke ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Index Stroke

Abstract Objective We aim to compare the effect of long-term anti-seizure medication (ASM) monotherapy on the risk of death and new ischemic stroke in patients with post-stroke epilepsy (PSE). Patients and methods We identified all hospitalized patients (≥ 20 years) with a primary diagnosis of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke from 2001 to 2012 using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The PSE cohort were defined as the stroke patients (1) who had no epilepsy and no ASMs use before the index stroke, and (2) who had epilepsy and ASMs use after 14 days from the stroke onset. The patients with PSE receiving ASM monotherapy were enrolled and were categorized into phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine, and new ASM groups. We employed the Cox regression model to estimate the unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of death and new ischemic stroke within 5 years across all groups, using the new ASM group as the reference. Results Of 6962 patients with PSE using ASM monotherapy, 3917 (56 %) were on phenytoin, 1623 (23 %) on valproic acid, 457 (7 %) on carbamazepine, and 965 (14 %) on new ASMs. After adjusting for confounders, compared with new ASM users, phenytoin users had a higher risk of death in 5 years (HR: 1.64; 95 % CI: 1.06–2.55). On the other hand, all ASM groups showed a similar risk of new ischemic stroke in 5 years. Conclusions Among patients with PSE on first-line monotherapy, compared to new ASMs, use of phenytoin was associated with a higher risk of death in 5 years.

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Coeliac disease and invasive pneumococcal disease: a population-based cohort study

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268816003204 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 145 (6) ◽

pp. 1203-1209 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. RÖCKERT TJERNBERG ◽

J. BONNEDAHL ◽

M. INGHAMMAR ◽

A. EGESTEN ◽

G. KAHLMETER ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Coeliac Disease ◽

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽

Pneumococcal Disease ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽

Population Based ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Severe Infections

SUMMARYSevere infections are recognized complications of coeliac disease (CD). In the present study we aimed to examine whether individuals with CD are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). To do so, we performed a population-based cohort study including 29 012 individuals with biopsy-proven CD identified through biopsy reports from all pathology departments in Sweden. Each individual with CD was matched with up to five controls (n = 144 257). IPD events were identified through regional and national microbiological databases, including the National Surveillance System for Infectious Diseases. We used Cox regression analyses to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for diagnosed IPD. A total of 207 individuals had a record of IPD whereas 45/29 012 had CD (0·15%) and 162/144 257 were controls (0·11%). This corresponded to a 46% increased risk for IPD [HR 1·46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·05–2·03]. The risk estimate was similar after adjustment for socioeconomic status, educational level and comorbidities, but then failed to attain statistical significance (adjusted HR 1·40, 95% CI 0·99–1·97). Nonetheless, our study shows a trend towards an increased risk for IPD in CD patients. The findings support results seen in earlier research and taking that into consideration individuals with CD may be considered for pneumococcal vaccination.

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Twenty-Year Time Trends in Long-Term Case-Fatality and Recurrence Rates After Ischemic Stroke Stratified by Etiology

Stroke ◽

10.1161/strokeaha.120.029972 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (9) ◽

pp. 2778-2785 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Viktoria Rücker ◽

Peter U. Heuschmann ◽

Martin O’Flaherty ◽

Michael Weingärtner ◽

Manuela Hess ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Time Trends ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Population Based ◽

Artery Occlusion ◽

Recurrence Rates ◽

Term Survival ◽

Small Artery Occlusion

Background and Purpose: Data on long-term survival and recurrence after stroke are lacking. We investigated time trends in ischemic stroke case-fatality and recurrence rates over 20-years stratified by etiological subtype according to the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification within a population-based stroke register in Germany. Methods: Data was collected within the Erlangen Stroke Project, a prospective, population-based stroke register covering a source population of 105 164 inhabitants (2010). Case fatality and recurrence rates for 3 months, 1 year, and 5 years were estimated with Kaplan-Meier estimates. Sex-specific time trends for case-fatality and recurrence rates were estimated with Cox regression. We adjusted for age, sex, and year of event and stratified for etiological subtypes. A sensitivity analysis with competing risk analysis for time trends in recurrence were performed. Results: Between 1996 and 2015, 3346 patients with first ischemic stroke were included; age-standardized incidence per 100 000 was 75.8 in women and 131.6 in men (2015). Overall, 5-year survival probabilities were 50.4% (95% CI, 47.9–53.1) in women and 59.2% (95% CI, 56.4–62.0) in men; 5-year survival was highest in patients with first stroke due to small-artery occlusion (women, 71.8% [95% CI, 67.1–76.9]; men, 75.9% [95% CI, 71.3–80.9]) and lowest in cardioembolic stroke (women, 35.7% [95% CI, 31.0–41.1]; men, 47.8% [95% CI, 42.2–54.3]). Five-year recurrence rates were 20.1% (95% CI, 17.5–22.6) in women and 20.1% (95% CI, 17.5–22.7) in men; 5-year recurrence rate was lowest in women in stroke due to small artery occlusion 16.0% (95% CI, 11.7–20.1) and in men in large-artery atherosclerosis 16.6% (95% CI, 8.7–23.9); highest risk of recurrence was observed in undefined strokes (women, 22.3% [95% CI, 17.8–26.6]; men, 21.4% [95% CI, 16.7–25.9]). Cox regression revealed improvements in case-fatality rates over time with differences in stroke causes. No time trends in recurrence rates were observed. Conclusions: Long-term survival and recurrence varied substantially by first stroke cause. Survival probabilities improved over the past 2 decades; no major trends in stroke recurrence rates were observed.

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Sources of dietary protein and risk of hypertension in a general Dutch population

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512000049 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 108 (10) ◽

pp. 1897-1903 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Wieke Altorf-van der Kuil ◽

Mariëlle F. Engberink ◽

Johanna M. Geleijnse ◽

Jolanda M. A. Boer ◽

W. M. Monique Verschuren

Keyword(s):

Dietary Protein ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Population Based ◽

Plant Protein ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Incident Hypertension ◽

Lower Tertile ◽

Prevention Of Hypertension ◽

Randomised Controlled

Evidence suggests a small beneficial effect of dietary protein on blood pressure (BP), especially for plant protein. We examined the relationship between several types of dietary protein (total, plant, animal, dairy, meat and grain) and the risk of hypertension in a general population of 3588 Dutch adults, aged 26–65 years, who were free of hypertension at baseline. Measurements were done at baseline and after 5 and 10 years of follow-up. Hazard ratios (HR), with 95 % CI, for incident hypertension were obtained in tertiles of energy-adjusted protein, using time-dependent Cox regression models. Models were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, smoking, baseline systolic BP, dietary confounders and protein from other sources (if applicable). Mean BP was 118/76 mmHg at baseline. Protein intake was 85 (sd 22) g/d (approximately 15 % of energy) with 62 % originating from animal sources. The main sources of protein were dairy products (28 %), meat (24 %) and grain (19 %). During the follow-up, 1568 new cases of hypertension were identified (44 % of the participants). Energy-adjusted intake of total protein, plant protein and animal protein was not significantly associated with hypertension risk (all HR approximately 1·00, P>0·60). Protein from grain showed a significant inverse association with incident hypertension, with a HR of 0·85 (95 % CI 0·73, 1·00, Ptrend = 0·04) for the upper tertile ( ≥ 18 g/d) v. the lower tertile ( < 14 g/d), whereas dairy protein and meat protein were not associated with incident hypertension. In conclusion, higher intake of grain protein may contribute to the prevention of hypertension, which warrants confirmation in other population-based studies and randomised controlled trials.

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First-ever ischemic stroke and increased risk of incident heart disease in older adults

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.0000000000009234 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 94 (15) ◽

pp. e1559-e1570 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Luciano A. Sposato ◽

Melody Lam ◽

Britney Allen ◽

Lucie Richard ◽

Salimah Z. Shariff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Large Population ◽

Population Based ◽

Cardiac Complications ◽

Comorbid Conditions ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Shared Risk

ObjectivePoststroke cardiac complications are common. It is unknown whether the reason is shared risk factors and preexisting heart disease or stroke-associated myocardial and coronary injury. We tested the hypothesis that first-ever ischemic stroke is associated with increased risk of incident cardiovascular complications in patients without known preexisting cardiac comorbid conditions.MethodsThis population-based cohort study included residents in Ontario between 2002 and 2012 who were ≥66 years of age without known cardiovascular disease. We compared the incident risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as myocardial infarction, unstable angina, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, coronary artery revascularization, or cardiovascular death, at 1 year in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke vs propensity-matched individuals without stroke (4:1 matching using 31 variables). To estimate cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs), we used Cox regression models adjusted for variables with weighted standardized differences >0.10 or known to influence the risk of MACE.ResultsWe included 21,931 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke and 71,696 propensity-matched individuals, well balanced on all variables used for propensity matching. First-ever ischemic stroke was associated with increased unadjusted incident MACE risk (HR 4.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.3–4.8). MACE adjusted risk was highest in the first 30 days (HR 25.0, 95% CI 20.5–30.5) and declined both at 31 to 90 days (HR 4.8, 95% CI 4.1–5.7) and at 91 to 365 days (HR 2.2, 95% CI 2.0–2.4).ConclusionsIn this large population-based study, ischemic stroke was independently associated with increased risk of incident MACE. Whether this association is explained by stroke-associated cardiac injury, preexisting subclinical cardiovascular comorbid conditions, or both remains unknown.

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Dietary Flavonoids as Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: An Updated Review of Human Studies

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8050137 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 137 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Carmen Rodríguez-García ◽

Cristina Sánchez-Quesada ◽

José J. Gaforio

Keyword(s):

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Population Based ◽

Chemopreventive Agents ◽

Dietary Polyphenols ◽

Different Types ◽

Flavonoid Intake ◽

Global Goal ◽

Dietary Flavonoid ◽

Vegetables And Fruits ◽

Dietary Flavonoids

Over the past few years, interest in health research has increased, making improved health a global goal for 2030. The purpose of such research is to ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing across individuals of all ages. It has been shown that nutrition plays a key role in the prevention of some chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. One of the aspects that characterises a healthy diet is a high intake of vegetables and fruits, as both are flavonoid-rich foods. Flavonoids are one of the main subclasses of dietary polyphenols and possess strong antioxidant activity and anti-carcinogenic properties. Moreover, some population-based studies have described a relationship between cancer risk and dietary flavonoid intake. In this context, the goal of this review was to provide an updated evaluation of the association between the risk of different types of cancers and dietary flavonoid intake. We analysed all relevant epidemiological studies from January 2008 to March 2019 using the PUBMED and Web of Science databases. In summary, this review concludes that dietary flavonoid intake is associated with a reduced risk of different types of cancer, such as gastric, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers.

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Flavonoid Intakes in the US Diet Are Linked to Higher Socioeconomic Status and to Tea Consumption: Analyses of NHANES 2011–16 Data

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxaa145 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 150 (8) ◽

pp. 2147-2155 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Florent Vieux ◽

Matthieu Maillot ◽

Colin D Rehm ◽

Adam Drewnowski

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Disease Risk ◽

College Education ◽

Total Flavonoid ◽

Total Flavonoids ◽

Tea Consumption ◽

Drinking Habits ◽

Socioeconomic Gradient ◽

The Us ◽

Flavonoid Intake

ABSTRACT Background Many of the health benefits of tea have been attributed to its flavonoid content. Tea consumption in US adults varies by socioeconomic status (SES). Objectives The present objective was to explore intakes of total flavonoids and flavonoid subclasses by participant sociodemographics and by patterns of tea consumption. Methods The present analyses were based on 2 d of dietary recalls for 17,506 persons aged >9 y in the 2011–2016 NHANES. The What We Eat in America nutrient composition database was merged with the USDA Expanded Flavonoid database, which included total flavonoids and flavan-3-ols (including catechins), flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, flavones, and isoflavones. Flavonoid intakes were compared by sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, and income-to-poverty ratio (IPR) in univariate analyses. Flavonoid intakes of children and adults were also compared by tea consumption status. Time trends in flavonoid intakes were also examined. Results Mean total flavonoid intake was 219 mg/d, of which flavan-3-ols provided 174 mg/d, or 79%. The highest total flavonoid intakes were found in adults aged 51–70 y (293 mg/d), non-Hispanic whites (251 mg/d) and in groups with college education (251 mg/d) and higher income (IPR >3.5: 249 mg/d) (P < 0.001 for all). The socioeconomic gradient was significant for anthocyanidins, flavonols, and flavones (P < 0.001 for all) but not for flavan-3-ols, and persisted across 3 cycles of NHANES. Adult tea consumers had higher intakes of total flavonoids (610 mg/d compared with 141 mg/d) and flavan-3-ols (542 mg/d compared with 97.8 mg/d) than did nonconsumers (P < 0.001). Time trend analyses showed that both tea consumption and flavonoid intakes were unchanged from 2011 to 2016. Conclusions Flavonoid intakes in children and adults in the NHANES 2011–16 sample were associated with higher SES and were largely determined by tea consumption. Studies of diet and disease risk need to take sociodemographic gradients and eating and drinking habits into account.

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Abstract 2208: Sex Differences in Ischemic Stroke Mortality

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.43.suppl_1.a2208 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

James S McKinney ◽

Yingzi Deng ◽

Ugo Paolucci ◽

John B Kostis

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

New Jersey ◽

Cerebral Infarction ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Primary Diagnosis ◽

Stroke Mortality ◽

Hospital Deaths ◽

To Receive

Introduction--- Stroke is becoming increasingly more prevalent in women. Prior studies of sex differences in stroke mortality have reported variable findings. Although crude stroke fatality is higher in women, this appears to be mediated by age and other baseline differences. We hypothesized that no differences existed between genders in in-hospital and longer term mortality, as well as in cause of death, after stroke admission. Methods--- We used the Myocardial Infarction Data Acquisition System (MIDAS) database, which includes demographic and clinical data on patients discharged with a primary diagnosis of cerebral infarction from all non-federal acute care hospitals in New Jersey between 1996 and 2007. Out-of-hospital deaths were assessed by matching MIDAS records with New Jersey death registration files. In-hospital, 1-year, and interval (discharge to 1-year) mortality were calculated. Total, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and non-CVD mortality were calculated. Multivariate logistic and Cox regression models were used to measure the effect of sex on in-hospital, 1-year, and interval mortality after adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, hospital type, year of admission, and treatment. Statistical significance was defined as a P -value ≤ 0.01. Results--- 134,441 patients (54.8% female) were admitted with a primary diagnosis of cerebral infarction during the study period. Women were on average 5.1 years older than men. Although the average Charlson Index was lower for women, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, dementia, and connective tissue disorders were all more common (p<0.0001). Women were significantly less likely to be treated with intravenous tPA than men (OR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.89). In-hospital and 1-year mortality rates were 9.3% and 27.2% for women and 8.0% and 22.6% for men. After adjusting for available covariates, women had significantly higher in-hospital (OR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.09) and 1-year (HR = 1.03; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.05) mortality than men. Comparisons of in-hospital and interval CVD and non-CVD death rates are presented in the Figure . Conclusion--- Adjusted in-hospital and 1-year mortality was significantly higher for women than men hospitalized for a first ischemic stroke in New Jersey. This excess in morality appears to be driven by significant differences in non-CVD related in-hospital deaths in women. Women were also less likely to receive IV tPA then men after adjusting for available covariates.

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Association of Neovascular Glaucoma with Risk of Stroke: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2017/1851568 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cheng-Wen Su ◽

Yue-Cune Chang ◽

Cheng-Li Lin ◽

Hsin-Yi Chen

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Neovascular Glaucoma ◽

Population Based ◽

Incidence Density ◽

Cerebrovascular Accidents ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

And Control ◽

The Relationship

Neovascular glaucoma (NVG), caused by ocular ischemia, is a serious ocular disease complicated by intractably increased intraocular pressure. Cerebrovascular accidents are classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Based on the similar pathogenic mechanisms of NVG and ischemic stroke, we investigated the relationship between NVG and stroke by using a nationally representative sample. This study included 416 NVG patients and 4160 controls. Medical comorbidities were also evaluated. The cumulative incidence of ischemic stroke was 15.6% higher in the NVG cohort than in the control cohort (p<0.001); the incidence density rates of stroke were 3.80 and 1.19 per 10,000 person-years in the NVG and control cohorts, respectively. According to the multivariable Cox regression results, the estimated adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of stroke was 2.07 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41–3.02) for the NVG cohort. Furthermore, the NVG cohort was 2.24-fold more likely to develop ischemic stroke (95% CI = 1.51–3.32). The risk of ischemic stroke was higher in patients with hypertension (aHR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.55–2.82) and in patients with diabetic retinopathy (aHR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.05–2.72). Notably, patients with NVG have a higher risk of ischemic stroke, but not hemorrhagic stroke.

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Childhood body mass index and risk of schizophrenia in relation to childhood age, sex and age of first contact with schizophrenia

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2425 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 64-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

HJ Sørensen ◽

M Gamborg ◽

TIA Sørensen ◽

JL Baker ◽

EL Mortensen

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Late Onset ◽

Strong Association ◽

Population Based ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Weight Category ◽

Increased Risk ◽

First Contact

AbstractChildhood leanness is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia, but the effects of gender, age at anthropometric measurements and age at first diagnosis on this relationship are unclear. The present study aimed at elucidating these associations.MethodsPopulation-based cohort study with childhood anthropometric measures obtained annually from the age of 7 to 13 years in 253,353 Danes born 1930–1976 and followed to 31 December 2010. During this period, 4936 were registered with schizophrenia. The associations of childhood BMI with risk of schizophrenia were estimated with Cox regression models.ResultsChildhood BMI was significantly inversely associated with risk of schizophrenia, however with different patterns among boys and girls. In boys, childhood BMI had an inverse non-linear association with schizophrenia risk dependent on age at diagnosis; in particular, a surprisingly strong association was found between leanness and later onset of schizophrenia. In girls, the risk of schizophrenia decreased linearly with increasing BMI z-score (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88–0.98). In both boys and girls, birth weight was inversely associated with later risk. In girls, but not in boys, birth weight appeared to significantly modify the associations; there was a somewhat stronger inverse association in the lowest birth weight category.ConclusionsBirth weight as well as childhood BMI at ages 7 through 13 years is associated with risk of schizophrenia in both genders, but with a particular high risk of late-onset in lean boys irrespective of birth weight, and in lean girls with low birth weight. If replicated, these observations may inform preventive efforts build on schizophrenia trajectories rooted in early life.

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