scholarly journals Measuring Time with Minimal Clocks

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-409
Author(s):  
Andrei D. Robu ◽  
Christoph Salge ◽  
Chrystopher L. Nehaniv ◽  
Daniel Polani
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Local Time ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Oscillatory Behavior ◽  
Measuring Time ◽  
Fast Processing ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Condensation Effect

Being able to measure time, whether directly or indirectly, is a significant advantage for an organism. It allows for timely reaction to regular or predicted events, reducing the pressure for fast processing of sensory input. Thus, clocks are ubiquitous in biology. In the present article, we consider minimal abstract pure clocks in different configurations and investigate their characteristic dynamics. We are especially interested in optimally time-resolving clocks. Among these, we find fundamentally diametral clock characteristics, such as oscillatory behavior for purely local time measurement or decay-based clocks measuring time periods on a scale global to the problem. We include also sets of independent clocks ( clock bags), sequential cascades of clocks, and composite clocks with controlled dependence. Clock cascades show a condensation effect, and the composite clock shows various regimes of markedly different dynamics.

scholarly journals Macphail (1987) Revisited: Pigeons Have Much Cognitive Behavior in Common With Humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Zentall
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Intelligent Behavior

The hypothesis proposed by Macphail (1987) is that differences in intelligent behavior thought to distinguish different species were likely attributed to differences in the context of the tasks being used. Once one corrects for differences in sensory input, motor output, and incentive, it is likely that all vertebrate animals have comparable intellectual abilities. In the present article I suggest a number of tests of this hypothesis with pigeons. In each case, the evidence suggests that either there is evidence for the cognitive behavior, or the pigeons suffer from biases similar to those of humans. Thus, Macphail’s hypothesis offers a challenge to researchers to find the appropriate conditions to bring out in the animal the cognitive ability being tested.

Reflections on the Maturing Research Literature of Self-Talk in Sport: Contextualizing the Special Issue

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hardy ◽  
Nikos Comoutos ◽  
Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Self Talk ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Conceptual Research

Over the last 20 years research investigating self-talk in the context of sport has expanded rapidly enhancing our understanding of the construct. In the present article, we provide a brief historical review of the sports-oriented self-talk literature. In so doing we identify landmark investigations and review conceptual, research, and measurement themes present within the literature. We review this empirically based literature, distinguishing between three time periods: (1) the early foundations of self-talk research, up to the end of the 1990s; (2) the developmental years of systematic self-talk research during the 2000s; and (3) the modern day maturation of self-talk research, post-2011.

A Kind of Resistance Capacitance Measurement Method Based on Time Constant

2014 ◽  
Vol 1037 ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Ze Wang ◽  
Xu Qing Mo ◽  
Liang En Yang ◽  
Zhong Sheng Zhai ◽  
Wen Chao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Measurement Range ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Capacitance Measurement ◽  
Initial Condition ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Measuring Time ◽  
The Relationship

This paper proposes a capacitance resistance measurement method based on time constant. Using the charging and discharging characteristics of the resistance and capacitance measures the value of the resistance and capacitance through a semi potential rise and fall time measurement. Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the value of the resistance and capacitance and the measuring time, designing the fast second charging and discharging method meeting the initial condition of charge and discharge, improving the measurement speed, expanding the measurement range of the resistance and capacitance. Realizing the effective measurement of the resistance and capacitance by the FPGA control logic and timing method.

scholarly journals Adaptation in the corticothalamic loop: computational prospects of tuning the senses

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1428) ◽  
pp. 1859-1867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Hillenbrand ◽  
J. Leo van Hemmen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Cortical Representation ◽  
Common View ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Redundancy Reduction ◽  
The Common ◽  
Corticothalamic Feedback

The present article discusses computational hypotheses on corticothalamic feedback and modulation of cortical response properties. We have recently proposed that the two phenomena are related, hypothesizing that neuronal velocity preference in the visual cortex is altered by feedback to the lateral geniculate nucleus. We now contrast the common view that response adaptation to stimuli subserves a function of redundancy reduction with the idea that it may enhance cortical representation of objects. Our arguments lead to the concept that the corticothalamic loop is involved in reducing sensory input to behaviourally relevant aspects, a pre–attentive gating.

The National Archives (Jakarta) and the Writing of Transnational Histories of Indonesia

Itinerario ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Oiyan Liu ◽  
Eric Tagliacozzo
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Chinese Diaspora ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Pass Through

The Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, or National Archives of Indonesia (located in South Jakarta), offers some intriguing possibilities for researchers wishing to write transnational histories of the country over a range of time periods. The voluminous materials stretch back to the seventeenth century, and indeed anyone looking for documents or data on the development of the country should really pass through here, though scholars often spend much of their research time in the Netherlands if they have to make a choice. This can be a mistake in some cases: there are real, often undiscovered riches in the Arsip Nasional that make a sustained trip worth the effort. The present article looks at one aspect of these riches—materials usable for writing transnational histories of Indonesia—as a window into this archive. We have divided our discussion into two parts. The first examines some of the sources that can be used for writing transnational Islamic histories of the archipelago, and the second examines documents and collections that can be used for writing about the Chinese diaspora to Indonesia and connections generally between China and the islands. These are only two of the possible approaches to take, but they are two of the main ones. We hope that once informed about these sources, other scholars will make better use of these considerable riches, which shed important light on Indonesian history as a whole.

Inquiry into the Structure of Mentation Processes

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 649-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan H. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Optimal Maintenance

Study of conditions conducive to breakdown of the human mentation system provides important clues to some basic mechanisms of this system. Sensory deprivation, sleep deprivation, solitary confinement, possibly even dreaming have in common greatly reduced sensory-input inventory and, specifically, lack of human contact or interchange. In these situations relative mental malfunction occurs, signalled by panic behavior, abnormal states such as paranoia, and hallucination. The present article explores the hypothesis that the deviant functioning of mentation under these and similar circumstances results from one particular type of deprivation—that of human interchange—and that such interchange is essential for the development and optimal maintenance of cognitive processes.

Der Nürnberger Verlag Caymox und die Kartographie

Quaerendo ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-43
Author(s):  
Peter H. Meurer
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Local Time ◽  
Geographical Latitude ◽  
Set Up

AbstractThe present article is a contribution to research on the activities of exiled Dutchmen in connection with the publication of maps, as illustrated by the Caymox family in Nuremberg. Cornelis Caymox (Antwerp?-Nuremberg c.1590), a general trader, sold the maps of Gerard de Jode and Gerard Mercator in Germany (from c.1565). It was he and Hubert Caymox (his brother?) who officially applied for the imperial privilege to print De Jode's atlas in 1574; De Jode's own efforts were obstructed by his rival Abraham Ortelius. Cornelis Caymox also contributed to Braun & Hogenberg's town atlas. Cornelis's relative (his nephew?) Balthasar Caymox (Beerse/Brabant 1561-Nuremberg 1635) set up as a publisher in Nuremberg around 1590. Among his first publications was a re-issue of the 1567 map of Hungary by Matthias Zündt. When the Dutch-born engraver and geographer Matthias Quad (1557-1613) left Cologne and spent some years (c.1605-7) in Nuremberg, he issued some cartographical broadsheets together with Caymox (distance triangle 1605; map of Spain after Blaeu 1606; map of Palestine after Adrichomius and Duchetti c.1606). Caymox was also the publisher of the paper instruments (quadrant, sundial, astrolabe) designed by Franz Ritter (1579-c.1650). Among these is an interesting dial plate of a sundial in the form of a world map, indicating local time, world time and the geographical latitude of the equinox. Balthasar Caymox's business was subsequently (in 1633) taken over by Paulus Fürst (1608-66).

Real-Time Measurement and Compensation for Wheel Wear in Curve Grinding Based on Image Processing Method

2007 ◽  
Vol 359-360 ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Mei Luo ◽  
De Jin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Contour Error ◽  
Grinding Wheel ◽  
Wheel Wear ◽  
Real Time Measurement ◽  
Fast Processing ◽  
Grinding Machine

This paper deals with an application to automatic compensation of grinding wheel wear by an image processing based real-time measurement method in dry curve grinding. An online image measurement system was schemed out and its principle was introduced in detail. Real time image of workpiece and grinding wheel is grabbed by CCD camera during grinding process. For the purpose of increasing the measurement precision, a new sub-pixel level accuracy edge detection approach combining Zernike moments operator with Sobel operator is proposed for locating the edge of the machined workpiece, which has advantages of fast processing speed and high edge locating accuracy. The wear amount of the grinding wheel is calculated by the image processing software, and is compensated automatically by NC controller. Finally, this method is applied to a new type CNC curve grinding machine MD9040. The experimental results show that the measurement and compensation method proposed in this paper is effective, and the contour error of the workpiece with real-time compensation is less than the feeding resolution for a compensation of 2μm.

scholarly journals Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 109-124
Author(s):  
Elena E. Voytishek ◽  
Anna S. Shmakova
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Measuring Time ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Measurement Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Culture Development

Spanning across thousands of years of aromatic culture development in the countries of East Asia, incense application has accumulated vast experience in various fields, including calendrical calculations and time measurement. Analysis of artifacts, objects of religious worship and everyday life indicates fragrant substances’ great versatility in terms of their use: in addition to sticks, spirals and cones, devices such as the Hundred Graduations Incense seals, alarm clocks, as well as clocks that measured night time, strictly dependent on the calendar season, were invented. Various types of aromatic clocks could be distinguished by their great functionality, finding application in many areas ‒ navigation, engineering, in court and religious ceremonies, scientists’ work, in monastic and private schools, tea houses, and were the subject of admiration for poets, artists and calligraphers. The study of the ways of using incense in East Asian countries (including for measuring time) is based on the analysis of a variety of sources ‒ written, artistic and ethnographic. Compared to the large number of Chinese and Japanese sources, the cultural heritage of the Korean Peninsula contains significant gaps, which significantly complicates the interpretation of the material. The use of incense burners, aromatic raw materials and various instruments for measuring time is a remarkable phenomenon in the fragrance culture of China, Korea and Japan, testifying to the high adaptability of symbols and images of traditional culture not only to everyday household needs, but also to various achievements of science and technology. This is confirmed at the present time, given the production of new models of aromatic clocks.

The German Post-Critical Belief Scale: Internal and External Validity

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Duriez ◽  
Claudia Appel ◽  
Dirk Hutsebaut
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Present Article ◽  
External Validity ◽  
German Version ◽  
Dutch Version ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Belief Scale ◽  
Internal And External Validity

Abstract: Recently, Duriez, Fontaine and Hutsebaut (2000) and Fontaine, Duriez, Luyten and Hutsebaut (2003) constructed the Post-Critical Belief Scale in order to measure the two religiosity dimensions along which Wulff (1991 , 1997 ) summarized the various possible approaches to religion: Exclusion vs. Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal vs. Symbolic. In the present article, the German version of this scale is presented. Results obtained in a heterogeneous German sample (N = 216) suggest that the internal structure of the German version fits the internal structure of the original Dutch version. Moreover, the observed relation between the Literal vs. Symbolic dimension and racism, which was in line with previous studies ( Duriez, in press ), supports the external validity of the German version.

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