Identification and Antibiogram Assay of Escherichia Coli Isolated From Chicken Eggs

Chicken eggs contain all the essential components such as proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and growth factors required by the human being. Despite of their nutritional values eggs can cause health problems through consumption of contaminated eggs with pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to identify Escherichia coli isolated from chicken eggs with their antibiogram assay in Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. E. coli was isolated from 180 chicken eggs collected from different areas of Rajshahi district and identified based on cultural, staining, and biochemical characteristics. Antibiogram assay of all the isolates were done by disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence of E. coli was 38.89% in chicken eggs of which 27.78% was on egg shells and 11.11% was in egg content. The prevalence of E. coli was 58.33% in commercial layer farm eggs, 41.66% in whole seller eggs, and 16.67% in retailer eggs. In antibiogram study, isolated E. coli showed 64.28% to 92.85% sensitivity to chloramphenicol, gentamycin, and ceftriaxone. The highest sensitivity was found to meropenem (100%). Isolated E. coli showed resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and erythromycin ranging from 50% to 71.42%. Judicious use of antibiotics and public awareness will help to reduce the development of antibiotic resistance. J. Bio-Sci. 29(1): 123-133, 2021 (June)

Antibiotic Resistant Pattern and Resistant Gene Identification of Staphylococcus aureus from Chicken Farm in Bogor

Chicken is one of the important protein source in Indonesia. Moreover, the largest population of chicken layer and poultry in Indonesia is known situated at West Java province with Bogor manicipality as the main producer. The aims of this study were to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry and layer farm in Bogor. The study also identified gene encoded the resistance. Cloacal swab samples were collected from chicken broiler and layer farm in Bogor manicipality. The samples were then cultured in Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) medium to obtain S. aureus. Suspected colony was then confirmed by biochemical test. Positive strains were tested against several antibiotics and the diameter of clear zone arround of colony was interpreted based on Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Furthermore, the DNA from resistant strains were then extracted, followed by detection of the resistance gene by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. A total of 14 isolates of S. aureus were positive from poultry farm, and 15 isolates from layer farm. Most of all were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin and nalidixic acid. On the other hands, several strains were sensitive to gentamycin and chloramphenicol. The study showed 28 isolates out of them were multi-drug resistant. Resistant gene such as blaTEM, gyrA and tetA were also identified in some isolates except for ErmB gene which was found in isolates originated from poultry farm. In conclussion, S. aureus in both farm showed mostly multi-drug resistant to several antibiotics which were supported by identification of resistant gene among isolates.

Efficacy of fluralaner in drinking water in controlling mite and improving welfare in laying hens

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of Exzolt (containing fluralaner) to control mite and improve behavior relating to welfare in layers. Monitoring and recording indicators of livestock productivity, level of mite infection, number of eggs with red dots, and behavior of hens before and after using Exzolt were performed. 4 cameras to monitor hens' behavior from 18 pm of the previous night to 6 am of the following morning were installed to record the layer's behavioral indicators caused by the mite including number of shakes, wing flaps, scratches, preening, bites, pecking (aggressive), before and after using Exzolt. As a result, the studied farm was heavily infected with mites with an average infection level of 1.79 on a scale of 0 - 2. After the treatment with Exzolt, the farm became totally free of the mites in layers for many weeks thereafter. The use of Exzolt did not affect daily feed intake, mortality. The proportion of eggs with red spots decreased significantly. Especially, the layer's behavioral expression causing annoying was significantly reduced after using Exzolt. This is the reason for good recommendation to use this product to control mite for layer farm

Efficacy of Using a Laser Device to Reduce Wild (Water)Birds Visits to the Free-range area of a Layer Farm Situated in an Avian Influenza Hotspot-region in the Netherlands

Free-range layer farms have a significantly higher risk of introduction of avian influenza viruses (AIV) compared to indoor layer farms. Wild water birds, natural reservoir of AIV, likely play a role in the transmission of AIV to chickens by contaminating the farms’ free-range area. The use of a laser as a repellent device for wild birds has been studied since the 1970s, in particular around airfields as bird-strike prevention, but its use at poultry farms to keep wild birds away from the surroundings of the poultry barn has not been studied. Part (1.5 ha) of the free-range area of a layer farm that directly boarded the poultry barn was equipped with a video-camera recording system. Visits of wild birds to this free-range study area were recorded for a month without and subsequently a month with a Class-III B laser in operation in the winter period. The laser was operated in the free-range study area between 5:00 PM and 10:00 AM, chickens were present in the free-range study area between 10:00 AM and 5:00 PM. The laser was operated in surrounding grass pastures between 10:00 AM and 5:00 PM. Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Western barn owls (Tyto alba) visited the free-range study area between sunset and sunrise; Blackbirds (Turdus merula), Western yellow wagtails (Motacilla flava), White wagtails (Motacilla alba), Common Moor-hen (Gallimula chloropus) and Common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) visited the free-range study area between sunrise and 10:00 AM. The overall (all bird species) efficacy of the laser for reducing the rate of wild birds visiting the free-range study area was 98.2 %. This efficacy was for birds of the Order Anseriformes 99.7 % and for birds of the Order Passeriformes 96.1 %. The overall exposure time of the free-range study area to wild birds (all species) was 617 times lower with the laser in operation compared to a situation in which the laser was not in operation. Exposure time to wild birds of the Order Anseriformes – known as bird flu risk species - was 2,320 times lower compared to the situation without the laser in operation. Summarizing, it can be concluded that the laser equipment used in this study was highly proficient in keeping wild birds – in particular wild ducks - away from the free-range study area of the layer farm.

KONTRIBUSI USAHA TERNAK ITIK PETELUR TERHADAP PENDAPATAN RUMAHTANGGA PETANI PETERNAK DI KECAMATAN LANGOWAN TIMUR

DUCKS LAYER FARM CONTRIBUTION ON HOUSEHOLDS INCOME IN EAST LANGOWAN DISTRICT. The purpose of this research was to evaluate duck layer farm contribution on household domestic income in East Langowan district. This study was conducted on October 1st to 28th, 2018. The data were obtained by applyingsurvey methods and interviews completed the questionnaires. Samples were taken by purposive sampling methods involving 100 adult ducks maintained traditionally. The samples number is obtained from the whole household farmers, divided into 3 scales of livestock ownership. Scale 1 was farmers with 100 to 233 duck earning revenue of IDR 29.175.786 per year. Scale 2 was farmers with 234 to 367 ducks earning revenue of IDR 52.685.974 per year. Scale 3 was farmers with 368 to 500 ducks earning revenues of IDR 72.364.195 per year. Generally, the duck farm in East Langowan district was still traditionally maintained under a semi-intensive maintenance system. The household farmers of the laying ducks contributed the highest income of 89% with a value of IDR 154.225.952 per year. Animal farm of other owners (off farm) contributed 1% with the value of IDR 2.304.678 per year. Sources of non farming contributed 10% with the value of IDR 17.441.667 per year. It can be concluded that duck farm was categorized into a major farming industry providing greater revenues than other businesses. Duck farm was a source of household farmer income contributing 85% compared with other businesses. The greater the scale of the livestock ownership, the greater the income will be received. The laying duck maintenance system in East Langowan district was still categorized in a traditional system, important to be developed because of potential of agricultural land can provide natural feed so as to profitable breeders.