scholarly journals A Natural Experiment on Job Insecurity and Fertility in France

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-47
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Clark ◽  
Anthony Lepinteur
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Fertility Effect

Job insecurity can have wide-ranging consequences outside of the labour market. A 1999 rise in the French layoff tax paid by large private firms when they laid off older workers made younger workers less secure; this insecurity reduced their fertility by 3.7 percentage points (with a 95% confidence interval between 0.7 and 6.6 percentage points). Reduced fertility is only found at the intensive margin: job insecurity reduces family size but not the probability of parenthood itself. Our results also suggest negative selection into parenthood, as this fertility effect does not appear for low-income and less-educated workers.

scholarly journals German pension and labour market reforms and the potential rise of social inequality amongst older workers and pensioners

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Moritz Heß ◽  
◽  
Jürgen Bauknecht ◽  
Gerhard Naegele ◽  
Philipp Stiemke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Market Reforms ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Skilled Labour ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Labour Market Reforms

Policymakers in all European countries have implemented reforms aimed at delaying retirement and extending working lives mainly to mitigate financial pressure on public pay-asyou-go pension systems and to increase the supply of skilled labour. This could be a reason for an increase of older workers’ labour force participation. This increase was particularly strong in Germany. In the paper at hand, we will answer two research questions: i) how can this steep increase in German older workers’ employment rate be explained? Furthermore, and related to this: ii) have policies for longer working lives fostered inequality? We base our analysis on an extensive literature review and descriptive data analysis. We conclude that the rise of the employment rate of older workers in Germany has several causes. First, the German labour market has performed very well, so that the policy debate has shifted from unemployment to a lack of (skilled) labour. Second, there is a strong increase of female labour market participation. Third, due to cohort effects, today’s older workers are healthier and better skilled than their predecessors. Finally, the pension and labour market reforms aimed at delaying retirement had an effect. However, we also find that lowskilled and low-income workers increasingly have to delay their retirement due to financial reasons. It seems that social inequalities in the retirement transition are increasing in Germany.

Determinants of older and younger workers' job satisfaction and organisational commitment in the contrasting labour markets of Belgium and Sweden

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1093-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
RITA CLAES ◽  
BART VAN DE VEN
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Organisational Commitment ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
Skill Discretion ◽  
Perceived Job Insecurity

ABSTRACTThroughout the industrialised world, promoting the retention of older workers is high on the agenda of governments, employers, unions and the media, but not at any price. If persuading older workers to stay at work longer is to benefit companies and wider society, then the employees should be committed and satisfied with their decision. This study explores the factors that keep older workers satisfied and committed at work by contrasting samples of older (aged 50 or more years) and younger workers (up to 25 years) in favourable (Sweden) and unfavourable labour markets (Belgium). The core research question is whether the influential factors are different for the two age groups, after controlling for country, gender, educational level, employment sector, supervisory position, and the employee's financial contribution to the household. The predictors included workers' self-reports of skill discretion (i.e. the range of skills used on the job), organisational fairness, and perceived job insecurity. Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that, across age groups, skill discretion and organisational fairness predicted both job satisfaction and organisational commitment. For older workers there was a negative impact of perceived job insecurity on job satisfaction and organisational commitment. The national context only affected younger workers. In the unfavourable Belgian labour market, they were more satisfied and committed to their organisation.

scholarly journals Ageing towards meaningful work? Age, labour-market change, and attitudes to work in the Swedish workforce, 1979–2003

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Örestig
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Work Values ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Meaningful Work ◽  
Market Change ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
Extrinsic Work Values

A central finding in earlier research on work orientation is that there are substantial age-differences regarding attitudes to work. Generally, more older workers describe their jobs as intrinsically meaningful than younger workers. This result has been interpreted in three different ways, the psychological, the cultural, and the structural hypotheses, where the first emphasizes cognitive age-differences, the second sees age-differences as outcomes of generational differences, and the third regards them as expressions of labour-market inequalities. These different approaches lead to quite different hypotheses regarding recent developments, but the relevant research is limited. Drawing on data from the Swedish survey of living conditions (ULF), this study has examined attitudinal change within the Swedish workforce during 1979–2003. Three sub-periods, 1986-1987, 1994-1996, and 2001-2003 were compared with 1979, the year of reference. The results showed that a consistently smaller share of the workforce held extrinsic work values in the subsequent periods, and that this applied to all age-groups. Further, the results did not support the assumption of broader cultural differences between generations. Rather, the results provide support for the structural hypothesis. Older workers held extrinsic work values to a lesser degree than younger workers regardless of period. Most strikingly, the gap between the youngest group on the labour market (ages 16–29) and the older groups widened during the period. Furthermore, class differences in the distribution of the extrinsic attitude were intact throughout the study period; manual employees were consistently more likely to hold an extrinsic attitude than were service-class employees. This implies that differences in the probability of extrinsic work attitudes have been identifiable regardless of period, but that their prevalence has decreased as jobs involving features related to extrinsic work values have decreased since 1979.

The Fight against Idleness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony F. Heath ◽  
Elisabeth Garratt ◽  
Ridhi Kashyap ◽  
Yaojun Li ◽  
Lindsay Richards
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Educational Expansion ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Wide Range

Unemployment has a wide range of adverse consequences over and above the effects of the low income which people out of work receive. In the first decades after the war Britain tended to have a lower unemployment rate than most peer countries but this changed in the 1980s and 1990s, when Britain’s unemployment rate surged during the two recessions—possibly as a result of policies designed to tackle inflation. The young, those with less education, and ethnic minorities have higher risks of unemployment and these risks are cumulative. The evidence suggests that the problems facing young men with only low qualifications became relatively worse in the 1990s and 2000s. This perhaps reflects the dark side of educational expansion, young people with low qualifications being left behind and exposed in the labour market.

scholarly journals Description of Main Predictors for Taking Sick Leave Associated with Work-Related Eye Injuries in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5157
Author(s):  
Sergio Martín-Prieto ◽  
Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina ◽  
Israel Thuissard-Vassallo ◽  
Carlos Catalina-Romero ◽  
Eva Calvo-Bonacho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sick Leave ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Eye Injury ◽  
Eye Injuries ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
Initial Injury ◽  
Type Of Injury

Recent studies in Spain have shown that males, younger workers, and people involved in manual jobs had the highest risk of suffering a work-related eye injury (WREI). This study aims to assess the predictors of sick leave associated with WREI and to compare them with risk factors of initial injury. A retrospective and descriptive study of WREI that causes sick leave of one or more days among workers from an insurance labor mutual company in Spain was conducted over a period from 2008 to 2018. The variables of the study were sex, age, occupation, and type of injury. A total of 9352 (18.6% of 50,265 WREI) cases and 113,395 total days of sick leave were observed, with an estimated EUR 4,994,009.59 of associated labor cost. The main predictors of sick leave related to WREI were found to be female (highest incidence; 25.9 (95% CI (24.8–27.1))), >55 years of age (highest incidence; 20.5 (95% CI (19.3–21.7))), not working in the industry (lowest incidence; 13.8 (95% CI (13.3–14.2))), and not suffering “other disorders of conjunctiva” (lowest incidence; 5.7 (95% CI (4.7–6.8))). The consequences associated with WREI are worse for female and older workers, despite the main risk of suffering WREI being observed in males and younger workers.

scholarly journals Investigating Sustainable Commuting Patterns by Socio-Economic Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woo Jang ◽  
Fei Yuan ◽  
Jose Javier Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Central City ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Group Status ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Commuting Patterns ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

This research aims to analyze how modes of transportation differ according to socio-economic factors in an urban space. The study area is Ramsey County, the most densely populated county in Minnesota. The primary data used were from the recent 2012–2016 Census Transportation Planning Products (CTPP). We performed regression models to identify the relationship between mode of transport and socio-economic variables, and further analyzed disaggregate trip data to provide a more realistic evaluation of commuting patterns by use of multiple variables in combination. The research found that sustainable commuting patterns correlated significantly with both poverty and minority group status, but bore no significant relationship to older workers. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between commuting alone by car with both minority group status and older workers, but not with poverty. This research also confirmed that the sustainable commuting patterns of the working poor were mostly located in the downtown area, while causes of low-income workers driving alone typically involved much longer commutes to and from points throughout the study area, suggesting that more efficient commutes are a significant quality of life factor for the urban poor when evaluating residential and employment opportunities in the central city.

Hoe bereid zijn werkgevers om ouderen aan te nemen?

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Fouarge ◽  
Raymond Montizaan
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Job Applicant ◽  
The Public ◽  
Negative Opinion ◽  
Vignette Study ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
Relative Productivity

How willing are employers to hire older workers? How willing are employers to hire older workers? In this article, we use a vignette study among employers in the public sector to investigate how the role of the job applicant’s age and employers’ views on productivity and the wages of older workers affect the likelihood that older applicants are hired. We find that the likelihood of being hired significantly decreases with the age of the applicant. A job applicant who is 60 years old, has a 41% lower chance of being hired than someone who is 35 years. Employers believe that the productivity of 55to 64-year-olds is lower and labor costs are higher than that of younger workers. However, a negative opinion on the labor costs of older workers has no significant impact on older applicants’ probability of being hired. A negative opinion of the employer on the relative productivity of older workers does substantially lower the probability that an older applicant will be hired.

scholarly journals Effect of Two Transport Options on the Welfare of Two Genetic Lines of Organic Free Range Pullets in Switzerland

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Sprafke ◽  
Rupert Palme ◽  
Paul Schmidt ◽  
Michael Erhard ◽  
Shana Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Genetic Line ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Transportation Stress ◽  
Layer Farm

The welfare of two genetic lines of organic layer hen pullets—H&N Super Nick (HNS) and H&N Brown Nick (HNB)—was compared during two commercial transport variants of 15 flocks of mixed-reared birds. Birds were either transported overnight (with a break in travel), or were transported direct to the layer farm (without a break in travel). Samples of feces were collected non-invasively from 25 birds of each genetic line per flock for each transport variant before transportation to evaluate baseline values of glucocorticoid metabolites, and at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 10 h, 24 h, 34 h, 48 h, 58 h, and 72 h after the end of transportation, to measure transportation and translocation stress. We assessed the fear toward humans with the touch test before transportation, and we checked the birds’ body condition by scoring the plumage condition and the occurrence of injuries. Body weight before and weight loss after transportation were determined, and ambient temperature was measured before, during, and after transportation. Stress investigations showed no significant differences between the transport variants (effect: −0.208; 95% confidence interval (CI): (−0.567; 0.163)). Instead, we discovered differences between the pullet lines (effect: −0.286; 95% CI: (−0.334; 0.238)). Weight loss was different between the transport variants (2.1 percentage points; 95% CI: (−2.6; −1.5)) and between the genetic lines, as HNB lost significantly less weight than HNS (0.5 percentage points; 95% CI: (0.3; 0.7)).

Are Older Workers Disadvantaged in the Hong Kong Labour Market?

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lok Sang Ho ◽  
Xiang Dong Wei ◽  
Jan P. Voon
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Older Workers
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