Abstract P423: Lactation Duration is Associated With Favorable Cognitive Function in Women During Midlife: The 30-year Cardia Study

Introduction: Lactation has been associated with lower incidence of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and early atherosclerosis in women across the childbearing years. The lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases related to higher lifetime lactation may also extend to levels of cognitive function during midlife. Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that lactation duration is associated with better cognitive function in women during midlife independent of antecedent risk factors, as well as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension. Methods: We included 904 women aged 18-30 years at baseline (1985-86) enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study without no diabetes before ≥1 birth(s) after baseline, reported lactation duration for each post-baseline birth, and had 6 measures of cognitive function assessed at Year 30 (2015-16) including the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Stroop Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Letter Fluency Test, and Category Fluency Test. Linear regression models estimated mean (95%CI) cognition scores by lactation duration (none, >0 to 6 mos, > 6 to <12 mos, ≥12 mos) adjusted for race, age, BMI, blood pressure, parity, and follow up covariates (Table 1). Results: Among parous women (46% black, 54% white) at 30-year follow up, average age was 54 yrs and 47% had obesity, 61% delivered ≥2 births since baseline, 29% used anti-hypertensive medications and 16% developed overt diabetes. Black women were less likely to report >6 mos of total lactation for all births than white women (23% vs. 58%). Unadjusted and fully adjusted mean scores for 3 cognitive function measures had graded direct associations with increasing lactation duration; specifically, the RAVLT, MoCA and Category Fluency Test scores (all p-trend < 0.01). Conclusions: In this prospective study, longer lactation duration was associated with more favorable cognition scores among women during midlife.

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Abstract 11968: Nocturnal Blood Pressure in Young Adults and Cognitive Function in Midlife: The CARDIA Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.11968 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Yuichiro Yano ◽

Hongyan Ning ◽

Paul Muntner ◽

Jared Reis ◽

David Calhoun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Young Adults ◽

Executive Function ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

Lower Score ◽

Cumulative Exposure ◽

Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽

Nocturnal Blood Pressure

Nocturnal blood pressure (BP) is associated with risk for cardiovascular events. However, the effect of nocturnal BP in young adults on cognitive function in midlife remains unclear. We used data from the ambulatory BP monitoring substudy of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, including 224 participants (mean age 30 years, 45% men, 63% African Americans) followed for 20 years (6 visits). At the 20-year follow-up, the Stroop test (higher score indicates worse executive function), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST, lower score indicates worse psychomotor speed), and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT, lower score indicates worse verbal memory) were assessed. Baseline mean office, daytime, and nocturnal BP were 109/73mmHg, 120/74mmHg, and 107/59mmHg, respectively. Nocturnal BP dipping, calculated as (nocturnal systolic BP [SBP]-daytime SBP)х100/daytime SBP, was divided into quartiles (Q1;-39.3% to -16.9%, Q2;-16.8% to -13.2%, Q3 [reference];-13.1% to -7.8%, and Q4;-7.7% to +56.4%). Cognitive function score according to the quartile of nocturnal SBP dipping is shown in Figure. In linear regression models, the least nocturnal SBP dipping (Q4 vs. reference) and higher nocturnal diastolic BP (DBP) level were associated with worse Stroop scores, with adjustments for demographic and clinical characteristics, and cumulative exposure of BP during follow-up (β [standard error]: 0.37[0.18] and 0.19[0.07] respectively; all P<0.05). Neither DSST nor RALVT was associated with either nocturnal BP dipping or nocturnal SBP/DBP levels. Among healthy young adults, less nocturnal SBP dipping and higher nocturnal DBP levels were associated with lower executive function in midlife, independent of long-term office BP levels. Nocturnal BP measures in young adults could be potentially useful to identify those who may be at risk for developing lower cognitive function in midlife.

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Abstract P426: Cumulative 30-year Alcohol Use From Young Adulthood and Mid-life Cognitive Function: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.p426 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Sidney ◽

Julian Jakob ◽

Paola Gilsanz ◽

Catherine Lee ◽

David Jacobs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Regression Models ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

The United States ◽

Cumulative Exposure ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Fluency Test

Introduction: Alcohol use is common in the United States. Most studies describe a J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and cognitive function: frequent heavy consumption alters brain functions and decreases cognitive performance; regular light and moderate consumption may have protective impact. We are unaware of any reports utilizing longitudinally collected data to derive a cumulative exposure of alcohol use and assess its association with cognitive function. Hypothesis: Cumulative 30-year exposure to alcohol has a J-shaped association with mid-life cognitive function. Methods: We included 3,068 participants aged 18-30 years at the baseline examination (1985-86) and having up to 8 follow-up exams at 2- to 5-year intervals including at 30 years (2015-16). Cumulative “drink-years” exposure to alcohol was estimated at each exam by multiplying the usual number of drinks/day reported by the number of years since last exam, and then summing across exams. We used multivariable adjusted linear regression models to assess the independent associations of number of drink-years with 6 measures of cognitive function studied at Year 30: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Stroop Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Category Fluency Test, and Letter Fluency Test. We used inverse probability of censoring weighting to account for potential informative censoring. Linear regression models estimated standardized mean test scores for the cumulative alcohol use categories (drink-years: >0 and <15, 15-29.9, 30+). Too few participants were available for assessment of higher categories of use. Results: Compared with never drinking, the 3 categories of cumulative exposure were unassociated with any of the cognitive function measures. Conclusions: Cumulative 30-year alcohol use is not associated with cognitive function in middle-aged adults in the CARDIA study.

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Reducing the anticholinergic and sedative load in older patients on polypharmacy by pharmacist-led medication review: a randomised controlled trial

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019042 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. e019042 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Helene G van der Meer ◽

Hans Wouters ◽

Lisa G Pont ◽

Katja Taxis

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Side Effects ◽

Medication Review ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Secondary Outcomes ◽

Randomised Controlled

ObjectiveTo evaluate if a pharmacist-led medication review is effective at reducing the anticholinergic/sedative load, as measured by the Drug Burden Index (DBI).DesignRandomised controlled single blind trial.Setting15 community pharmacies in the Northern Netherlands.Participants157 community-dwelling patients aged ≥65 years who used ≥5 medicines for ≥3 months, including at least one psycholeptic/psychoanaleptic medication and who had a DBI≥1.InterventionA medication review by the community pharmacist in collaboration with the patient’s general practitioner and patient.Primary and secondary outcomes measuresThe primary outcome was the proportion of patients whose DBI decreased by at least 0.5. Secondary outcomes were the presence of anticholinergic/sedative side effects, falls, cognitive function, activities of daily living, quality of life, hospital admission and mortality. Data were collected at baseline and 3 months follow-up.ResultsMean participant age was 75.7 (SD, 6.9) years in the intervention arm and 76.6 (SD, 6.7) years in the control arm, the majority were female (respectively 69.3% and 72.0%). Logistic regression analysis showed no difference in the proportion of patients with a≥0.5 decrease in DBI between intervention arm (17.3%) and control arm (15.9%), (OR 1.04, CI 0.47 to 2.64, p=0.927). Intervention patients scored higher on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, measure of cognitive function (OR 2.02, CI 1.11 to 3.67, p=0.021) and reported fewer sedative side effects (OR 0.61, CI 0.40 to 0.94, p=0.024) at follow-up. No significant difference was found for other secondary outcomes.ConclusionsPharmacist-led medication review as currently performed in the Netherlands was not effective in reducing the anticholinergic/sedative load, measured with the DBI, within the time frame of 3 months. Preventive strategies, signalling a rising load and taking action before chronic use of anticholinergic/sedative medication is established may be more successful.Trial registration numberNCT02317666.

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Intake of Vegetables and Fruits Through Young Adulthood Is Associated with Better Cognitive Function in Midlife in the US General Population

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxz076 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 149 (8) ◽

pp. 1424-1433

Author(s):

Xuanxia Mao ◽

Cheng Chen ◽

Pengcheng Xun ◽

Martha L Daviglus ◽

Lyn M Steffen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

General Population ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

Stroop Test ◽

Fruit Juices ◽

Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽

Vegetables And Fruits

ABSTRACT Background Vegetables and fruits (VF) may differentially affect cognitive functions, presumably due to their various nutrient contents, but evidence from epidemiologic studies is limited. Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the long-term association between VF intakes, including VF subgroups, in young adulthood and cognitive function in midlife. Methods A biracial cohort of 3231 men and women aged 18–30 y at baseline in 1985–1986 were followed up for 25 y in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Diet was measured at baseline, and in examination years 7 and 20. Cognitive function was assessed at examination year 25 through the use of 3 tests: the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Stroop test. The mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs in cognitive scores across intake categories were estimated through the use of the multivariable-adjusted general linear regression model. Results Excluding potatoes, intake of whole vegetables was significantly associated with a better cognitive performance after adjustment for potential confounders in all 3 cognitive tests (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1—RAVLT, MD: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.64; P-trend = 0.08; DSST, MD: 2.84; 95% CI: 0.93, 4.75; P-trend < 0.01; Stroop test, MD: −2.87; 95% CI: −4.24, −1.50; P-trend < 0.01]. Similarly, intake of fruits, except fruit juices, was significantly related to a better cognitive performance (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1—DSST, MD: 2.41; 95% CI: 0.70, 4.12; P-trend = 0.03). Conclusions This study supports the long-term benefits of VF consumption on cognitive performance, except those VF with relatively low fiber content such as potatoes and fruit juices, among the middle-aged US general population.

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Longitudinal Associations of Midlife Accelerometer Determined Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity With Cognitive Function: The CARDIA Study

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.120.018350 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kara M. Whitaker ◽

Dong Zhang ◽

Kelley Pettee Gabriel ◽

Monica Ahrens ◽

Barbara Sternfeld ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽

Digit Symbol ◽

Auditory Verbal Learning Test ◽

Digit Symbol Substitution ◽

Auditory Verbal Learning ◽

Symbol Substitution ◽

Learning Test

Background To determine if accelerometer measured sedentary behavior (SED), light‐intensity physical activity (LPA), and moderate‐to‐vigorous–intensity physical activity (MVPA) in midlife is prospectively associated with cognitive function. Methods and Results Participants were 1970 adults enrolled in the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study who wore an accelerometer in 2005 to 2006 (ages 38–50 years) and had cognitive function assessments completed 5 and/or 10 years later. SED, LPA, and MVPA were measured by an ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer. Cognitive function tests included the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop Test. Compositional isotemporal substitution analysis examined associations of SED, LPA, and MVPA with repeated measures of the cognitive function standardized scores. In men, statistical reallocation of 30 minutes of LPA with 30 minutes of MVPA resulted in an estimated difference of SD 0.07 (95% CI, 0.01–0.14), SD 0.09 (95% CI, 0.02–0.17), and SD −0.11 (95% CI, −0.19 to −0.04) in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop scores, respectively, indicating better performance. Associations were similar when reallocating time in SED with MVPA, but results were less robust. Reallocation of time in SED with LPA resulted in an estimated difference of SD −0.05 (95% CI, −0.06 to −0.03), SD −0.03 (95% CI, −0.05 to −0.01), and SD 0.05 (95% CI, 0.03– 0.07) in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop scores, respectively, indicating worse performance. Associations were largely nonsignificant among women. Conclusions Our findings support the idea that for men, higher‐intensity activities (MVPA) may be necessary in midlife to observe beneficial associations with cognition.

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Abstract WMP115: The Metabolic Syndrome Components and Cognitive Decline: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.44.suppl_1.awmp115 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Jennifer L Dearborn ◽

David Knopman ◽

Richey Sharrett ◽

Andrea L Schneider ◽

Clifford Jack ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Sex Education ◽

Later Life ◽

Cognitive Change ◽

Word Recall ◽

Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Aric Study

Background: Midlife obesity is associated with dementia in later life, but how the metabolic syndrome (MetS) relates to cognitive change is less understood. We hypothesized that MetS would be more predictive of 6-year cognitive decline than its individual components in a large biethnic cohort (the ARIC study) and that combinations of risk factors would further increase likelihood of change. Methods: The MetS was defined in 1987-89 on 10,687 participants with two cognitive assessments at two time points. In subjects aged 44 to 66, obesity measures included body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WTHR). The main outcome measure was change in 1990-92 to 96-99 of three cognitive tests: Delayed Word Recall (DWR), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and Word Fluency Test (WFT). Linear and logistic regressions were all adjusted for age, combined race-center, sex, education, smoking, drinking, coronary artery disease and prior stroke. Change was measured as the difference divided by the number of years between visits. Results: At baseline, the prevalence of MetS was 22% (mean age 54 years, 27% black, 55% female, and 28% BMI>30 kg/m2). Subjects with MetS performed in the lowest test quintile (adjusted ORs: DWR 1.3 95% CI 1.1-1.4) in 1996-99, and much of this effect size was explained by an elevated WTHR (DWR OR 1.3 CI 1.1-1.5) and diabetes (DWR OR 1.4 CI 1.2-1.7). MetS was not associated with annual cognitive change, and diabetes was the only significant component associated with change (adjusted beta: DWR 0.03 p=.01, DSST 0.2 p<.001, WFT 0.09 p=.01). Conclusion: MetS at ages 44 to 66 was associated with worse cognitive function at follow-up, but not with annual cognitive decline over several years. Elevated WTHR and diabetes explained most of the association of MetS with cognitive function measures, and diabetes with cognitive decline. Until we have a definition of the MetS more based on pathophysiology, the components of the MetS should be the focus of analysis in future studies.

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Abstract P400: Dietary Pattern is Associated with Better Cognitive Function: The CARDIA Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.ap400 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽

Author(s):

Na Zhu ◽

David R Jacobs ◽

Katie A Meyer ◽

Ka He ◽

Lenore J Launer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

A Priori ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

Stroop Test ◽

Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Diet Pattern ◽

Diet Score

Primary prevention of cognitive function decline is important for a middle-aged population, but further evidence about the influence of dietary pattern is needed. An A Priori Diet Quality Score (diet score) and cognitive function were studied in the community-based Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study of black and white men and women aged 18-30 in 1985-86 (year 0, Y0). We hypothesized that a higher diet score, measured at Y0 and Y20, predicts better cognitive function measured at Y25. The diet scores incorporated 46 foods groups (each in servings/day categorized into quintiles), with higher scores indicating higher quality diets. The score was the sum of quintile ranks of foods rated healthy, 0 for foods rated neutral, and reversed quintile ranks of foods rated less healthy. Cognitive tests at Y25 measured verbal memory (Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)), psychomotor speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST)) and executive function (Stroop Test). Higher cognitive function is reflected by higher RAVLT and DSST scores and lower Stroop Test scores. For each additional 10 units of diet score at Y20, the RAVLT was 0.23 words recalled higher, the DSST was 0.87 digits higher, and the Stroop Test score was 0.69 lower. Diet score measured at Y0 was less strongly but still significantly associated with cognitive scores. In exploratory analysis, we found that education modified the relation between diet pattern and cognitive function measures, e.g. diet and DSST at Y20 were associated in less educated subjects, but not in higher educated subjects (P for interaction =0.02). In conclusion, higher diet score was associated with better cognitive function 5 years later in apparently healthy middle-aged adults. However, diet pattern was not related to some measures of cognitive function in better educated subjects, conceivably because of compensatory behaviors in better educated people that would maintain higher cognitive function scores, despite lower quality diet.

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Abstract MP57: Lactation Duration is Associated With Lower Visceral and Pericardial Fat Volumes in Parous Women: 25-year Follow-up in the Cardia Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.mp57 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Duke Appiah ◽

Cora E Lewis ◽

Jeff Carr ◽

Myron D Gross ◽

David R Jacobs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Pericardial Fat ◽

Incident Type ◽

Computed Tomographic ◽

Pericardial Adipose Tissue ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Lactation Duration

Introduction: Lactation has been associated with a lower risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. However, the underlying mechanisms for these associations are not well understood. The longitudinal association between lactation and maternal fat volume has rarely been investigated. Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that lactation duration is inversely associated with maternal visceral and pericardial fat volumes. Methods: Data were obtained from 910 women enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (1985-86) without diabetes prior to pregnancy who had ≥1 birth during 25 years of follow-up. Cumulative lactation duration across all births since baseline was calculated from self-reports collected at each exam. Volumes of visceral and pericardial adipose tissue were measured from computed tomographic scans at the Year 25 exam in 2010-2011. Methods: At baseline, the average age of women (48% black, 52% white) was 24 years (range: 18-30 years). During 25 years of follow-up, 76% of women reported lactation duration of ≥ 1 month. In adjusted linear regression models, lactation duration was inversely associated with visceral fat (p=0.021) and pericardial fat (p=0.001) volumes (Table). There was a significant interaction between race and lactation on visceral (p=0.035) and pericardial fat (p=0.027) volumes (Table). Formal mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of lactation duration on visceral (p=0.001) and pericardial fat (p=0.002) volumes through body weight change between the first postbaseline birth and the end of follow-up. Changes in body weight mediated 29.4% and 26.0% of the association between lactation duration and visceral and pericardial fat volumes. Conclusions: In this prospective study, the associations of longer lactation duration with lower visceral and pericardial fat volumes were partially mediated by body weight changes.

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Dietary patterns during adulthood and cognitive performance in midlife

Neurology ◽

10.1212/wnl.0000000000007243 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 92 (14) ◽

pp. e1589-e1599 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Claire T. McEvoy ◽

Tina Hoang ◽

Stephen Sidney ◽

Lyn M. Steffen ◽

David R. Jacobs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Linear Models ◽

A Priori ◽

Verbal Learning ◽

Stroop Interference ◽

Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽

Interference Test

ObjectiveTo investigate whether dietary patterns (Mediterranean diet [MedDiet], Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH], and A Priori Diet Quality Score [APDQS]) during adulthood are associated with midlife cognitive performance.MethodsWe studied 2,621 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) participants; 45% were black, 57% were female, and mean age was 25 ± 3.5 years at baseline (year 0). Mean diet scores were calculated from diet history at baseline, year 7, and year 20 (mean age 25, 32, and 45 years, respectively). Cognitive function was assessed at years 25 and 30 (mean age 50 and 55 years, respectively). Linear models were used to examine association between tertiles of diet score and change in composite cognitive function and cognitive z scores (verbal memory [Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test], processing speed [Digit Symbol Substitution Test], and executive function [Stroop Interference test]) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) at year 30.ResultsDASH was not associated with change in cognitive performance. Higher MedDiet and APDQS scores were associated with less decline in cognitive function (MedDiet: low −0.04, middle 0.03, high 0.03, p = 0.03; APDQS: low −0.04, middle −0.00, high 0.06, p < 0.01) and Stroop Interference (MedDiet: low 0.09, middle −0.06, high −0.03; APDQS: low 0.10, middle 0.01, high −0.09, both p < 0.01). Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for poor global cognitive function (≥1 SD below mean MoCA score) comparing extreme tertiles of diet scores were 0.54 (0.39–0.74) for MedDiet, 0.48 (0.33–0.69) for APDQS, and 0.89 (0.68–1.17) for DASH.ConclusionGreater adherence to MedDiet and APDQS dietary patterns during adulthood was associated with better midlife cognitive performance. Additional studies are needed to define the combination of foods and nutrients for optimal brain health across the life course.

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The Association Between Peanut and Peanut Butter Consumption and Cognitive Function

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab033_026 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 26-26

Author(s):

Elizabeth Katzman ◽

Samara Nielsen

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Regression Models ◽

Peanut Butter ◽

Digit Symbol Substitution Test ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Gender Education ◽

Symbol Substitution ◽

Adjusted Logistic Regression ◽

Fluency Test

Abstract Objectives This study investigated the association of peanut and peanut butter (P/PB) consumption and cognitive function. Methods Using 2011–2014 NHANES data, we selected 60–80 year-olds who had two 24-hour diet recalls, cognitive function tests, and education information. P/PB and tree nut (TN) consumption was measured as well as the participant's performance on the CERAD Word Learning subtest (CERAD W-L), Animal Fluency test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). Scores from the three cognitive tests were dichotomized. Individuals were classified as either P/PB consumers or non-consumers and TN consumers or non-consumers. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models examined associations between P/PB consumption, TN consumption, age, gender, education and cognitive function. Results Among the 2,857 individuals examined, participants who did not consume P/PB were more likely to do poorly on the CERAD W-L (adjusted OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.25–1.92), AFT (adjusted OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.06–1.60), and DSST (adjusted OR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.10–1.71) when compared to those who did consume P/PB. Conclusions These findings suggest an association between P/PB consumption and cognitive function. Funding Sources The Peanut Institute provided funding.

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