The Peculiar Logic of Value

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 375-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Jackendoff
Keyword(s):  
Value Systems ◽  
Conceptual System ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Affective Value ◽  
Intermediary Role ◽  
Orthogonal Dimension ◽  
Normative Value ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractA system of values plays an important intermediary role in the human conceptual system. An individual associates a value – an abstract valence and quantity – with a past, present, or contemplated object or action in the environment, and uses values to help determine what actions to take. Value can be categorized into a number of different types, the most important of which for the purposes of the present article are affective value (how good the action is for someone), normative value (how good the action is of someone), and esteem (how good a reputation someone has). Normative value in turn divides into several subdomains such as moral value, legality, etiquette, and religious value. In addition, values can be divided along the orthogonal dimension of objective (value tout court) versus subjective (value in the eyes of a particular person). Each type of value plays its own characteristic role in affecting choice of action in interaction with the others.Given an explicit formulation of systems of value, it then becomes possible to work out more precise accounts of value-laden systems of concepts. Two are explored here: fairness and freely chosen reciprocity, the latter including retaliation, restitution, honoring, shaming, and apologizing.The overall hypothesis that emerges from the investigation is that the basic categories of value and the inference rules built on them are human universals. Cultures' value systems differ primarily in (a) what actions and objects are assigned what values and (b) the relative weighting of different sources of value in cases where they interact.

A study on the vitamin A activity of carotene in green fodder

1946 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Ray Sarkar ◽  
K. C. Sen
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Method ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
A Value ◽  
Green Fodder ◽  
Biological Tests ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Β Carotene

1. With the object of determining the vitamin A value of carotene in different green fodders, an investigation has been undertaken to study (i) the relation between the chemically determined carotene and its biological activity as compared with that of standard carotene, (ii) the purity of apparent carotene from different sources, (iii) absorption of carotene in rats, and (iv) the relative efficiency of the standard carotene and preformed vitamin A.2. Biological tests have shown that the chemical method of assay is a fair index of the true carotene content in green fodders, and carotene in the form of an extract is quite as effective in the system as that present in the plant tissues. β-Carotene appears to be predominant in these materials.

Wert und moralischer Wert bei Kant*

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-432
Author(s):  
Stephan Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
A Value ◽  
Special Value ◽  
Basic Concepts

Talk of value can be documented in various of Kant's writings. It sometimes appears frequently, and some of the basic concepts of Kant's moral philosophy are even sometimes explained with the help of the concept of a moral value. The paper examines the question what this talk means. Kant himself does not make this an issue, and even the secondary literature has so far hardly investi- gated what he understands by a value as such. From there, it is then possible to develop the meaning that talk of a moral value must have. Neither does Kant address this issue, and the secondary literature has hardly approached the talk of a special value, namely the moral one, from Kant's general understanding of value, although this provides deep insights.

scholarly journals Level of carbon dioxide diffuse degassing from the ground of Vesuvio: comparison between extensive surveys and inferences on the gas source

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Granieri ◽  
Maria Luisa Carapezza ◽  
Rosario Avino ◽  
Stefano Caliro ◽  
Carlo Cardellini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Pattern ◽  
Diffuse Degassing ◽  
Summit Area ◽  
Gas Source ◽  
A Value ◽  
Volcanic Conduit ◽  
The Common ◽  
Soil Flux ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Tectonic Line

<p>An extensive campaign of diffuse CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> soil flux was carried out at the cone of Vesuvio in October 2006 with two main objectives: 1) to provide an estimation of CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> diffusely discharged through the soils in the summit area and 2) to evidence those sectors of the volcano where structural and morphological conditions could favour the gas output. The survey consisted of 502 measurements of soil CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> flux homogenously distributed over an area of about 1.8 km<span><sup>2</sup></span>. Results of this survey were compared with those obtained during a similar campaign carried out by Frondini et al. in 2000, from which we have taken and reinterpreted a subset of data belonging to the common investigated area. Graphical statistical analysis showed three overlapping populations in both surveys, evidencing the contribution of three different sources feeding the soil CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> degassing process. The overall CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> emission pattern of 2006 is coherent with that observed in 2000 and suggests that a value between 120 and 140 t/day of CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> is representative of the total CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> discharged by diffuse degassing from the summit area of Vesuvio. The preferential exhaling area lies in the inner crater, whose contribution resulted in 45.3% of the total CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> emission in 2006 (with 62.8 t/day) and in 57.4% (with 70.3 t/day) in 2000, although its extension is only 13% of the investigated area. This highly emissive area correlated closely with the structural discontinuities of Vesuvio cone, mainly suggesting that the NW-SE trending tectonic line is actually an active fault leaking deep gas to the bottom of the crater. The drainage action of the fault could be enhanced by the “aspiration” effect of the volcanic conduit.</p>

scholarly journals PANDANGAN POLITIK JARINGAN ISLAM LIBERAL DI INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-174
Author(s):  
Ana Sabhana Azmy ◽  
Amri Yusra
Keyword(s):  
Religion And Politics ◽  
Political Islam ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
The Political ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
A Value ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Reading Materials

This article aims to look at the political views of the Jaringan Islam Liberal (Liberal Islam Network) in Indonesia. As a community that wants to carry out reforms with the spirit of modernization and rationality in religion, seeing it in political and democratic contestation in Indonesia is interesting. So this article questions two things; how does Jaringan Islam Liberal view the relevance of religion and politics? and how does Jaringan Islam Liberal view the implementation of democracy? The method used in this paper is a literature study that seeks to collect data from journal articles, books, and other related reading materials. This article shows that the Jaringan Islam Liberal (Liberal Islam Network) rejects forms of political Islam that try to formally fight for the superiority of Islamic value systems and symbols in the political sphere. They also reject the idea of an Islamic state and the formalization of shari'ah, and sees democracy as a value that must be implemented in a country. This is because it is in accordance with the basic rights that must be owned by individuals, which are known as human rights.

Existence of State as a Value Problem in Political Realism

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Kucherenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Theory ◽  
International System ◽  
Social World ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Political Realism ◽  
A Value ◽  
Real Objects ◽  
The One ◽  
Political Value

The article is focused around ontological status of state in modern political real­ism. It seems that possibility of moral evaluation depends on the existence of the evaluated object. Only the real objects can be fully valuable. The article demon­strates that theoretical abstraction of social world can function as values only by being the ends that have to be fulfilled. The notion of state plays crucial role in re­alist theory, while states themselves are basic units of international system. This puts the state in an ambivalent position. On the one hand realists view state as a mere theoretical abstraction without proper existence. On the other hand state acts as a value in analysis of statesmen motives. The author claims that realism, be­ing an “understanding” social theory, is stuck between scientific and political value systems. This problem is possible to solve by splitting the concept of state (and re­lated notions), based on the context of its usage.

The gap between here and there: Communication and information processes in the migration context of Syrian and Iraqi refugees on their way to Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Iraqi Refugees ◽  
Personal Network ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Information Processes ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The Media ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Different Sources

Set against the background of the so-called refugee crisis in Germany in 2015/16, this article asks about the subjective value that refugees give different sources of information and examines whether they were making informed decisions during the various stages of their transit. Between November 2015 and April 2016, four focus groups and 36 in-depth interviews were conducted with Syrian and Iraqi refugees, as well as interviews with Iraqi experts in the media and civil society sectors, based on the theoretical concepts of network and broadcast feedback developed by Bakewell and Jolivet. The results show that, unlike the mass media, personal network and narrowcast feedback were the most important sources of information for the study's participants. While most of the interviewees felt adequately informed both before and during their transit, it was mainly after the refugees arrived in Germany that they experienced a deficit of information.

The Value of Waste

Leonardo ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-182
Author(s):  
Michel van Dartel ◽  
Anne Nigten
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
Material Condition ◽  
A Value ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Way

This paper argues that a first step in finding a sustainable solution for the pressing global issue of ‘waste’, is to consider waste a value attribution rather than a material condition. Doing so means a shift in focus from finding more efficient ways to ‘clean up the mess’ to changing the way in which value is attributed to things. The paper looks at a selection of recent literature on value systems to identify useful concepts and theory for a value-based solution to waste and proposes to probe such potential solutions through art and design.

Terminal and Instrumental? An Inquiry into Rokeach's Value Survey

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1147-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Heath ◽  
Daniel S. Fogel
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Value System ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
A Value

Because Rokeach's theory of values and his Value Survey are so influential on other researchers, critical analysis of the instrument and its basic assumptions are warranted. Two studies were conducted to determine whether empirical rationale exists for the division of value systems into two categories, terminal and instrumental. Drawn from analysis by Rokeach and from two studies, evidence suggests that the two categories lack construct validity. Instead, a value system based on value orientations is suggested.

Performance and Emission Experimental Evaluation and Comparison of a Regenerative Gas Microturbine Using Biodiesel From Various Sources as Fuel

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. R. Nascimento ◽  
Guido A. Sierra R. ◽  
Electo E. Silva Lora ◽  
Manuel A. Rendon
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Heat Rate ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Steady State Condition ◽  
Performance And Emission ◽  
A Value ◽  
Slight Rise ◽  
Minimum Heat ◽  
Different Sources

This study aims at carrying out an emission/performance experimental analysis to evaluate and compare the use of pure Biodiesel obtained from different sources: castor, soybean, and palm oil, in a 30 kW regenerative Diesel one shaft gas microturbine engine installed in the laboratories of the Federal University of Itajubá—UNIFEI, Brazil, at steady state condition and at different level loads. A comparison study with the obtained results for Biodiesel and Diesel was carried out for all cases. There were no significant changes in the performance of the microturbine that reached thermal efficiency levels of about 26%. The minimum heat rate obtained at full load was for the Biodiesel fuel from palm oil and the maximum was for castor oil, with a value 8.38% higher than the Diesel fuel. In addition, a slight rise in CO and a reduction in the NOx concentrations were observed.

scholarly journals MORAL VALUES ANALYSIS IN THE FAULT IN OUR STARS NOVEL BY JOHN GREEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yusril Ihza Mahendra ◽  
Dina Amelia
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
A Value ◽  
Living Things

Moral Value is a value that affects individual and social behavior in behaving. The current study aimedto find the categories of moral values that John Green tries to convey in The Fault in Our Stars noveland to interpret its meaning by using the theory of Universal Moral Values by Kinnier et. al with fourmajor moral values. To be able to understand moral values in the story without misinterpretation andthe lessons can be applied in real life. This study used the qualitative method because it focuses ondescribing and interpreting the moral values in descriptive. The primary source of data is taken fromthe novel The Fault in Our Stars in the form of narrations and the secondary data is from previousstudies in the form of statements that comes from the study findings. The results of the current studyshow that the categories of moral values found in the novel are (1) Commitment to something greaterthan oneself, (2) Self-respect, but with humility, self-discipline, and acceptance of personalresponsibility, and (3) Respect and caring for others, while the moral value that is not found is (4)Caring for other living things and environment which indicates that John Green inserted moral valuesin the novel more about the personal lives of the characters and the relationships between them, whichto civilize it, readers, to have the moral as an individual, being good to other people and to believe tosomething greater.

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