English C Moves Downward as well as Upward: An Extension of Bošković and Lasnik's (2003) Approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-sup Kim
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Principled Account ◽  
The Right ◽  
Subject Extraction ◽  
Filter Effects

Pesetsky (1991) proposes that there are two types of C, that and null C, and that the null C is an affix that must move up to the matrix V. This proposal is revived in the minimalist context by Bošković and Lasnik (2003). While assuming that the C-as-an-affix approach is on the right track, I suggest a drastic modification of previous versions of this approach: namely, that (a) there is just one type of C in the lexicon, affixal null C; (b) it can both hop down onto the embedded V and move up to the matrix V; and (c) that/for is inserted at PF as a last resort if affixation is structurally prohibited. This amounts to saying that the English tense and complementizer systems display the same paradigm: both T[+finite] and C[±finite] are affixes, and do and that/for are inserted as a last resort when syntactic affixation is impossible. This approach, especially the C-hopping approach, allows a uniform, principled account for the distribution of that and for, including that-trace effects, ameliorating effects of subject extraction, anti-that-trace effects, For-To Filter effects, and the distribution of that in relative clauses.

scholarly journals Improvement of the Impact Properties of Composite Laminates by Means of Nano-Modification of the Matrix—A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Saghafi ◽  
Mohamad Fotouhi ◽  
Giangiacomo Minak
Keyword(s):  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Compression After Impact ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

This paper reviews recent works on the application of nanofibers and nanoparticle reinforcements to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness, to reduce the impact induced damage and to improve the compression after impact performance of fiber reinforced composites with brittle thermosetting resins. The nanofibers have been mainly used as mats embedded between plies of laminated composites, whereas the nanoparticles have been used in 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D dimensional patterns to reinforce the matrix and consequently the composite. The reinforcement mechanisms are presented, and a comparison is done between the different papers in the literature. This review shows that in order to have an efficient reinforcement effect, careful consideration is required in the manufacturing, materials selection and reinforcement content and percentage. The selection of the right parameters can provide a tough and impact resistant composite with cost effective reinforcements.

scholarly journals On the correlative nature of Hungarian left-peripheral relatives

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-313
Author(s):  
Anikó Lipták
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Left Periphery ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
The Right

This paper takes a close look at the properties of Hungarian relative clauses that occur in the left periphery of the main clause, preceding a (pro)nominal associate. It will be shown that these left-peripheral relative clauses differ in many ways from relative clauses dislocated on the right periphery, as well as from relative clauses embedded under a (pro)nominal head. To capture the precise syntax of these left-peripheral clauses, these will be compared to ordinary left-dislocated items, with which they have some properties in common. Despite the surface similarities between the two, however, there are a few decisive aspects of behaviour, most notably, distributional properties and connectivity effects, which argue against taking left-peripheral relatives as cases of clausal left-dislocates in Hungarian. Instead, one is led to consider these as correlative clauses, on the basis of the properties they share with well-established correlatives in languages like Hindi.  

The inflammatory macrophage: a story of Jekyll and Hyde

2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy S. DUFFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Apoptotic Cells ◽  
Tissue Healing ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Selective Depletion ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Components ◽  
The Right ◽  
Extracellular Structures ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Inflammatory Macrophage

Recent investigations have highlighted new roles for the macrophage (Mϕ) in the biology of inflammation. Selective depletion of Mϕs from inflamed sites has confirmed their predominant role in immune-mediated damage. The components of this injury have been dissected. Mϕs mediate death of stromal, parenchymal and other immune cells by engaging the death programme, resulting in apoptosis. In addition, Mϕs induce destruction of matrix and extracellular structures both directly and indirectly by inducing stromal cells to release matrix metalloproteinases. However, there is another side to the inflammatory Mϕ. Evidence is provided that Mϕs at the same sites possess the ability to aid cell proliferation, secrete and stabilize new matrix components and induce resident cells to secrete matrix components themselves. Mϕ phagocytosis of apoptotic cells brings about a change from the cell-killing matrix-degrading cell to the matrix-generating cell-proliferating tissue-healing cell. Just as both Mϕ types are necessary at the inflamed site, the right balance of these two populations is required for healing and resolution. Evidence of excessive inflammation as a manifestation of impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cells emphasizes that defects in the transition from one Mϕ type to another may account for the uncontrolled excessive inflammation seen in disease. Recent insights into the mechanisms by which apoptotic cells signal the change of function to the Mϕ offer the prospect of novel targets for manipulation of Mϕs in the inflamed tissue.

The Role of Average Health Status

2016 ◽  
pp. 884-899
Author(s):  
Jordan Panayotov
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right ◽  
No Gold Standard ◽  
Average Health

Economic, social and environmental policies, programs and projects have impact on health. Health in All Policies (HiAP) aims to improve population health by taking into account these impacts. HiAP needs appropriate tools for assessing impacts on population health. When making choices between policy options, decision-makers rely on predictions from Health Impact Assessment. Currently there is no gold standard for establishing and assessing validity of predictions. This paper distinguishes between two levels of causal pathways regarding health impacts – specific and conditional, and proposes the Average Health Status – Health Inequalities Matrix as gold standard. The Matrix facilitates making the right choices at any level and local context, thus is useful for researchers, policy-makers and practitioners for designing, analysing and evaluating all kinds of policies. By allowing quick, reliable and inexpensive appraisal of different policy options the matrix makes feasible taking into account the impacts on population health and paves the way for institutionalizing of HiAP.

Strain History and Polar Decomposition

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Oertel
Keyword(s):  
Polar Decomposition ◽  
Transformation Matrix ◽  
Strain History ◽  
Transformation Matrices ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Principal Stretches ◽  
Principal Directions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Asymmetric Transformation

The effect of two consecutive strains (only two states enter into the calculation of a strain, the states before and after, independently of the actual strain path) can be calculated by premultiplying the transformation matrix of the first strain (its stretch tensor) with that of the second. Unless the two strains are coaxial (their principal directions coincide), however, the resulting cumulative transformation matrix represents not only a strain but also a rigid-body rotation; in that case the matrix is asymmetric. The method of polar decomposition allows one to interpret the combined transformation as if it had come about either by a strain followed by a rotation (right polar decomposition) or by a rotation followed by a strain (left polar decomposition). Let 𝔸 and 𝔹 be two stretch tensors, or transformation matrices, representing each a strain without rotation; and let the strain 𝔹 follow the strain 𝔸. Then the combined transformation matrix 𝔽 is: . . . 𝔹𝔸 = 𝔽 = ℝ𝕌= 𝕍ℝ, (8.1) . . . where 𝔽 results from premultiplication of the earlier stretch 𝔸 with the later 𝔹, where ℝ𝕌 is the “right” and 𝕍ℝ the “left” decomposition of 𝔽, where 𝕌 and 𝕍 are two distinct stretch tensors, and where ℝ is the transformation matrix for a rotation (elements of rotation matrices are indicated by the symbol aij elsewhere in this book). 𝔽 is asymmetric and ℝ differs from the identity matrix (δij) except when 𝔸 and 𝔹 are coaxial. 𝕌 and 𝕍 have the same principal stretches and differ by orientation only. In Problems 120 to 122, false approaches in the search for an appropriate decomposition of an asymmetric transformation were recognized by yielding impossible values for a rotation. Application of eq. (8.1) makes such a trial-and-error approach unnecessary.

Subordinate clauses

2019 ◽  
pp. 237-288
Author(s):  
Jan Terje Faarlund
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Infinitival Clauses ◽  
Finite Verb ◽  
Nominal Clauses

In subordinate clauses, the C position is occupied by a complementizer word, which may be null. The finite verb stays in V. SpecCP is either empty or occupied by a wh-word, or by some other element indicating its semantic function. Nominal clauses are finite or non-finite. Finite nominal clauses are declarative or interrogative. Declarative nominal clauses may under specific circumstances have main clause word order (‘embedded V2’). Infinitival clauses are marked by an infinitive marker, which is either in C (Swedish), or immediately above V (Danish). Norwegian has both options. Relative clauses comprise several different types; clauses with a relativized nominal argument are mostly introduced by a complementizer; adverbial relative clauses relativize a locative or temporal phrase, with or without a complementizer; comparative clauses relativize a degree or identity. Under hard-to-define circumstances depending on language and region, subordinate clauses allow extraction of phrases up into the matrix clause.

scholarly journals Functional Polymer Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Polyolefins: A Review

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1475
Author(s):  
Sandra Paszkiewicz ◽  
Krzysztof Pypeć ◽  
Izabela Irska ◽  
Elzbieta Piesowicz
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Hybrid Nanocomposites ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Polymer Hybrid ◽  
Engineering Plastics ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Structure Properties

For the last twenty years, polymer hybrid nanocomposites have enjoyed unflagging interest from numerous scientific groups and R&D departments, as they provide notable enhancement of properties, even at low nanofillers’ content. Their performance results from many factors, the most important of which is the uniform distribution in the entire volume of the matrix, that still is very challenging, but is the right choice of two types of nanoparticles that can lead to an increase of dispersion stability and even more uniform distribution of fillers. The incorporation of two types of nanofillers, especially when they differ in aspect ratio or chemical nature, allows to additively reduce the price of the final composite by replacing the more expensive filler with the cheaper one, or even synergistically improving the properties, e.g., mechanical, thermal, and barrier, etc., that can extend their usage in the industry. Despite numerous review papers on nanocomposites, there is no review on how the introduction of a hybrid system of nanofillers affects the properties of polyolefins, which are the most commonly used engineering plastics. This review deeply focuses on the structure–properties relationship of polyolefins-based hybrid nanocomposites, especially based on two types of polyethylenes (low-density polyethylenes (LDPE) and high-density polyethylenes (HDPE)) and polypropylene.

scholarly journals Structural Organization of Themagnetic Part of Smart Material Based on Nanoparticles of Iron or Magnetite in Pores of Mcm-41 Mesoporous Silica for Target Drug Delivery

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182
Author(s):  
E.G. Zemtsova ◽  
A.N. Ponomareva ◽  
A.Y. Arbenin ◽  
V.M. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Mesoporous Silica ◽  
Smart Material ◽  
The Body ◽  
Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Target Drug Delivery ◽  
Target Drug ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mcm 41

Abstract The important stage of the development of smart material for the target drug delivery is the construction of the magnetic part of this material, including mesoporous silica and magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4or Fe0). Such a systemwill allow carry outmagnetic decapsulation (excretion) of drug from smart material using the magnetic field of a given value in the right place of the body. The paper considers the features of synthesis mesoporous silica MCM-41 with various pore diameter (33-51 Å) and synthesis of superparamagnetic nanoparticles of magnetite or metallic iron in the pores of mesoporous silica. The dependence of magnetic properties of nanocomposites MCM-41/Fe0 and MCM-41/Fe3O4 from the pore diameters of MCM-41 templates is studied. It was found that the matrix has a decisive influence on the content of iron or magnetite nanoparticles. The saturation magnetization of the material increases with increasing pore size of the mesoporous matrix. Nanocomposites MCM-41/Fe0 and MCM-41/Fe3O4 exhibit superparamagnetism, that allows them to be used as a magnetic material for targeted drug delivery.

Sulawesi Relatives, V-Raising, and the CP-Complement Hypothesis

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 283-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Finer
Keyword(s):  
Head Movement ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Austronesian Languages ◽  
The Right

AbstractDPs in several Austronesian languages from southwestern Sulawesi show the D head as an enclitic on an element within the DP. Where N is unmodified, D cliticizes to N, and where D is modified, D cliticizes to the modifier. A structure in which NP and the modifying phrase are treated as arguments of D is proposed, and the cliticization pattern is analyzed as resulting from head movement. Depending on the valency of the DP, NP will either be specifier or complement of D. This analysis extends easily to account for some otherwise puzzling patterns shown in relative clauses where D cliticizes to the right periphery of the verb of the modifying CP. Under the minimalist hypotheses that overt movement is a function of feature strength and that the strength of the relevant features can vary from language to language, certain patterns of head-adjunction involving V, I, C, and D are expected and the predictions are discussed.

scholarly journals Research of the Robust Stability of Control Systems Using a New Approach to the Lyapunov Functions Construction

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulzhan Uskenbayeva
Keyword(s):  
Robust Stability ◽  
Lyapunov Functions ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Time Derivative ◽  
State Equation ◽  
The State ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Vector Lyapunov Functions ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right

<p class="22">We investigate a new approach to the construction of vector Lyapunov functions. An approach to the construction of Lyapunov functions as vector functions is developed based on a geometrical interpretation of the second method of Lyapunov. The negative of the gradient is determined from the components of the time derivative of the state vector (i.e., the right-hand side of the state equation). The region of stability of a closed-loop linear, stationary system with uncertain parameters is governed by inequalities in the matrix elements of the closed-loop system. This study developed a method for analysing the robust stability of SISO and MIMO linear systems in canonical forms.</p>

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