scholarly journals Grouping Mechanisms in Numerosity Perception

Open Mind ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 102-118
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Ciccione ◽  
Stanislas Dehaene
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Multiplication Process ◽  
One Year ◽  
Numerosity Perception ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Enumeration Task

Enumeration of a dot array is faster and easier if the items form recognizable subgroups. This phenomenon, which has been termed “groupitizing,” appears in children after one year of formal education and correlates with arithmetic abilities. We formulated and tested the hypothesis that groupitizing reflects an ability to sidestep counting by using arithmetic shortcuts, for instance, using the grouping structure to add or multiply rather than just count. Three groups of students with different levels of familiarity with mathematics were asked to name the numerosity of sets of 1–15 dots in various arrangements, for instance, 9 represented as a single group of 9 items, three distinct groups of 2, 3, and 4 items (affording addition 2 + 3 + 4), or three identical groups of 3 items (affording multiplication 3 × 3). Grouping systematically improved enumeration performance, regardless of whether the items were grouped spatially or by color alone, but only when an array was divided into subgroups with the same number of items. Response times and error patterns supported the hypothesis of a multiplication process. Our results demonstrate that even a simple enumeration task involves mental arithmetic.

scholarly journals Grouping mechanisms in numerosity perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Ciccione ◽  
Stanislas Dehaene
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Single Group ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Multiplication Process ◽  
One Year ◽  
Numerosity Perception ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Enumeration Task

Enumeration of a dot array is faster and easier if the items form recognizable subgroups. This phenomenon, which has been termed groupitizing, appears in children after one year of formal education and correlates with arithmetic abilities. We formulated and tested the hypothesis that groupitizing reflects an ability to sidestep counting by using arithmetic shortcuts, for instance using the grouping structure to add or multiply rather than just count. Three groups of students with different levels of familiarity with mathematics were asked to name the numerosity of sets of 1-15 dots in various arrangements, for instance 9 represented as a single group of 9 items, three distinct groups of 2, 3, and 4 items (affording addition 2+3+4), or three identical groups of 3 items (affording multiplication 3x3). Grouping systematically improved enumeration performance, regardless of whether the items were grouped spatially or by color alone, but only when an array was divided into subgroups with the same number of items. Response times and error patterns supported the hypothesis of a multiplication process. Our results demonstrate that even a simple enumeration task implicitly involves mental arithmetic.

scholarly journals Efecto de la Escolarización en la Producción de Relaciones Causales y Contracausales: Evidencia Psicolingüística para el Ámbito Educativo

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mariel Zunino
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Discourse Comprehension ◽  
Educational Processes ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Different Levels

In order to promote the practical application of psycholinguistic data in educational fields and expecting that this transfer would enhance the development of both the pedagogical field and the investigation in experimental psycholinguistics, we present two experiments to analyse the production of semantic relations in discourse, especially the causality/countercausality dimension. We found that the pattern of causal advantage is cross-wise and consistent in subjects with different levels of formal education, so it could be a suitable scaffold to develop other aspects of discourse comprehension and production. We compare our results with previous findings about discourse comprehension and interpret the data in the framework of educational processes. To use of empirical evidence about language processing on educational fields allows not only to review specific issues such as the characteristics of teaching materials, but also to improve educational process in a comprehensive way, making possible to adapt different approaches to populations with different characteristics.

Null Direct Object Clitics in Basque Spanish: A Study Across Four Generations

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-384
Author(s):  
Ager Gondra
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Acceptance Rate ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Differential Behavior ◽  
Generational Effects ◽  
Object Clitics ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract The null direct object clitic is described as one of the distinctive morphosyntactic features of Basque Spanish (e.g., compré el libro i , pero se me ha olvidado traer øi). However, no study to date has explored the variable usage of this form in cross-generational terms. The present inquiry aims to fill this void by analyzing and contrasting the results of two studies by four generations of Spanish-Basque bilinguals with the following age ranges: 85–96 (Generation 1), 55–75 (Generation 2), 35–45 (Generation 3), 18–25 (Generation 4). The education level of the participants was also taken into consideration. The first study consisted of an acceptability judgment task, in which the participants rated the acceptability of sentences with a null direct object using a 5-point Likert scale. The independent linguistic variables in this study were the semantic features [+/-definiteness] and [+/-specificity]. The acceptance rate of null direct object clitics was significantly higher among Generation 1 and 2 speakers than among those of Generation 3 and 4, with no effect of definiteness or specificity. In the second study, based on an elicitation task, older speakers (Generation 1 and 2) produced significantly more null direct object clitics than their younger counterparts (Generation 3 and 4). By contrasting the differential behavior of the participants across and within the same generation, it is shown that the generational effects observed are mainly due to the participants’ different levels of formal education.

scholarly journals Pain drawings, interpreter support and clinical findings among immigrant patients on sick leave in Swedish primary health care

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Löfvander
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Sick Leave ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Psychosocial Stressors ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Pain Drawing ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
One Year

Abstract Aim: To evaluate the spread of pain and its correlates among immigrant patients on sick leave. Background: Backache, outspread pain and sick-leave questions are problematic to handle primary health care, especially in multicultural settings. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-five patients 20–45 years on paid sick leave (59% women, 93% foreign-born, mostly non-Europeans). Many had little formal education. One-third had professional interpreter support. The patients pointed out on their bodies where they felt pain. This information was transferred on a pain drawing [pain drawing fields (PDFs) 0–18] by a doctor. Major depression and psychosocial stressors were assessed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Nociceptive locations for pain were established (pain-sites 0–18). Dependent variable was the number of PDFs. Independent variables were social data, sick leave, interpreter, depression, stress levels and number of pain sites. Calculations were done using descriptive methods and multi-variable linear regression in full models, by gender. Findings: Many patients had depression (51% women versus 32% men). A majority were exposed to psychosocial stressors. Women had more PDFs, in median 5 [inter-quartile ranges (IQR) 4–8] versus men 3 (IQR 2–5), and also more pain sites, in median 3 (IQR 2–5) versus men in median 2 (IQR 1–3). For men, the regression calculations revealed that numbers of PDFs associated only with increasing numbers of pain sites (B 0.871 P < 0.001). For women, this association was weaker (B 0.364, P < 0.001), with significant values also for age (B 0.103) and sick leave > one year (B 0.767, P = 0.010), and a negative predicting value for interpreter support (B −1.198, P < 0.043). To conclude, PDFs associated often with somatic findings but varied much among the women. This implies potential problems regarding cause, function and sick leave questions. However, support by professional interpreters may facilitate a shared understanding with immigrant women having long-standing pain.

A New Equilibrium in the Government of Public Education: A Comparison of Trends in Three National Systems

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
G. L. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Government ◽  
Control Education ◽  
National Systems ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Government Authority

It is apparent that formal education has become a subject of high public interest and a source of social conflict; consequently, it is not surprising that there has developed a variety of pressures for the rearrangement of the power to control education. The most obvious manifestation of this power is the formal authority available at different levels of government. This article is an attempt to identify and account for the major recent trends in the patterns of government authority for education in England, the United States, and Australia, and on the basis of those trends to forecast the likely future roles of central, intermediate, and local government bodies in the control of education.

A Reassessment of Conventional Wisdom About the Informed Public: National Political Information in Ghana

1976 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred M. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Political Information ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Informed Citizenry ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Different Levels

This study examines the extent, impact and implications of political information in Ghana using survey data. A major interest is to identify and examine variables which influence level of information and to look at the consequences for the political process of different levels of political information. I examine conventional wisdom concerning the ignorance of the masses about national politics and call into question some common assumptions. Many of the differences usually assumed between developed and underdeveloped nations are found either not to exist or to be smaller than hypothesized. The data suggest that in some areas of national political information the masses in non-modernized societies are more politically aware than their counterparts in modernized societies. It is also suggested that there is no necessary link between education (literacy) and political information and that there are a number of functional equivalents to formal education. In the last section of the study several propositions about the informed citizenry are discussed.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Ultrasound-Guided Pudendal Nerve Block in the Ischial Spine and Alcock’s Canal Levels: A Cadaveric Study

Pain Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 2692-2698
Author(s):  
Béatrice Soucy ◽  
Dien Hung Luong ◽  
Johan Michaud ◽  
Mathieu Boudier-Revéret ◽  
Stéphane Sobczak
Keyword(s):  
Pudendal Nerve ◽  
Ischial Spine ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Us Guidance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Alcock’S Canal ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Musculoskeletal Us ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Background Blockade of the pudendal nerve (PN) using ultrasound (US) guidance has been described at the levels of the ischial spine and Alcock’s canal. However, no study has been conducted to compare anatomical accuracy between different approaches in targeting the PN. Objective To investigate the accuracy of US-guided injection of the PN at the ischial spine and Alcock’s canal levels. This study also compared the accuracy of the infiltrations by three sonographers with different levels of experience. Subjects Eight Thiel-embalmed cadavers (16 hemipelvises). Methods Three physiatrists trained in musculoskeletal US imaging with 12 years, five years, and one year of experience performed the injections. Each injected a 0.1-mL bolus of colored dye in both hemipelvises of each cadaver at the ischial spine and Alcock’s canal levels under US guidance. Each cadaver received three injections per hemipelvis. The accuracy of the injection was determined following hemipelvis dissection by an anatomist. Results The injections were accurate 33 times out of the total 42 attempts, resulting in 78% accuracy. Sixteen out of 21 injections at the ischial spine level were on target (76% accuracy), while the approach at Alcock’s canal level yielded 17 successful injections (81% accuracy). The difference between the approaches was not statistically significant. There was also no significant difference in accuracy between the operators. Conclusions US-guided injection of the PN can be performed accurately at both the ischial spine and Alcock’s canal levels. The difference between the approaches was not statistically significant.

Relative Effects of Raster Scan Lines and Image Subtense on Symbol Legibility on Television

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Hemingway ◽  
Ronald A. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Image Size ◽  
Line Number ◽  
Raster Scan ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Choice Method ◽  
Angular Subtense

This experiment examined the relative effects of (1) image size and (2) number of TV raster lines making up the image upon an observer's ability to identify 16 different geometric symbols on TV. Four raster-line values per symbol height were each tested at three image angular subtenses. Eight subjects were told to identify 25 symbols for each of the 12 conditions; all had 20/12 near and far visual acuity or better. The forced-choice method was used; no limits were placed on response times. The results showed that (1) at least eight raster lines per symbol height and (2) a symbol subtense of 10' of arc are necessary to obtain good symbol legibility on TV. An equation is developed from these and other data which quantifies the tradeoff between line number and angular subtense for different levels of performance.

The Road to Independence (1871–1880)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisha Franzen
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Methodist Episcopal ◽  
Episcopal Church ◽  
Decision To Leave ◽  
The Road ◽  
Methodist Episcopal Church ◽  
One Year ◽  
Anna Howard Shaw ◽  
Gain Access

This chapter describes events in the life of Anna Howard Shaw from 1871 to 1880. Shaw had a vision that God had called her to a larger life. However, with no independent means of wealth, her choices appeared to be limited to marrying or resigning herself to struggle along as an impoverished schoolteacher, living in her parents' home. To gain access to any formal education for herself, she would have to leave that home. At this point Anna turned to the only resource she did have beyond her own dreams, ingenuity, and determination—her sister Mary, who had married a successful entrepreneur. So it was that Anna made the difficult and seemingly selfish decision to leave her parents' home and move in with her sister to seek her options in the small town of Big Rapids, Michigan. On August 26, 1873, the Big Rapids District Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church enthusiastically licensed twenty-six-year-old “Annie Howard Shaw” as a local preacher. In June 1878 Shaw sailed for Europe. By then she had earned her education and possessed her first investments. This thirty-one-year-old daughter of impoverished immigrants returned to tour the great sights of the continent.

Science and Life of a Geologist through his Papers. The Personal Archive of Giovanni Capellini in La Spezia

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Gerali
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Scientific Biography ◽  
Educational Travel ◽  
Young Professionals ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Scientific Dialogue ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
One Year ◽  
The University

This study of the life and work of the Italian geologist Giovanni Capellini (1833-1922) started in 2005 during the process of restoring and reorganizing that portion of his personal archive kept at the Academy Lunigianese of Sciences in La Spezia, Italy. Until now, little has been written on the scientific achievements of Giovanni Capellini, resulting from a sixty year career. This contribution aims to offer an overview of the scientific biography of Capellini, his publications and manuscript documents, and the main contents of that portion of his personal archive housed in La Spezia. Capellini began his long career in the natural sciences by educating himself in La Spezia, after which he enrolled in and graduated from the University of Pisa, Italy. He concluded his formal education with one year of educational travel in Europe. At the age of twenty-seven, Capellini obtained the professorship of geology at the University of Bologna and remained there for sixty years. During his career, he achieved several important goals, among them the reorganization of the Geological and Paleontological Museum of the University of Bologna. The Museum was founded in 1871 and soon became an institution recognized for its excellence in Italy and throughout Europe. By the conclusion of his career in 1922, he was a professor of international fame, Senator of the Kingdom of Italy, and supporter of international scientific dialogue as an indispensable means for the advancement of knowledge. Capellini always promoted the diffusion of natural sciences studies, both within Italy and throughout Europe. He contributed to three regional mapping projects that were incorporated into the geological map of Italy. Above all, he educated many generations of young professionals who contributed to Italy's economic and cultural life.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document