The Shelves that Won't Hold: Material Politics and Social Inequality in Spatial Design Practice

Design Issues ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Mona Sloane
Keyword(s):  
Poor Quality ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Power Struggle ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
Community Theater ◽  
Spatial Design ◽  
Material Politics ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
Quality Material

This article discusses how a material divide that leaves vulnerable communities with homes made of poor quality material is perpetuated in the system of spatial design. It examines a vignette about the development of the community theater in London to illustrate the unequal access to and participation in the design process as “intentional problem-solving” by different stakeholders. The discussion outlines how materiality can become the locus of public dispute and power struggle, as well as the key reference point for valuation frameworks and calculation practices. The article points out that material politics within spatial design practice play a central role in legitimizing unequal treatment within the material planning of space, and that individual designers can rarely challenge these structures themselves.

Comparisons of 17 lots of 2-oxoglutarate, and specifications for use of this substrate in reference methods.

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 812-818
Author(s):  
P N Bowers ◽  
G N Bowers ◽  
R B McComb
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Glutamate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Reference Methods ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Quality Material ◽  
Salt Forms

Abstract We examined 17 lots of 2-oxoglutarate (seven acid forms, three K salt forms, and seven Na salt forms), obtained from eight commercial suppliers, for suitability for measuring aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) in human serum. Measurements of the catalytic activity concentrations of these two aminotransferases with each of these 17 preparations were not sufficiently sensitive to distinguish good from poor-quality material. Thus, we ranked these lots for purity, by specific analysis with glutamate dehydrogenase and by liquid chromatography, and determined the water content, acid content, and spectral characteristics of each. On the basis of a 2-oxoglutarate assay value by glutamate dehydrogenase of 98% or greater, we considered seven of the preparations acceptable and 10 unacceptable. The molar absorptivities (L X mol-1 X cm-1, mean +/- SD) of the seven acceptable lots in 1 mol/L HCl were: epsilon 325 nm = 9.12 +/- 0.02 (CV = 0.2%), epsilon 279 nm = 2.63 +/- 0.23 (CV = 9.9%), and epsilon 245 nm = 37.9 +/- 4.1 (CV = 10.9%). Use of these spectrophotometric limits alone unambiguously distinguished the inferior lots of 2-oxoglutarate. We urge the inclusion of detailed spectrophotometric specifications for 2-oxoglutarate in Reference Methods for aminotransferase measurements.

scholarly journals The Case of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Foundation ◽  
Social Quality ◽  
The People ◽  
Governmental Intervention ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
The Rich

A segmented healthcare system evolved in India by 1990s, whereby the rich population depended on private hospitals while the people at the bottom of the economic pyramid went to the poor-quality public hospitals. In a democracy of equals, unequal access to services became political when COVID-19 began to put pressure on the health system. Corruption that was normalized in a segmented healthcare system could no longer be ignored. To advance the framework of social quality, we examine the corruption that unfolded during the pandemic in India from the perspective of moral foundation theory. We study the issues raised by political parties during the pandemic and court directives responding to citizen grievances. The evidence shows there was inequality of access and that courts had to intervene to try to rectify the situation. In the absence of effective governmental intervention during the pandemic, moral norms become a useful explanatory factor for social quality.

GaInNAs: A New Material in the Quest for Communications Lasers

2002 ◽  
Vol 722 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Harris ◽  
Vincent Gambin
Keyword(s):  
Poor Quality ◽  
Cavity Surface ◽  
Dilute Nitride ◽  
Surface Emitting Lasers ◽  
Vertical Cavity Surface ◽  
New Material ◽  
Emitting Lasers ◽  
Quality Material ◽  
Vertical Cavity

AbstractDilute nitride GaInNAs alloys grown on GaAs have quickly become an excellent candidate for lower cost 1.3-1.55νm vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) and high power edge emitting lasers in the past few years. Despite the relative immaturity and challenges of this new materials system the results have been very promising. Some of the material challenges include the limited solubility of nitrogen in GaAs, non-radiative defects that may be caused by nitrogen incorporation, and characterization of the unique set of properties nitrogen adds to this metastable alloy. In addition, a new component has been added in order to improve epitaxial growth and optical properties at wavelengths longer than 1.3νm. By adding Sb to the alloy, luminescence has been greatly enhanced between 1.3-1.6νm where normally poor quality material results. This paper describes some of the material challenges and progress in devices based on the GaInNAs and GaInNAsSb system.

scholarly journals The Application of Advanced Mapping Methods and Tools for Spatial-Visual Analysis in Landscape Design Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7952
Author(s):  
Mei Liu ◽  
Steffen Nijhuis
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Core ◽  
Spatial Design ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mapping Techniques

Spatial design is at the core of landscape architecture. Mapping spatial–visual characteristics is of significance for landscape architects to interpret and talk about space. Advanced mapping methods and tools for spatial–visual analysis (i.e., mapping techniques describing landscape architectonic compositions from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives) offer great potential to increase knowledge of spatial organization and reveal design principles. Despite the availability and wide range of possibilities, the application of advanced mapping methods and tools for spatial–visual analysis is still not common in landscape architecture. The main reasons include the lack of awareness and prejudice. In order to get a more detailed understanding of the problem, this study presents the outcome of semi-structured open-ended interviews with 11 practitioners with a design background in landscape architecture. The paper discusses the relevance of advanced mapping methods and tools with practitioners in order to gain a better understanding about what methods landscape practitioners use to describe and experience space in their daily work. Findings demonstrate the critical bottlenecks of implementing advanced mapping methods in daily practices and how the practitioners think about the implementation of advanced mapping methods in the future of landscape practices.

scholarly journals Editorial: Interiority as Relations

Interiority ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
Paramita Atmodiwirjo ◽  
Yandi Andri Yatmo
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Spatial Design ◽  
Physical Manifestation

Understanding the relations between human being and its environment is critical in our attempt to create an appropriate built environment. Interior as a discipline has a privilege to be in the intersection between subjective experience of human users and the physical manifestation of environment occupied by the human. Looking at interiority as a relational construct that occurs between the users and environment should be an essential basis for design practice. This issue of Interiority intends to explore various forms of relational construct that emerge in the interaction between space and the users and to identify possible challenges posed by such relations for spatial design practice.

scholarly journals PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF SHOEPRINTS SEIZURE FROM THE CRIME SCENE (Review Article)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
O. Necheporenko
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Forensic Analysis ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Trace Evidence ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Quality Material

The author of the article analyzes existing methods of seizing three-dimensional and latent (two-dimensional) shoeprints, described in the forensic scientific literature, which are used in Ukraine and abroad. Attention is drawn to the fact that methods of seizing traces that have been used for a long time are a subject to minor changes, despite the development of scientific and technological progress. The author names a reason for such a phenomenon: the lack of exchange in experience with countries that use modern tools and techniques for forensic analysis, one of which is a crime scene fingerprint film lift pad. The crime scene fingerprint lift pad is most often used when seizing latent (two-dimensional) shoe prints during inspection of a crime scene. However, attention is drawn to the problem of further suitability of seized traces for carrying out forensic examination as well as to peculiarities of storing seized materials. According to the author, trace damage is associated with two groups of factors: removal of a trace with violation of a technique and removal of a trace by means of poor-quality material. The author describes several types of crime scene fingerprint lift pad which is used to seize evidence of trace evidence nature. The author notes that along with the development of technology, trace evidence methods should be advanced as well. There is an urgent need to analyze the market of imported fingerprints, its efficiency, specificity of forensic situations, weather conditions, etc. There is also a need to share experiences in the use of such materials by forensic expert subdivisions. The question as to improving domestic production of fingerprint products, increasing the cost for purchasing high-quality materials also arises. Such an approach will fix the situation with quality of a crime scene processing and collection of evidence which will have a positive impact on detection of crimes and identification of perpetrators. The author emphasizes the relevance of this study and need for new theoretical and practical developments.

Relational drawing as agency:

IDEA JOURNAL ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 122-139
Author(s):  
Karamia Muller
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Domestic Architecture ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Spatial Design ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Studio Practice ◽  
Eventual Loss

Se’i motu le pa ‘a ‘ua iloa ‘May the pearl shell fish-hook never be lost before it has been shown to others.
He who has a fine-hook should not nervously hide it, but allow others to see it and admire it; else he could not proclaim its eventual loss.’ 1 Samoan Proverb This paper will discuss how drawing production has enabled experimentation into and critique of conventional spatial representational systems from a Samoan cultural perspective. It considers how relational documentation can be used to advance a spatial design practice concerned with interrogating indgenised agency. To introduce this paper the Samoan proverb ‘se’i motu le pa ‘a ‘ua iloa’ is used. Within Samoan culture the proverb suggests that ‘it is mean to hide one’s possessions’ so that they may not be shared. 2 Indeed, the display of possessions informs the function of relational drawing practice, which ‘displays’ the Samoan diaspora’s attitude to their material culture. It is proposed that Samoan value systems underpin contemporary Samoan approaches to their tangible and intangible culture and that these values challenge contemporary Western conventions. This paper proposes that a paradigmatic shift, from the formal to the relational, needs to occur in order to appreciate Samoan buildings and their interiors. Relational drawing practices are employed to analyse the ancillary architecture utilised by Samoans living in Aotearoa New Zealand. Relational drawing is presented as agency for Samoan research and studio practice, enabling the display, through depiction, of Samoan diaspora’s cultural values as they are played out in daily life and manifested in domestic architecture.

scholarly journals Learning Spatial Design through Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 689
Author(s):  
Martin Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Teaching Techniques ◽  
New Ways Of Working ◽  
Communication Techniques ◽  
Spatial Design ◽  
New Type ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Climate Crisis

Spatial design at interior, site, city and regional scales is increasingly complex, and will continue to be so with the uncertainty of the climate crisis and the growing place-based intricacies of pluralist societies. In response to this complexity, professional design practice has pursued new ways of working. More design projects are becoming more interdisciplinary and less hierarchically structured, involving more collaborative project teams with a variety of backgrounds in architecture, urban design, landscape and interior architecture, engineering, ecological sciences and art. At universities, the design-learning studio which pedagogically champions the authentic replication of design practice projects, has also bifurcated. While teaching design through the traditional disciplinary-based problem-solving processes of an individual project is still understandably commonplace, a new type of studio has emerged, led by group work and interdisciplinary collaborations, and framed by the complexity of a seemingly irreconcilable problematic subject. This emergent domain warrants more research into pedagogical structures, teaching techniques and learning activities; and this paper explains such investigations undertaken through the live educational practice of two interdisciplinary studios in two years, drawing conclusions from student feedback gathered via questionnaires and focus group interviews. The findings suggest that teaching formats in this type of studio need to facilitate a balance between trusting relationships and immersive experiences; and that effective teaching techniques entail the development of more accessible communication techniques in conceptual diagramming and linguistic idiom.

Contactless Measurement of Carrier Lifetime on Silicon Ingots and Bricks

2009 ◽  
Vol 1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S Swirhun ◽  
M Keith Forsyth ◽  
Tanaya Mankad ◽  
Ronald Alan Sinton
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Surface Recombination ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Surface Recombination Velocity ◽  
Contactless Measurement ◽  
Photogenerated Carrier ◽  
Silicon Sample ◽  
Recombination Velocity ◽  
Quality Material

AbstractHigh efficiency silicon solar cells demand the use of high lifetime silicon wafers. Characterization of boules and bricks before wafering allows poor quality material to be rejected before expensive processing steps. This paper extends simulation techniques previously used in quasi-steady-state-photoconductance to transient photoconductance decay measurements of high lifetime bulk samples. Simulated photogenerated carrier density profiles allow estimation of the bulk lifetime of a thick silicon sample with high surface recombination velocity.

scholarly journals Using Oil Palm Segregation Genetics to Decipher Illegitimate Seed Distribution Channels to Smallholder Farmers in Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Walter Ajambang Nchu ◽  
Paul Koona
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Segregation Ratio ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Planting Materials ◽  
Quality Material

Planting material or seed is the most determinant factor for oil palm productivity alongside agro climatological and management considerations. A study was conducted to determine the different varieties of oil palm planted in smallholders’ plantations, the distribution channels for oil palm seeds and all the actors involved in the seed trade sector in Cameroon. This is a bid to secure the supply of only improved planting materials to smallholder farmers. 230 oil palm smallholder plantations were surveyed and individual palms were subjected to varietal determination. The Chi-Square Test (c2) for Fixed Ratio Hypothesis (= 0.05) was used to determine whether the observed ratio deviates significantly from the Mendelian hypothesized genetic segregation ratio. Up to 65% of smallholder farms were found to be planted with poor planting material distributed in the different Mendelian ratios; 100% Dura, 50% Tenera and 50% Dura (1:1), 25% Dura, 50% Tenera and 25% Pisifera (1:2:1). The source of this poor quality planting material for these farms was deduced to come from private nursery entrepreneurs and workers of industrial plantations such as the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC), Cameroon Palm Oil Company (SOCAPALM), Common Initiative Groups (CIG’s) and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO’s). Farmers supplied by government services especially the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and some of its specialized development projects all received good quality material. Thus, this is the only means now available which can assure the distribution of seeds good quality seeds

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