scholarly journals Neurophysiological Correlates of Emotion Regulation in Children and Adolescents

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc D. Lewis ◽  
Connie Lamm ◽  
Sidney J. Segalowitz ◽  
Jim Stieben ◽  
Philip David Zelazo
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Source Modeling ◽  
Emotion Induction ◽  
Neural Underpinnings

Psychologists consider emotion regulation a critical developmental acquisition. Yet, there has been very little research on the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation across childhood and adolescence. We selected two ERP components associated with inhibitory control—the frontal N2 and frontal P3. We recorded these components before, during, and after a negative emotion induction, and compared their amplitude, latency, and source localization over age. Fifty-eight children 5–16 years of age engaged in a simple go/no-go procedure in which points for successful performance earned a valued prize. The temporary loss of all points triggered negative emotions, as confirmed by self-report scales. Both the frontal N2 and frontal P3 decreased in amplitude and latency with age, consistent with the hypothesis of increasing cortical efficiency. Amplitudes were also greater following the emotion induction, only for adolescents for the N2 but across the age span for the frontal P3, suggesting different but overlapping profiles of emotion-related control mechanisms. No-go N2 amplitudes were greater than go N2 amplitudes following the emotion induction at all ages, suggesting a consistent effect of negative emotion on mechanisms of response inhibition. No-go P3 amplitudes were also greater than go P3 amplitudes and they decreased with age, whereas go P3 amplitudes remained low. Finally, source modeling indicated a developmental decline in central-posterior midline activity paralleled by increasing activity in frontal midline regions suggestive of the anterior cingulate cortex. Negative emotion induction corresponded with an additional right ventral prefrontal or temporal generator beginning in middle childhood.

scholarly journals Negative Emotion Reduces Visual Working Memory Recall Variability: A Meta-analytical Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weizhen Xie ◽  
Chaoxiong Ye ◽  
Weiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Neutral Condition ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Delay Estimation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Memory Recall ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Emotion Induction ◽  
Analytical Review

Negative emotion is often hypothesized to trigger a more deliberate processing mode.This effect can manifest as increased precision of information maintained in working memory (WM) captured by reduced WM recall variability. However, some recent evidence shows that WM representations are immune to any emotional influences. Here, we meta-analyze existing evidence based on data from 13 experiments across 491 participants who performed a delay estimation WM task under negative and neutral emotions. We find that negative emotion modestly reduces WM recall variability and increases recall failures relative to the neutral condition. These effects are moderated by participants’ self-report negative experiences during emotion induction. Collectively, these data suggest that negative emotion influences how muchand how well one can remember in WM.

scholarly journals Modulatory effects of dynamic fMRI-based neurofeedback on emotion regulation networks in adolescent females

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharina Zich ◽  
Nicola Johnstone ◽  
Michael Lührs ◽  
Stephen Lisk ◽  
Simone P W Haller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Thought Control ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Thought Control Ability

ABSTRACTResearch has shown that difficulties with emotion regulation abilities in childhood and adolescence increase the risk for developing symptoms of mental disorders, e.g anxiety. We investigated whether functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based neurofeedback (NF) can modulate brain networks supporting emotion regulation abilities in adolescent females.We performed three studies (total N=63). We first compared different NF implementations regarding their effectiveness of modulating prefrontal cortex (PFC)-amygdala functional connectivity (fc). Further we assessed the effects of fc-NF on neural measures, emotional/metacognitive measures and their associations. Finally, we probed the mechanism underlying fc-NF by examining concentrations of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters.Results showed that NF implementations differentially modulate PFC-amygdala fc. Using the most effective NF implementation we observed important relationships between neural and emotional/metacognitive measures, such as practice-related change in fc was related with change in thought control ability. Further, we found that the relationship between state anxiety prior to the MRI session and the effect of fc-NF was moderated by GABA concentrations in the PFC and anterior cingulate cortex.To conclude, we were able to show that fc-NF can be used in adolescent females to shape neural and emotional/metacognitive measures underlying emotion regulation. We further show that neurotransmitter concentrations moderate fc-NF-effects.

scholarly journals Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Young ◽  
Christina Sandman ◽  
Michelle Craske
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Adolescent Anxiety

Emotion regulation skills develop substantially across adolescence, a period characterized by emotional challenges and developing regulatory neural circuitry. Adolescence is also a risk period for the new onset of anxiety and depressive disorders, psychopathologies which have long been associated with disruptions in regulation of positive and negative emotions. This paper reviews the current understanding of the role of disrupted emotion regulation in adolescent anxiety and depression, describing findings from self-report, behavioral, peripheral psychophysiological, and neural measures. Self-report studies robustly identified associations between emotion dysregulation and adolescent anxiety and depression. Findings from behavioral and psychophysiological studies are mixed, with some suggestion of specific impairments in reappraisal in anxiety. Results from neuroimaging studies broadly implicate altered functioning of amygdala-prefrontal cortical circuitries, although again, findings are mixed regarding specific patterns of altered neural functioning. Future work may benefit from focusing on designs that contrast effects of specific regulatory strategies, and isolate changes in emotional regulation from emotional reactivity. Approaches to improve treatments based on empirical evidence of disrupted emotion regulation in adolescents are also discussed. Future intervention studies might consider training and measurement of specific strategies in adolescents to better understand the role of emotion regulation as a treatment mechanism.

Neurostimulation in alcohol dependence: The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on brain function and craving

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S59-S59
Author(s):  
J. Jansen ◽  
O. van den Heuvel ◽  
Y. van der Werf ◽  
S. De Wit ◽  
D. Veltman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Fmri Session

BackgroundAlcohol dependence has long been related to impaired processing and handling of negative emotions. This is the first study to compare emotion regulation (ER) at a behavioral and neural level in alcohol dependent patients (ADPs) and healthy controls (HCs). It also examines the effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on ER abilities and related craving levels in ADPs.MethodThirty-six ADPs and 32 HCs matched on age, sex, and education, were included in a within-subject fixed-order study with one functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session and one rTMS plus fMRI session, with high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). An fMRI emotion regulation task (ERT) was administered during both sessions and craving was measured before and after each ERT.ResultsADPs were impaired in the regulation of negative emotion and showed a higher activation of ER related brain areas compared to HCs. Furthermore, active rTMS improved ER abilities in both ADPs and HCs, but was accompanied by a decrease in anterior cingulate and left dlPFC activity only in ADPs. In addition, the ERT-induced increase in craving levels in ADPs was trend-significantly reduced by active rTMS, with a large effect size.ConclusionsADPs are impaired in the regulation of negative emotion and show enhanced neural activity in the ER brain circuit. High-frequency rTMS improves ER in ADPs and HCs and normalizes neural activity and tends to reduce craving in ADPs. Future studies are needed to test the long-term effects of (multiple session) rTMS on ER, craving, and drinking.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Emotion Regulation Predicts Everyday Emotion Experience and Social Function in Schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin K. Moran ◽  
Adam J. Culbreth ◽  
Deanna M. Barch
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy

While recent evidence has pointed to disturbances in emotion regulation strategy use in schizophrenia, few studies have examined how these regulation strategies relate to emotionality and social behavior in daily life. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), we investigated the relationship between emotion regulation, emotional experience, and social interaction in the daily lives of individuals with schizophrenia. Participants ( N = 30) used mobile phones to complete online questionnaires reporting their daily emotional experience and social interaction. Participants also completed self-report measures of habitual emotion regulation. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that self-reported use of cognitive reappraisal and savoring of emotional experiences were related to greater positive emotion in daily life. In contrast, self-reported suppression was related to greater negative emotion, reduced positive emotion, and reduced social interaction in daily life. These findings suggest that individual differences in habitual emotion regulation strategy usage have important relationships to everyday emotional and social experiences in schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Effects of Father and Mother Attachment on Depressive Symptoms in Middle Childhood and Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1153
Author(s):  
Alexandra Iwanski ◽  
Lucie Lichtenstein ◽  
Laura E. Mühling ◽  
Peter Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Regulation Strategies

Background: Attachment and emotion regulation play a decisive role in the developmental pathways of adaptation or maladaptation. This study tested concurrent and longitudinal associations between the attachment to mother and father, sadness regulation, and depressive symptoms. Methods: A total of 1110 participants from middle childhood to adolescence completed measures of attachment, emotion regulation, and depressive symptomatology. In total, 307 of them participated in the longitudinal assessment. Results: Results revealed attachment affects emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms. Furthermore, we found linear effects of the cumulative number of secure attachment relationships on adaptive and maladaptive deactivating sadness regulation, as well as on depressive symptoms. Longitudinal analysis showed the significant mediating role of sadness regulation in the relationship between attachment and depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Adaptive and maladaptive deactivating sadness regulation explain the longitudinal effects of attachment on depressive symptoms. Insecurely attached children and adolescents use maladaptive and adaptive sadness regulation strategies, but differ in their hierarchy of strategy use.

scholarly journals Let it be: mindful acceptance down-regulates pain and negative emotion

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1147-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedy Kober ◽  
Jason Buhle ◽  
Jochen Weber ◽  
Kevin N Ochsner ◽  
Tor D Wager
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Negative Images ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy ◽  
Lateral Pain ◽  
Reduced Activity

Abstract Mindfulness training ameliorates clinical and self-report measures of depression and chronic pain, but its use as an emotion regulation strategy—in individuals who do not meditate—remains understudied. As such, whether it (i) down-regulates early affective brain processes or (ii) depends on cognitive control systems remains unclear. We exposed meditation-naïve participants to two kinds of stimuli: negative vs. neutral images and painful vs. warm temperatures. On alternating blocks, we asked participants to either react naturally or exercise mindful acceptance. Emotion regulation using mindful acceptance was associated with reductions in reported pain and negative affect, reduced amygdala responses to negative images and reduced heat-evoked responses in medial and lateral pain systems. Critically, mindful acceptance significantly reduced activity in a distributed, a priori neurologic signature that is sensitive and specific to experimentally induced pain. In addition, these changes occurred in the absence of detectable increases in prefrontal control systems. The findings support the idea that momentary mindful acceptance regulates emotional intensity by changing initial appraisals of the affective significance of stimuli, which has consequences for clinical treatment of pain and emotion.

scholarly journals Positive and negative emotion regulation in adolescence: links to anxiety and depression

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Seaton Young ◽  
Christina F Sandman ◽  
Michelle G. Craske
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Adolescent Anxiety

Emotion regulation skills develop substantially across adolescence, a period characterized by emotional challenges and developing regulatory neural circuitry. Adolescence is also a risk period for the new onset of anxiety and depressive disorders, psychopathologies which have long been associated with disruptions in regulation of positive and negative emotions. This paper reviews current understanding of the role of disrupted emotion regulation in adolescent anxiety and depression, describing findings from self-report, behavioral, peripheral psychophysiological and neural measures. Self-report studies robustly identified associations between emotion dysregulation and adolescent anxiety and depression. Findings from behavioral and psychophysiological studies are mixed, with some suggestion of specific impairments in reappraisal in anxiety. Results from neuroimaging studies broadly implicate altered functioning of amygdala-prefrontal cortical circuitries, although again, findings are mixed regarding specific patterns of neural functioning. Future work may benefit from focusing on designs that contrast effects of specific regulatory strategies, and isolate changes in emotional regulation from emotional reactivity. Greater integration of multiple measures within the same study would also facilitate more reliable evidence of effects observed. Future intervention studies might consider training and measurement of specific strategies in adolescents to better understand the role of emotion regulation as a treatment mechanism.

An ecological momentary assessment evaluation of emotion regulation abnormalities in schizophrenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (14) ◽  
pp. 2337-2345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Frost Visser ◽  
Farnaz Zamani Esfahlani ◽  
Hiroki Sayama ◽  
Gregory P. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Regulation Process ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

AbstractBackgroundPrior studies using self-report questionnaires and laboratory-based methods suggest that schizophrenia is characterized by abnormalities in emotion regulation (i.e. using strategies to increase or decrease the frequency, duration, or intensity of negative emotion). However, it is unclear whether these abnormalities reflect poor emotion regulation effort or adequate effort, but limited effectiveness. It is also unclear whether dysfunction results primarily from one of the three stages of the emotion regulation process: identification, selection, or implementation.MethodThe current study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to address these questions in the context of everyday activities. Participants included 28 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ) and 28 demographically matched healthy controls (CN) who completed 6 days of EMA reports of in-the-moment emotional experience, emotion regulation strategy use, and context.ResultsResults indicated that SZ demonstrated adequate emotion regulation effort, but poor effectiveness. Abnormalities were observed at each of the three stages of the emotion regulation process. At the identification stage, SZ initiated emotion regulation efforts at a lower threshold of negative emotion intensity. At the selection stage, SZ selected more strategies than CN and strategies attempted were less contextually appropriate. At the implementation stage, moderate to high levels of effort were ineffective at decreasing negative emotion.ConclusionsFindings suggest that although SZ attempt to control their emotions using various strategies, often applying more effort than CN, these efforts are unsuccessful; emotion regulation abnormalities may result from difficulties at the identification, selection, and implementation stages.

scholarly journals Neural Responses During Emotion Transitions and Emotion Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Hao ◽  
Lin Yao ◽  
Gary W. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Image Sequences ◽  
Emotional Content ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Temporal Context ◽  
Emotional Stimuli

Why are some people more susceptible to interference from previous emotional stimuli? Neural mechanisms underlying emotion regulation are typically studied with one-off positive or negative stimuli. Less is known about how they operate during dynamic emotional experiences, which more closely resemble how emotions occur in real life. Therefore, we investigated the interaction among temporal context, stimulus content, and regulatory strategy. Image sequences included either neutral to negative emotion or negative to neutral emotion. Participants were instructed to either passively watch the emotional stimuli or apply cognitive reappraisal during the image sequences presentation. Participants also reported their habitual use of cognitive reappraisal in their daily lives on a standard scale. We measured functional connectivity (FC) with electroencephalography (EEG) source localization. A three-way interaction suggested that, in addition to momentary emotional content and regulatory effort, the temporal context of stimuli impacts the FC between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in both alpha and beta frequency bands. In the reappraisal condition—but not the passive watch conditions—, individual differences in habitual reappraisal were manifested in the FC of vmPFC-ACC in alpha band. Emotion transitions may be more demanding because prefrontal-posterior FC in the beta band decreased during emotion transitions regardless of emotional content or regulation efforts. Flexible emotion regulation enables the recruiting of neural activities in response to the content of dynamic, ever-changing experiences encountered in daily life. Studying brain responses to dynamic emotional stimuli may shed light on individual differences in adaptation and psychological health. It also provides a more ecologically valid assessment of emotion regulation.

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