Presence Related Formal Aspects of Hedonic Valence in Mood Management: An Investigation of the Impact of Mediated Experiences on Induced Aggressive Mood

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-231
Author(s):  
Karin Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Exposure Condition ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mood Management ◽  
Hedonic Value ◽  
Experimental Induction ◽  
Television Exposure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

This paper lays out presence related formal aspects of media offerings suited to evoke mood management (Zillmann, 1988). Zillmann proposes that apart from other dimensions, the mood-impacting characteristics of media stimuli vary with the hedonic valence referring to the content (see also Knobloch-Westerwick, 2006). In this contribution, it is claimed that not only does the hedonic value vary with content, but also with formal characteristics of stimuli that refer to different types of media. In contrast to other investigations on mood management, these investigations focus on the reduction of aversive moods when exposed to certain media offerings. The investigations do not focus on the measurement of selected stimuli arrangements in terms of time and intensity. To test this hypothesis, the current paper presents the results of two studies in which 66 participants were presented with film sequences in order to induce aggressive moods. In the first experiment, which served as a treatment check, it was shown that aggressive moods could be reduced more with televised exposures than with a waiting period. In a second experiment, participants having partaken in the experimental induction of aggressive moods were allocated to different experimental conditions that are classified according to formal aspects of hedonic valence: a television exposure condition, an internet surfing condition, and a chat condition. These activities can be numerically classified according to three axes, (i) the amount of sensory information, (ii) the extent of possible interactions, and (iii) the synchrony between sender and recipient. The resulting categorizations of certain media offerings (television exposure: 3, internet surfing: 9–11, and chatting: 8) simultaneously represent certain aspects of the concept of presence. Results show that the induced aggressive moods can be mostly reduced by the treatment (media offerings) with the highest number allocated (internet surfing). Moreover, the findings show an overall decrease of aggressive moods according to the increasing number from television to internet.

Women and Chocolate Advertising: Exposure to Thin Models Exacerbates Ambivalence

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Durkin ◽  
K. Rae
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Exposure Condition ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Advertising Exposure ◽  
And Control ◽  
Disordered Eating Patterns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
General Community

Chocolate craving is very common among women. It is known to be associated with ambivalent attitudes and with eating disorders.Aims:The present study investigated the impact of different types of media images (associating the product with thin versus overweight models) on females’ attitudes to chocolate.Method:Eighty-four female participants were recruited from the general community. Age ranged from 17 to 63 years (mean=35). Mean BMI was 23.4. Participants were allocated randomly to one of three conditions: Chocolate with thin models, Chocolate with overweight models, and Control (non-chocolate related products). Groups did not differ on age and BMI. They were assessed before and after exposure using the Orientation to Chocolate Questionnaire, which measures three dimensions of chocolate craving: guilt, approach and avoidance.Results:Participants in the thin exposure condition experienced more guilt and were more likely to report both heightened approach and avoidance of chocolate after exposure. In contrast, participants in the overweight exposure condition had lower guilt and lower approach to chocolate, with no change in avoidance, after exposure. No changes were obtained for the females in the control condition.Conclusion:These findings suggest that viewing thin images in association with chocolate intensifies women's ambivalence towards the product. It is argued that ambivalence is stressful and fosters disordered eating patterns.

scholarly journals Premium private label: how product value, trust and category involvement influence consumers willingness to buy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 143-161
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Bertoli ◽  
Bruno Busacca ◽  
Marta Imperato
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Involvement ◽  
Consumer Trust ◽  
Store Loyalty ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
National Brands ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Hedonic Value ◽  
Willingness To Buy ◽  
Product Value ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Premium private labels (PPLs) are applied to products with distinctive features with prices equal, and sometimes even higher, than those of the category leaders. The objective of the retailers is to obtain, in the minds of consumers, the same positioning of national brands. So, PPLs are becoming more and more crucial for competitive advantage and store loyalty. Starting from this evidence, this paper aims to contribute to the advancement of knowledge on the subject, analyzing the impact of consumer trust in retailer, consumer involvement and product value on consumer willingness to buy PPLs. Data for hypotheses testing were collected through a 2 × 2 × 2 experiment between subjects, in which different groups of consumers were randomly exposed to different experimental conditions. Results show that: (a) consumer trust in retailer positively influences consumer’s willingness to buy in case of products with hedonic value; (b) consumer involvement has a significant main effect and there is a significant two-way interactions between trust and involvement; (c) when consumer trust in retailer is low, non-involved consumers show a greater willingness to buy the PPL for products with utilitarian rather than hedonic value.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Hand-Crafted Image Descriptors vs. Off-the-Shelf CNN-Based Features for Colour Texture Classification under Ideal and Realistic Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Bello-Cerezo ◽  
Francesco Bianconi ◽  
Francesco Di Maria ◽  
Paolo Napoletano ◽  
Fabrizio Smeraldi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Texture Classification ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Image Descriptors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Imaging Conditions

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have brought spectacular improvements in several fields of machine vision including object, scene and face recognition. Nonetheless, the impact of this new paradigm on the classification of fine-grained images—such as colour textures—is still controversial. In this work, we evaluate the effectiveness of traditional, hand-crafted descriptors against off-the-shelf CNN-based features for the classification of different types of colour textures under a range of imaging conditions. The study covers 68 image descriptors (35 hand-crafted and 33 CNN-based) and 46 compilations of 23 colour texture datasets divided into 10 experimental conditions. On average, the results indicate a marked superiority of deep networks, particularly with non-stationary textures and in the presence of multiple changes in the acquisition conditions. By contrast, hand-crafted descriptors were better at discriminating stationary textures under steady imaging conditions and proved more robust than CNN-based features to image rotation.

scholarly journals Mechanisms Used by Probiotics to Confer Pathogen Resistance to Teleost Fish

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Simón ◽  
Félix Docando ◽  
Noelia Nuñez-Ortiz ◽  
Carolina Tafalla ◽  
Patricia Díaz-Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Extended Practice ◽  
Immunological Effects ◽  
Parasitic Pathogens ◽  
The Impact

Probiotics have been defined as live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer health benefits to the host. The use of probiotics in aquaculture is an attractive bio-friendly method to decrease the impact of infectious diseases, but is still not an extended practice. Although many studies have investigated the systemic and mucosal immunological effects of probiotics, not all of them have established whether they were actually capable of increasing resistance to different types of pathogens, being this the outmost desired goal. In this sense, in the current paper, we have summarized those experiments in which probiotics were shown to provide increased resistance against bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens. Additionally, we have reviewed what is known for fish probiotics regarding the mechanisms through which they exert positive effects on pathogen resistance, including direct actions on the pathogen, as well as positive effects on the host.

Quota Women Are Threatening to Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klea Faniko ◽  
Till Burckhardt ◽  
Oriane Sarrasin ◽  
Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi ◽  
Siri Øyslebø Sørensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Women In Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Two studies carried out among Albanian public-sector employees examined the impact of different types of affirmative action policies (AAPs) on (counter)stereotypical perceptions of women in decision-making positions. Study 1 (N = 178) revealed that participants – especially women – perceived women in decision-making positions as more masculine (i.e., agentic) than feminine (i.e., communal). Study 2 (N = 239) showed that different types of AA had different effects on the attribution of gender stereotypes to AAP beneficiaries: Women benefiting from a quota policy were perceived as being more communal than agentic, while those benefiting from weak preferential treatment were perceived as being more agentic than communal. Furthermore, we examined how the belief that AAPs threaten men’s access to decision-making positions influenced the attribution of these traits to AAP beneficiaries. The results showed that men who reported high levels of perceived threat, as compared to men who reported low levels of perceived threat, attributed more communal than agentic traits to the beneficiaries of quotas. These findings suggest that AAPs may have created a backlash against its beneficiaries by emphasizing gender-stereotypical or counterstereotypical traits. Thus, the framing of AAPs, for instance, as a matter of enhancing organizational performance, in the process of policy making and implementation, may be a crucial tool to countering potential backlash.

Situational Breakdowns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Nassauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.

scholarly journals How Different Fermentation Type Affects Volatile Composition of Plum Jerkums

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4658
Author(s):  
Magdalena Januszek ◽  
Paweł Satora
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Higher Alcohols ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Volatile Composition ◽  
Spontaneous Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Efficiency ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
The Impact

Quality of plum jerkum is significantly associated to the profile of volatile compounds. Therefore, we decided to assess the impact of various fermentation types on selected properties of plum jerkums, especially compounds which contribute to the aroma of the finished product. We used the following yeast strains: S. cerevisiae S1, H. uvarum H2, and Ethanol RED (S. cerevisiae). Moreover, we considered spontaneous fermentation. S. cerevisiae and H. uvarum strains were isolated during the fermentation of Čačanska Lepotica or Węgierka Dąbrowicka (plum cultivars), respectively. As for fermentation type, spontaneous fermentation of H. uvarum H2 provided the best results. It could be associated to the fact that plum juices fermented with H. uvarum H2 presented the highest concentration of terpenoids, esters, or some higher alcohols. In the current paper, application of indigenous strains of yeasts resulted in the required oenological characteristics, e.g., highest fermentation efficiency and concentration of ethanol was determined in juices fermented with Ethanol RED (S. cerevisiae) and also with S. cerevisiae S1. Our results suggested that indigenous strains of yeasts present in plums demonstrate great potential for the production of plum jerkums of high quality.

scholarly journals Glucuronides Hydrolysis by Intestinal Microbial β-Glucuronidases (GUS) Is Affected by Sampling, Enzyme Preparation, Buffer pH, and Species

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1043
Author(s):  
Christabel Ebuzoeme ◽  
Imoh Etim ◽  
Autumn Ikimi ◽  
Jamie Song ◽  
Ting Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Model Animal ◽  
Fresh Feces ◽  
Time Buffer ◽  
Exogenous Compounds ◽  
Activity Loss ◽  
The Impact

Glucuronides hydrolysis by intestinal microbial β-Glucuronidases (GUS) is an important procedure for many endogenous and exogenous compounds. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of experimental conditions on glucuronide hydrolysis by intestinal microbial GUS. Standard probe 4-Nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) and a natural glucuronide wogonoside were used as the model compounds. Feces collection time, buffer conditions, interindividual, and species variations were evaluated by incubating the substrates with enzymes. The relative reaction activity of pNPG, reaction rates, and reaction kinetics for wogonoside were calculated. Fresh feces showed the highest hydrolysis activities. Sonication increased total protein yield during enzyme preparation. The pH of the reaction system increased the activity in 0.69–1.32-fold, 2.9–12.9-fold, and 0.28–1.56-fold for mouse, rat, and human at three different concentrations of wogonoside, respectively. The Vmax for wogonoside hydrolysis was 2.37 ± 0.06, 4.48 ± 0.11, and 5.17 ± 0.16 μmol/min/mg and Km was 6.51 ± 0.71, 3.04 ± 0.34, and 0.34 ± 0.047 μM for mouse, rat, and human, respectively. The inter-individual difference was significant (4–6-fold) using inbred rats as the model animal. Fresh feces should be used to avoid activity loss and sonication should be utilized in enzyme preparation to increase hydrolysis activity. The buffer pH should be appropriate according to the species. Inter-individual and species variations were significant.

scholarly journals A global analysis of the impact of COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions on crime

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Nivette ◽  
Renee Zahnow ◽  
Raul Aguilar ◽  
Andri Ahven ◽  
Shai Amram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Urban Crime ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

AbstractThe stay-at-home restrictions to control the spread of COVID-19 led to unparalleled sudden change in daily life, but it is unclear how they affected urban crime globally. We collected data on daily counts of crime in 27 cities across 23 countries in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. We conducted interrupted time series analyses to assess the impact of stay-at-home restrictions on different types of crime in each city. Our findings show that the stay-at-home policies were associated with a considerable drop in urban crime, but with substantial variation across cities and types of crime. Meta-regression results showed that more stringent restrictions over movement in public space were predictive of larger declines in crime.

Comprehensive Effects of Short-Term Rental Platforms Across Hotel Types in U.S. and International Destinations

2021 ◽  
pp. 193896552110335
Author(s):  
John W. O’Neill ◽  
Jihwan Yeon
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Competitive Market ◽  
Substitution Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hotel Performance ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Location Type ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, short-term rental platforms in the lodging sector, including Airbnb, VRBO, and HomeAway, have received extensive attention and emerged as potentially alternative suppliers of services traditionally provided by established commercial accommodation providers, that is, hotels. Short-term rentals have dramatically increased the available supply of rooms for visitors to multiple international destinations, potentially siphoning demand away from hotels to short-term rental businesses. In a competitive market, an increase in supply with constant demand would negatively influence incumbent service providers. In this article, we examine the substitution effects of short-term rental supply on hotel performance in different cities around the world. Specifically, we comprehensively investigate the substitution effects of short-term rental supply on hotel performance based on hotel class, location type, and region. Furthermore, we segment the short-term rental supply based on its types of accommodations, that is, shared rooms, private rooms, and entire homes, and both examine and quantify the differential effects of these types of short-term rentals on different types of hotels. This study offers a comprehensive analysis regarding the impact of multiple short-term rental platforms on hotel performance and offers both conceptual and practical insights regarding the nature and extent of the effects that were identified.

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