Abstract P133: Added Sugar Intake Is Associated With Greater 2-hour Glucose And Lower Muscle Quality In Adults Free Of Diabetes: Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults Study

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
So-Yun Yi ◽  
Lyn M Steffen ◽  
James G Terry ◽  
Daniel A Duprez ◽  
Brian Steffen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Added Sugar

Background: - Excess added sugar (AS) intake was shown to promote insulin resistance in skeletal muscle in animal studies, while sugar sweetened beverage (SSB) intake was associated with insulin resistance and lipids in skeletal muscle in humans. However, SSBs account for only 40% of AS intake. US adults consume excessive AS from foods and beverages relative to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines recommendation which limit AS intake to <10% of energy intake per day. We evaluated the hypothesis that AS intake is adversely associated with glucose metabolism, insulin, and lean muscle attenuation (MA) in Black and white men and women aged 18-30 years at baseline (Y0). Methods: - After exclusions for diabetes defined as MD diagnosis, insulin or oral agent use, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or HbA1c ≥6.5%, outlying energy intake, and missing 2-hour glucose, 2,016 adults were included in the analyses. Dietary intake was assessed by Diet History at Y0, Y7 and Y20. At Y25 follow-up, participants free of diabetes underwent a fasting blood draw for glucose, insulin, and triglycerides, an oral glucose tolerance test for 2-hour post-challenge glucose, and an abdominal CT scan for lean MA (an indicator of muscle quality). AS intake was averaged across Y0, Y7, and Y20 and divided into tertiles. General linear regression models estimated the associations across tertiles of AS intake with 2-hour glucose, fasting glucose, insulin, and triglycerides, and lean MA adjusted for potential confounders. Results: - AS intake (Table) was positively associated with 2-hour glucose and fasting insulin and triglycerides (p trend =0.004, 0.04, and 0.01, respectively) and inversely associated with lean MA (p trend =0.02). AS intake was not associated with fasting glucose (p trend =0.57). Conclusions: - Among adults free of diabetes, greater long-term AS intake was associated with higher 2-hour glucose and fasting insulin and triglycerides, and lower muscle quality. Our findings are consistent with the US Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendation to limit AS intake.

scholarly journals Fasting insulin reflects heterogeneous physiological processes: role of insulin clearance

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (2) ◽  
pp. E402-E408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark O. Goodarzi ◽  
Jinrui Cui ◽  
Yii-Der I. Chen ◽  
Willa A. Hsueh ◽  
Xiuqing Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Insulin Clearance ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Insulinogenic Index ◽  
Fasting Insulin

Several processes contribute to variation in fasting insulin concentration, including fasting glucose, insulin resistance, insulin secretion, and insulin clearance. Our goal was to determine the relative contribution of each of these insulin-related traits, plus anthropometric parameters, to fasting insulin among 470 Mexican Americans. The euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp yielded insulin sensitivity (M value) and metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI). Acute insulin secretion was estimated by the insulinogenic index (IGI30) from the oral glucose tolerance test. Regression (univariate) and generalized estimating equations (multivariate) were used to describe the relationship of insulin-related traits to fasting insulin. Univarate analyses were used to select which traits to include in the multivariate model. In multivariate analysis, MCRI, M, BMI, waist circumference, and fasting glucose were independently associated with fasting insulin. Decreasing M and MCRI were associated with increasing fasting insulin, whereas increasing BMI, waist circumference, and fasting glucose were associated with increasing fasting insulin. Standardized coefficients allowed determination of the relative strength of each trait's association with fasting insulin in the entire cohort (strongest to weakest): MCRI (−0.35, P < 0.0001), M (−0.24, P < 0.0001), BMI (0.20, P = 0.0011), waist circumference (0.16, P = 0.021), and fasting glucose (0.11, P = 0.014). Fasting insulin is a complex phenotype influenced by several independent processes, each of which might have its own environmental and genetic determinants. One of the most associated traits was insulin clearance, which has implications for studies that have used fasting insulin as a surrogate for insulin resistance.

scholarly journals A randomized controlled-feeding trial based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on cardiometabolic health indexes

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridevi Krishnan ◽  
Sean H Adams ◽  
Lindsay H Allen ◽  
Kevin D Laugero ◽  
John W Newman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Oral Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Dietary Guidelines For Americans

ABSTRACT Background The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommend nutrient needs be met by increasing fruit, vegetable, and whole-grain intake with the use of low-fat or fat-free dairy products and by reducing sodium, solid fats, and added sugars. However, the DGA, as a dietary pattern, have not been tested in an intervention trial. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a DGA-based diet compared with a representative typical American diet (TAD) on glucose homeostasis and fasting lipids in individuals at risk of cardiometabolic disease. Design A randomized, double-blind, controlled 8-wk intervention was conducted in overweight and obese women selected according to indexes of insulin resistance or dyslipidemia. Women were randomly assigned to the DGA or TAD group (n = 28 DGA and 24 TAD). The TAD diet was based on average adult intake from the NHANES 2009–2010. The DGA and TAD diets had respective Healthy Eating Index scores of 98 and 62. All foods and beverages were provided during the intervention. Oral-glucose tolerance and fasting lipids were evaluated at 0, 2, and 8 wk of the intervention. Insulin resistance and sensitivity were estimated with the use of surrogates (e.g., homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance). Results By design, volunteers maintained their weight during the intervention. Fasting insulin, glucose, triglycerides, oral-glucose tolerance, and indexes of insulin resistance were not affected by either of the diets. Systolic blood pressure decreased in the DGA group (∼−9 mm Hg; P < 0.05). Total and HDL cholesterol also decreased in both groups (P < 0.05). Exploratory analysis comparing volunteers entering the study with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia with those with only dyslipidemia did not show an effect of pre-existing conditions on glucose tolerance or fasting lipid outcomes. Conclusions The consumption of a DGA dietary pattern for 8 wk without weight loss reduced systolic blood pressure. There were no differences between the DGA and TAD diets in fasting insulin, glucose, indexes of insulin resistance, or fasting lipids. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02298725.

scholarly journals The Use of Biochemical Parameters Instead of MRI for the Prediction of Pancreatic Iron Loading Among Patients with β-Thalassemia Major

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 1356-1356
Author(s):  
Munevver Bas ◽  
Fatma Gumruk ◽  
Tuncay Hazirolan ◽  
A. Murat Tuncer ◽  
Mualla Cetin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Iron Accumulation ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Iron Loading ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Cardiac Iron

Abstract Patients with β-thalassemia major (BTM) are prone to morbidities and mortalities of iron accumulation as a consequence of transfusional iron overload and increased intestinal iron absorption. The use of cardiac and hepatic T2* measurements to pr edict the amount of iron accumulation in these organs have been studied extensively and was suggested to be used reliably. However, although the use of MRI for the assessment of iron status in other organs such as pancreas is possible, it may not be practical to screen all organs with MRI related to economical issues and also the prolonged imaging durations. Herein, we studied fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B and oral glucose tolerance results among patients with BTM, to detect the correlations of these measurements with pancreas, cardiac and hepatic T2* or R2* MRI values. Patients with BTM from a single center were included in the study between February 2013 and January 2014. All patients were above seven years of age, and were on regular erythrocyte transfusion programme. Only the patients who were compliant to iron chelation treatments were included in the study. Patients with hepatitis B or C, and/or cirrhosis were excluded. The study included a total of 37 patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cardiac, hepatic T2* and pancreas T2* and R2* MRI was applied with 1.5 T (Siemens, Symphony, Erlangen, Germany) device. Simultaneous to MRI, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HOMA-B and oral glucose tolerance results were obtained. HOMA-B was calculated as: insulin (μU/ml) x 20/glucose (mg/dl) - 3.5 and the normal range is 130-400. HOMA-IR was calculated as: insulin (μU/ml) x glucose (mg/dl) / 22,5 and the normal range is 0.8-1.6. Insulin resistance is defined as HOMA-IR value above 1.6. Two patients had a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The mean age of patients participating in the study was 20.8 ± 6.3 years (7.1-36.8). Of the study group, 43.3 % was above 20 years of age. According to BMI assessments, 32 (86.5%) of the patients had normal BMI, whereas 5 (13.5%) were underweight. Insulin resistance was found in 7.4% of the patients. Fasting blood glucose has been shown to increase with decreases of pancreatic T2* values, which was indicative of increase in fasting glucose levels in parallel to increased pancreatic iron accumulation (r= -0,55, p=0.016). Also there was a statistically significant positive correlation between fasting insulin and pancreatic R2* values. (r= 0.59, p= 0.01). A positive correlation was found between fasting insulin levels and pancreas R2* measeures, indicating increase in fasting insulin levels, paralleling the pancreatic iron accumulation. Correlation analysis was perfromed for cardiac and hepatic T2*, pancreas T2*, R2* and simultaneously calculated HOMA-IR and HOMA-B values and a negative correlation was found between liver T2* and HOMA-IR values (r=-0.54, p=0.004). A negative correlation was found between pancreas R2* ile cardiac T2* (r=-0.67, p=0.02), indicating increased pancreatic iron loading in parallel with cardiac iron accumulation. In centers where T2*/R2* MRI fascilities are unavailable, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR measurements may be used to predict pancreatic iron overload. Since hepatic iron loading correlated with insulin resistance development, the insulin resistance among patients with BTM may partially be explained with decreased hepatic insulin clearance from heavily iron loaded liver. Additionally, disorders of glucose metabolism should be taken as a sign for the need to exercise caution in terms of cardiac iron overload and just vice versa patients with cardiac iron loading should be examined thoroughly for consequences of pancreatic iron loading. These biochemical tests may be used dynamically and more frequently throughout the control visits, whereas MRI is ordered at most once or twice a year which may cause a delay for the earlier diagnosis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Kefir reduces insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokine expression in an animal model of metabolic syndrome

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3390-3401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiana D. Rosa ◽  
Łukasz M. Grześkowiak ◽  
Célia L. L. F. Ferreira ◽  
Ana Carolina M. Fonseca ◽  
Sandra A. Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Cytokine Expression ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Reduce Insulin Resistance

Kefir supplementation in rats with induced metabolic syndrome was able to lower fasting glucose, fasting insulin levels, and reduce insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Glucose and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in a Rat Model of Diet Induced Obesity

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1751
Author(s):  
Saroj Khatiwada ◽  
Virginie Lecomte ◽  
Michael F. Fenech ◽  
Margaret J. Morris ◽  
Christopher A. Maloney
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Micronutrient Supplementation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Triglyceride Accumulation

Obesity increases the risk of metabolic disorders, partly through increased oxidative stress. Here, we examined the effects of a dietary micronutrient supplement (consisting of folate, vitamin B6, choline, betaine, and zinc) with antioxidant and methyl donor activities. Male Sprague Dawley rats (3 weeks old, 17/group) were weaned onto control (C) or high-fat diet (HFD) or same diets with added micronutrient supplement (CS; HS). At 14.5 weeks of age, body composition was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. At 21 weeks of age, respiratory quotient and energy expenditure was measured using Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System. At 22 weeks of age, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed, and using fasting glucose and insulin values, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated as a surrogate measure of insulin resistance. At 30.5 weeks of age, blood and liver tissues were harvested. Liver antioxidant capacity, lipids and expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism (Cd36, Fabp1, Acaca, Fasn, Cpt1a, Srebf1) were measured. HFD increased adiposity (p < 0.001) and body weight (p < 0.001), both of which did not occur in the HS group. The animals fed HFD developed impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and fasting hyperinsulinemia compared to control fed animals. Interestingly, HS animals demonstrated an improvement in fasting glucose and fasting insulin. Based on insulin release during OGTT and HOMA-IR, the supplement appeared to reduce the insulin resistance developed by HFD feeding. Supplementation increased hepatic glutathione content (p < 0.05) and reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation (p < 0.001) regardless of diet; this was accompanied by altered gene expression (particularly of CPT-1). Our findings show that dietary micronutrient supplementation can reduce weight gain and adiposity, improve glucose metabolism, and improve hepatic antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism in response to HFD intake.

Reduced insulin receptor signaling in the obese spontaneously hypertensive Koletsky rat

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (5) ◽  
pp. E1014-E1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob E. Friedman ◽  
Tatsuya Ishizuka ◽  
Sha Liu ◽  
Craig J. Farrell ◽  
David Bedol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphorylation ◽  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat ◽  
Regulatory Subunit ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive

Insulin resistance is associated with both obesity and hypertension. However, the cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance in genetic models of obese-hypertension have not been identified. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of genetic obesity on a background of inherited hypertension on initial components of the insulin signal transduction pathway and glucose transport in skeletal muscle and liver. Oral glucose tolerance testing in SHROB demonstrated a sustained postchallenge elevation in plasma glucose at 180 and 240 min compared with lean spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) littermates, which is suggestive of glucose intolerance. Fasting plasma insulin levels were elevated 18-fold in SHROB. The rate of insulin-stimulated 3- O-methylglucose transport was reduced 68% in isolated epitrochlearis muscles from the SHROB compared with SHR. Insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β-subunit and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in intact skeletal muscle of SHROB was reduced by 36 and 23%, respectively, compared with SHR, due primarily to 32 and 60% decreases in insulin receptor and IRS-1 protein expression, respectively. The amounts of p85α regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and GLUT-4 protein were reduced by 28 and 25% in SHROB muscle compared with SHR. In the liver of SHROB, the effect of insulin on tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 was not changed, but insulin receptor phosphorylation was decreased by 41%, compared with SHR, due to a 30% reduction in insulin receptor levels. Our observations suggest that the leptin receptor mutation fak imposed on a hypertensive background results in extreme hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, and decreased expression of postreceptor insulin signaling proteins in skeletal muscle. Despite these changes, hypertension is not exacerbated in SHROB compared with SHR, suggesting these metabolic abnormalities may not contribute to hypertension in this model of Syndrome X.

scholarly journals The associations between plasma adiponectin, ghrelin levels and cardiovascular risk factors

2004 ◽  
pp. 715-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Choi ◽  
J Lee ◽  
KW Lee ◽  
JA Seo ◽  
JH Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Korean Women ◽  
Plasma Adiponectin

OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin is a recently discovered peptide, which is produced primarily in the stomach. This orexigenic peptide participates not only in the induction of mealtime hunger but also in long-term body weight regulation and energy homeostasis. Adiponectin is a protein secreted by adipocytes, and has been proposed to mediate obesity-related insulin resistance. Moreover, concentrations of adiponectin are reduced in individuals with obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. However, human data are sparse about the direct relationship between adiponectin, ghrelin and cardiovascular risk factors including insulin resistance. DESIGN: Three hundred and thirty-eight elderly Korean women (mean age+/-s.d., 72.3+/-5.5 years) were included in the present study. METHODS: Plasma ghrelin and adiponectin levels were measured by RIA. Anthropometric measurements were taken and a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test performed. Fasting insulin and lipid profile were measured and insulin resistance was determined using the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-R) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. RESULTS: Plasma adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with central obesity indices such as waist circumference (r=-0.27, P<0.001) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (r=-0.32, P<0.001), and with insulin resistance indices such as fasting insulin (r=-0.17, P=0.004) and HOMA-R (r=-0.13, P=0.035). Plasma ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with WHR (r=-0.12, P=0.03), but plasma adiponectin and ghrelin levels were not correlated (r=0.03, P=0.66). Multiple regression analysis showed that adiponectin was associated with WHR, fasting insulin and fasting glucose levels. When ghrelin was used as a dependent variable, only WHR remained in the final fitted model. CONCLUSION: Fasting plasma adiponectin and ghrelin levels were found to be associated with central obesity or insulin resistance. However, plasma adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations were not associated with each other in elderly Korean women.

Hypothalamic obesity in female rats in absence of vagally mediated hyperinsulinemia

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (6) ◽  
pp. E437-E441 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. King ◽  
G. R. Phelps ◽  
L. A. Frohman
Keyword(s):  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Fasting Insulin ◽  
Hypothalamic Obesity ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Rapid Absorption ◽  
Intact Rats

In order to assess the role of vagally mediated hyperinsulinemia in hypothalamic obesity, plasma insulin and glucose levels were assayed in vagotomized and sham-vagotomized female rats after a 6-h fast and after a measured glucose meal both before and 10–14 days after ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions. Both groups displayed similar gains in body weight in the first 10 days after VMH lesions, but only the sham-vagotomized VMH-lesioned animals displayed elevated fasting insulin levels. Fasting glucose levels did not differ either before or after the lesion. The insulin response to oral glucose was increased in VMH rats, both in vagotomized and sham-vagotomized animals, and it is concluded that the hyperresponsiveness to oral glucose is independent of vagal mediation. Vagotomy markedly exaggerated the glucose and insulin response to oral glucose loading in both intact rats and rats with VMH lesions, probably as a result of more rapid absorption of glucose from the intestine. It is concluded that the fasting hyperinsulinemia that is characteristic of VMH animals is under vagal control and that its elimination does not prevent the development of obesity.

scholarly journals The Effect of Chrysin-Loaded Phytosomes on Insulin Resistance and Blood Sugar Control in Type 2 Diabetic db/db Mice

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 5503
Author(s):  
Seong-min Kim ◽  
Jee-Young Imm
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Model Assessment

Although a variety of beneficial health effects of natural flavonoids, including chrysin, has been suggested, poor solubility and bioavailability limit their practical use. As a promising delivery system, chrysin-loaded phytosomes (CPs) were prepared using egg phospholipid (EPL) at a 1:3 molar ratio and its antidiabetic effects were assessed in db/db diabetic mice. Male C57BLKS/J-db/db mice were fed a normal diet (control), chrysin diet (100 mg chrysin/kg), CP diet (100 mg chrysin equivalent/kg), metformin diet (200 mg/kg) or EPL diet (vehicle, the same amount of EPL used for CP preparation) for 9 weeks. Administration of CP significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in db/db mice compared with the control. An oral glucose tolerance test and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance were significantly improved in the CP group (p < 0.05). CP treatment suppressed gluconeogenesis via downregulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase while it promoted glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle and liver of db/db mice (p < 0.05). The CP-mediated improved glucose utilization in the muscle was confirmed by upregulation of glucose transporter type 4, hexokinase2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ during treatment (p < 0.05). The CP-induced promotion of GLUT4 plasma translocation was confirmed in the skeletal muscle of db/db mice (p < 0.05). Based on the results, CP showed greater antidiabetic performance compared to the control by ameliorating insulin resistance in db/db mice and phytosome can be used as an effective antidiabetic agent.

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