scholarly journals THE EVALUATION OF USER`S REPRESENTATION OF PERSONAL COMPUTER

2021 ◽  
pp. 197-217
Author(s):  
Egor A. Dorokhov ◽  
Alexey N. Gusev
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Personal Computer ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Scaling Methods ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Study Participants

Relevance. The increasing complexity of technical devices used by humans and the high rate of emergence of new devices and their functions lead to the emergence of various practices and habits of working with them. It is possible to see a specific representation of what a personal computer (PC) consists of and how it works for each of these practices. This representation has developed in the process of working with a PC as its mental model. However, the task of reconstructing these models and comparing different respondents with each other according to the specifics of their understanding of the PC does not have the necessary methodological support. It is necessary to get representations of PC in a comparable form to effectively compare the different people`s/group`s representations of PC with each other and study their mental models, preserving the qualitative specifics of these “images of PC”. The purpose of this work is to empirically approbate the technology of reconstructing the representations of PC users about the computer itself as a multidimensional psychological space of descriptions of its work. Methods. Methods of group interviews and card sorting were used to collect descriptions of “how PC works”, multidimensional scaling methods were used to reconstruct representations of PC among groups of study participants. Results. We have reconstructed and described the representations about the work of the PC of three groups of users — schoolchildren (N = 22), programmers (N = 22) and ordinary adults without special education (N = 21) as multidimen-sional spaces of descriptions of the work of the PC. We identified the bases of classification of PC operation descriptions for each group of users and develop a technology for analyzing the results of studying their representations about PC as latent characteristics that form the basis of classification of PC operation descriptions.

scholarly journals How Influential Are Mental Models on Interaction Performance? Exploring the Gap between Users’ and Designers’ Mental Models through a New Quantitative Method

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingjun Xie ◽  
Jia Zhou ◽  
Huilin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
User Performance ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Information Structures ◽  
Path Diagram ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Model Similarity ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the gap between two different mental models on interaction performance through a quantitative way. To achieve that, an index called mental model similarity and a new method called path diagram to elicit mental models were introduced. There are two kinds of similarity: directionless similarity calculated from card sorting and directional similarity calculated from path diagram. An experiment was designed to test their influence. A total of 32 college students participated and their performance was recorded. Through mathematical analysis of the results, three findings were derived. Frist, the more complex the information structures, the lower the directional similarity. Second, directional similarity (rather than directionless similarity) had significant influence on user performance, indicating that it is more effective in eliciting mental models using path diagram than card sorting. Third, the relationship between information structures and user performance was partially mediated by directional similarity. Our findings provide practitioners with a new perspective of bridging the gap between users’ and designers’ mental models.

Case Study: The Wrong Mental Model can Kill You

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 554-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Nemire
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
External World ◽  
Roller Coaster ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Study Participants

Mental models are internal representations of the external world that are thought to influence perception and decision-making. An inappropriate mental model of a “roller coaster” was hypothesized to have caused the injury of one person and the death of another in a roller coaster incident. A study was conducted to learn about existing internal representations of roller coasters. Participants were asked to draw a roller coaster. Despite the existence of several types of roller coasters, 98% of the study participants drew a roller coaster representing the oldest and most prevalent type of coaster. The results of the study are discussed with respect to this injury incident and the importance of educating product users about more appropriate mental models that may help prevent injury or death.

Eliciting user Analogies to Improve Documentation

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (21) ◽  
pp. 1821-1825
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Elliott ◽  
Peter W. Foltz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Language Barrier ◽  
Discovery Learning ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Novice Users ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Professional Writers

An invisible language barrier exists between users and creators of technology. This mental model disparity has been described as the “gulf of evaluation and the gulf of execution” (Norman, 1988). Typically, when such common ground is lacking, analogies are used. However, it is unclear whether professional writers and system designers have the naïve knowledge necessary to create analogies that users find helpful. Some researchers claim that through discovery learning, users are able to create analogies (Shrager and Klahr, 1985). It is hypothesized that these analogies offer clues to appropriate mental models and to indicate skills needed to aid other new users. Furthermore, analogies elicited from novice users, should produce successful analogies for other users. In the present study, participants receiving analogies created by other users reported an increased level of confidence and more accurate expectations of the results of their actions with a single exposure to the system. This study found the discovery learning method elicited analogies which users found benefit from by reporting an increase of confidence, increase of motivation and increased accuracy in their expectations as the result of their actions thereby narrowing the “gulf of evaluation and the gulf of execution” (Norman, 1988).

STUDY ON CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND RESULT OF TREATMENT BENIGN VOCAL CORD TUMOR WITH RIGID LARYNGEAL ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY

2012 ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
Duy Thai Truong ◽  
Van Dung Phan ◽  
Tu The Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Cord ◽  
Endoscopic Surgery ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Reinke’S Edema ◽  
Vocal Nodules ◽  
A Prospective Study

Objective: Study on clinical characteristics and result of treatment benign vocal cord tumor with suspensive laryngeal endoscopic surgery. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was undertaken in 43 patients who had benign vocal cord tumor and performed a suspensive laryngeal endoscopic surgery at ENT Dept. of Hue University Hospital, from 3/2010 to 5/2011. Results: The most common was group was 31 - 45 (44.2%). There was no difference of gender. Moderate hoarness was 67.4%. Classification of benign laryngeal tumor: vocal nodules (13 cases), vocal cyst (18 cases), vocal polyp (10 cases) and Reinke’s edema (2 cases). The successful treatment rate of vocal benign tumor was 88.4%. Conclusions: Suspensive laryngeal endoscopic surgery was the best method to cure benign vocal cord tumor. The surgeon had a clear operative field, easy manoeuver, high rate of cure and less complication.

Where is the body in the mental model for a story?

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur C. Graesser
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Discourse Processing ◽  
On Line

Researchers in the field of discourse processing have investigated how mental models are constructed when adults comprehend stories. They have explored the process of encoding various classes of inferences “on-line” when these mental microworlds are constructed during comprehension. This commentary addresses the extent to which these inferences and mental microworlds are “embodied.”

Watch For Failing Objects: What Inappropriate Compliance Reveals About Shared Mental Models In Autonomous Cars

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 643-647
Author(s):  
Yosef S. Razin ◽  
Jack Gale ◽  
Jiaojiao Fan ◽  
Jaznae’ Smith ◽  
Karen M. Feigh
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
True Positive Rate ◽  
Shared Mental Models ◽  
Shared Mental Model ◽  
Autonomous Cars ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Dispositional Factors

This paper evaluates Banks et al.’s Human-AI Shared Mental Model theory by examining how a self-driving vehicle’s hazard assessment facilitates shared mental models. Participants were asked to affirm the vehicle’s assessment of road objects as either hazards or mistakes in real-time as behavioral and subjective measures were collected. The baseline performance of the AI was purposefully low (<50%) to examine how the human’s shared mental model might lead to inappropriate compliance. Results indicated that while the participant true positive rate was high, overall performance was reduced by the large false positive rate, indicating that participants were indeed being influenced by the Al’s faulty assessments, despite full transparency as to the ground-truth. Both performance and compliance were directly affected by frustration, mental, and even physical demands. Dispositional factors such as faith in other people’s cooperativeness and in technology companies were also significant. Thus, our findings strongly supported the theory that shared mental models play a measurable role in performance and compliance, in a complex interplay with trust.

Joint hypermobility syndrome: A common clinical disorder associated with migraine in women

Cephalalgia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 603-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise M Bendik ◽  
Brad T Tinkle ◽  
Enas Al-shuik ◽  
Linda Levin ◽  
Andrew Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Joint Hypermobility ◽  
Headache Disorders ◽  
Hypermobility Syndrome ◽  
Joint Hypermobility Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Disorder ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Verbal Interview

Preliminary studies suggested that headache disorders are more common in patients with joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS). The objectives of this study were to determine if the prevalence, frequency, and disability of migraine differ between female patients with JHS and a control population. Twenty-eight patients with JHS and 232 controls participated in the case-cohort study. Participants underwent a structured verbal interview and were assigned a diagnosis of migraine based on criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition. The primary outcome measures were the prevalence, frequency, and headache-related disability of migraine. Logistic regression was used for the prevalence analysis and Poisson regression for the frequency and disability analyses. Results indicated that the prevalence of migraine was 75% in JHS patients and 43% in controls. The adjusted odds ratio for the prevalence of migraine was 3.19 (95% CI 1.24, 8.21] in JHS patients. The rate ratios for migraine frequency and headache-related disability were 1.67 (95% CI 1.01, 2.76) and 2.99 (95% CI 1.66, 5.38), respectively, for JHS patients. Our study suggests that JHS is a clinical disorder strongly associated with an increased prevalence, frequency, and disability of migraine in females.

scholarly journals MRI evaluation of thalamic volume differentiates MS from common mimics

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. e387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Solomon ◽  
Richard Watts ◽  
Blake E. Dewey ◽  
Daniel S. Reich
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Mri Segmentation ◽  
White Matter Abnormalities ◽  
Volumetric Assessment ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Mri Evaluation

Objective:To determine whether MRI evaluation of thalamic volume differentiates MS from other disorders that cause MRI white matter abnormalities.Methods:There were 40 study participants: 10 participants with MS without additional comorbidities for white matter abnormalities (MS − c); 10 participants with MS with additional comorbidities for white matter abnormalities (MS + c); 10 participants with migraine, MRI white matter abnormalities, and no additional comorbidities for white matter abnormalities (Mig − c); and 10 participants previously incorrectly diagnosed with MS (Misdx). T1-magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo and T2-weighted three-dimensional fluid attenuation inversion recovery sequences were acquired on a Phillips Achieva d-Stream 3T MRI, and scans were randomly ordered and de-identified for a blinded reviewer who performed MRI segmentation using LesionTOADS.Results:Mean normalized thalamic volume differed among the 4 cohorts (analysis of variance, p = 0.005) and was smaller in the 20 MS participants compared with the 20 non-MS participants (p < 0.001), smaller in MS − c compared with Mig − c (p = 0.03), and smaller in MS + c compared with Misdx (p = 0.006). The sensitivity and specificity were both 0.75 for diagnosis of MS with a thalamic volume <0.0077.Conclusions:MRI volumetric evaluation of the thalamus, but not other deep gray-matter structures, differentiated MS from other diseases that cause white matter abnormalities and are often mistaken for MS. Evaluation for thalamic atrophy may improve accuracy for diagnosis of MS as an adjunct to additional radiologic criteria. Thalamic volumetric assessment by MRI in larger cohorts of patients undergoing evaluation for MS is needed, along with the development of automated and easily applied volumetric assessment tools for future clinical application.Classification of evidence:This study provides Class III evidence that MRI evaluation of thalamic volume differentiates MS from other diseases that cause white matter abnormalities.

scholarly journals Serum and cerebrospinal fluid host proteins indicate stroke in children with tuberculous meningitis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250944
Author(s):  
Charles M. Manyelo ◽  
Novel N. Chegou ◽  
James A. Seddon ◽  
Candice I. Snyders ◽  
Hygon Mutavhatsindi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Tuberculous Meningitis ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Lipocalin 2 ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Csf Proteins ◽  
Study Participants

Introduction Stroke is a common complication in children with tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Host proteins may give us insight into the mechanisms of stroke in TBM and serve as biomarkers for detection of stroke, however, they have not been widely explored. In this study, we compared the concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum proteins between children who had TBM-related stroke and children with TBM without stroke. Methods We collected CSF and serum from 47 children consecutively admitted to the Tygerberg Academic Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa between November 2016, and November 2017, on suspicion of having TBM. A multiplex platform was used to measure the concentrations of 69 host proteins in CSF and serum from all study participants. Results After classification of study participants, 23 (48.9%) out of the 47 study participants were diagnosed with TBM, of which 14 (60.9%) demonstrated radiological arterial ischemic infarction. The levels of lipocalin-2, sRAGE, IP-10/ CXCL10, sVCAM-1, MMP-1, and PDGF-AA in CSF samples and the levels of D-dimer, ADAMTS13, SAA, ferritin, MCP-1/ CCL2, GDF-15 and IL-13 in serum samples were statistically different between children who had TBM-related stroke and children with TBM without stroke. After correcting for multiple testing, only the levels of sVCAM-1, MMP-1, sRAGE, and IP-10/ CXCL10 in CSF were statistically different between the two groups. CSF and serum protein biosignatures indicated stroke in children diagnosed with TBM with up to 100% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity. Conclusion Serum and CSF proteins may serve as biomarkers for identifying individuals with stroke amongst children diagnosed with TBM at admission and may guide us to understand the biology of stroke in TBM. This was a pilot study, and thus further investigations in larger studies are needed.

scholarly journals The «cut-off point» of vitamin D: a method of suppressing excessive secretion of PTH

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmila A. Suplotova ◽  
Valeria A. Avdeeva ◽  
Ekaterina A. Pigarova ◽  
Liudmila Ya. Rozhinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Excessive Secretion ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Pth Level

BACKGROUND: The subject of discussion is the issue of the separation point, which determines sufficient levels of vitamin D for bone health. When determining the adequate reference range of vitamin D, researchers are mainly guided by the results of research, where the level of 25(OH)D is determined, at which the PTH level decreases and reaches a plateau. AIM: To establish the cut-off point of vitamin D by suppressing excessive secretion of PTH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, single-site, single-stage, selective, uncontrolled study of the search for vitamin D levels by the effect on PTH secretion in residents of Tyumen region was conducted (n = 176). All selected study participants determined the level of 25(OH)D and PTH in serum. The calculation of the cut-off point was carried out using the method of searching for changes in the correlation dependence of PTH on the level of vitamin D, followed by verification of the data obtained using ROC analysis. RESULTS: A mathematical analysis of the dependence of 25(OH)D and PTH showed the cut-off point of vitamin D, equal to 23.6 ng/ml. CONCLUSION: The cut-off point of 23.6 ng/ml is optimal for suppressing excessive PTH secretion. The data obtained may be an incentive for further working out the cut-off point of vitamin D for the Russian population and can be used to clarify the classification of deficiency, insufficiency and optimal levels of vitamin D for the population of the Russian Federation.

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