Damage potential and reproduction of Heterodera avenae on wheat and barley under Saudi field conditions

Nematology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ibrahim ◽  
Ahmad Al-Hazmi ◽  
Fahad Al-Yahya ◽  
Ali Alderfasi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Linear Regressions

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effect of H. avenae initial population densities (Pi) on the yield of wheat (two growing seasons) and barley (one season) and on nematode reproduction, under Saudi field conditions. At increasing Pi, H. avenae suppressed (P lessequal 0.05) the number of spikes, weight of spikes, weight of 1000 kernels, grain yield and straw yield of wheat and barley. Grain yields were reduced by 40 to 92% for wheat (during the two seasons) and 17 to 77% for barley. Straw yields were also reduced, by 50 to 85 for wheat and 30 to 77% for barley. As Pi increased, final populations of H. avenae increased (P lessequal 0.05) on both hosts, but the nematode reproduction factor (Rf) decreased. Significant negative linear regressions were obtained between H. avenae Pi and grain yield of wheat and barley. Final populations (Pf) were positively correlated with Pi on wheat and on barley. Rf was negatively correlated with Pi on wheat and barley. Schadigungspotential und Vermehrung von Heterodera avenae an Weizen und Gerste unter Freilandbedingungen in Saudiarabien - Die vorliegende Untersuchung wurde durchgefuhrt, um die Wirkung unterschiedlicher Ausgangspopulationen (Pi) von Heterodera avenae auf den Ertrag von Weizen (zwei Vegetationsperioden) und Gerste (eine Vegetationsperiode) sowie auf die Vermehrung der Nematoden unter saudiarabishen Freilandbedingungen zu ermitteln. Bei steigender Pi verminderte (P lessequal 0.05) H. avenae die Anzahl der Ahren, das Ahrengewicht, das Tausendkorngewicht, den Korn- und den Strohertrag von Weizen und Gerste. Die Kornertrage wurden bei Weizen (zwei Vegetationsperioden) um 40-92% vermindert, bei Gerste um 17-77%. Auch die Strohertrage gingen zuruck, bei Weizen um 50-85% und bei Gerste um 30-77%. Mit zunehmender Pi stiegen die Endpopulationsdichten von H. avenae bei beiden Wirtspflanzen an (P lessequal 0.05), doch nahm der Vermehrungsfaktor (Rf) der Nematoden ab. Zwischen Pi von H. avenae und dem Kornertrag von Weizen und Gerste wurden signifikante negative Regressionen erhalten. Die Endpopulationen (Pf) waren an Weizen und Gerste positiv korreliert mit Pi. Rf war an Weizen und Gerste negativ korreliert mit Pi.

scholarly journals Phytonematodes Associating Wheat in North Eastern Egypt and Pathogenicity of Heterodera avenae on Certain Cereal Cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
Sahar H. Abdel-Baset ◽  
Ahmed A. M. Dawabah
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Cereal Cultivars

A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) associating wheat in Ismailia governorate, northeastern Egypt was carried-out during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 growing seasons. Results showed that seven PPNs genera and/or species were found associating wheat roots. These genera and/or species, in descending order of frequency, were: Tylenchorhynchus spp. (14%), Helicotylenchus spp. (10%), Heterodera avenae (8%), Ditylenchus spp. (5%), Meloidogyne javanica (4%), Pratylenchus spp. and Xiphinema spp. (3%, each). Two screening pot experiments, in two consecutive growing seasons (2017/17 and 2017/18) were carried out to determine the host suitability of 15 Egyptian cereal cultivars including bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and oat (Avena sativa) to the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, under greenhouse conditions. Results of both experiments were very similar and showed that oat cv. Baladi and wheat cv. Giza 171 were highly susceptible, while wheat cvs. Masr 1, Masr 2, Masr 3, Sakha 95, Seds 1, Seds 12, and Shandawel 1 were susceptible. However, barley cvs. Giza 135, Giza 123, Giza 124, and Giza 125 were found to be moderately resistant to the tested nematode. H. avenae suppressed (P ≤ 0.05) the dry weights of roots, shoots and spikes of the inoculated plants, compared to the non-inoculated checks. Another greenhouse pot experiment was carried out during the wheat-growing season 2018/2019 to determine the effect of different initial population densities (Pi) of H. avenae on the growth parameters of wheat cv. Giza 171 and on nematode reproduction. Results showed that as the nematode Pi increased, both the wheat growth parameters and the nematode reproduction factor (Rf) were decreased (P ≤ 0.05).

scholarly journals Formation of spring barley grain yield and its structure depending on the variety and nutrition conditions in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
V.V. Gamayunova ◽  
T.O. Kasatkina
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Foliar Nutrition ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grain Productivity ◽  
Southern Chernozem ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
The Impact

Theresearch results are presented conducted during 2016-2018 on southern chernozem with two varieties of spring barley to study the impact of nutrition optimization on grain yield and elements of its structure. It is determined that the treatment of crops with growth regulating drugs in the main growing seasons provides a significant increase in grain productivity of barley, which is the highest when formed by three foliar nutrition with modern growth regulating drugs in the tillering phase and plant emergence in the tube at the beginning of earing. The grain yield of spring barley of the Stalker variety increased on average over three years, depending on the growth regulator taken for processing, in the range of 3.25 – 3.60 t / ha at its level in control, respectively, for treatment of plants with water 2.50 t / ha, and the variety Vakula – to 3.41 – 3.71 compared with 2.47 t / ha in the control. It was found that the increase in grain yield by the studied varieties of spring barley was due to the increase in ear length, and most significantly – due to more grains in the ear, the weight of grain from the ear and the weight of 1000 grains. These indicators increased and changed under the influence of power optimization. Key words: spring barley, varieties, elements of crop structure, grain yield, foliar fertilization, growth regulators.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Root-Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei) and Crown Rot (Fusarium pseudograminearum) on Diverse Cereal Cultivars in a Conservation Farming System

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 867
Author(s):  
John P. Thompson ◽  
Timothy G. Clewett
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Conservation Farming ◽  
Pratylenchus Thornei ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
The Impact

In two experiments on a farm practicing conservation agriculture, the grain yield of a range of wheat cultivars was significantly (p < 0.001) negatively related to the post-harvest population densities of Pratylenchus thornei in the soil profile to 45 cm depth. In a third and fourth experiment with different rotations, methyl bromide fumigation significantly (p < 0.05) decreased (a) a low initial population density of P. thornei in the soil profile to 90 cm depth and (b) a high initial population of P. thornei to 45 cm depth, and a medium level of the crown rot fungus, Fusarium pseudograminearum, at 0–15 cm depth to a low level. For a range of wheat and durum cultivars, grain yield and response to fumigation were highly significantly (p < 0.001) related to (a) the P. thornei tolerance index of the cultivars in the third experiment, and (b) to both the P. thornei tolerance index and the crown rot resistance index in the fourth experiment. In the latter, grain yield was significantly (p < 0.001) positively related to biomass at anthesis and negatively related to percentage whiteheads at grain fill growth stage. One barley cultivar was more tolerant to both diseases than the wheat and durum cultivars. Crop rotation, utilizing crop cultivars resistant and tolerant to both P. thornei and F. pseudograminearum, is key to success for conservation farming in this region.

scholarly journals Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) interference and seed production as affected by sowing time and crop density in winter wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Bo Melander
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to evaluate the competitive effects of rattail fescue [Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to assess whether delayed crop sowing and increased crop density influence the emergence, competitiveness, and fecundity of V. myuros. Cumulative emergence showed the potential of V. myuros to emerge rapidly and under a wide range of climatic conditions with no effect of crop density and variable effects of sowing time between the two experiments. Grain yield and yield components were negatively affected by increasing V. myuros density. The relationship between grain yield and V. myuros density was not influenced by sowing time or by crop density, but crop–weed competition was strongly influenced by growing conditions. Due to very different weather conditions, grain yield reductions were lower in the growing season of 2017 to 2018 than in 2018 to 2019, with maximum grain yield losses of 22% and 50% in the two growing seasons, respectively. The yield components, number of crop ears per square meter, and 1,000-kernel weight were affected almost equally, reflecting that V. myuros’s competition with winter wheat occurred both early and late in the growing season. Seed production of V. myuros was suppressed by delaying sowing and increasing crop density. The impacts of delayed sowing and increasing crop density on seed production of V. myuros highlight the potential of these cultural weed control tactics in the long-term management programs of this species.

scholarly journals Stress-induced expression of IPT gene in transgenic wheat reduces grain yield penalty under drought

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailin Beznec ◽  
Paula Faccio ◽  
Daniel J. Miralles ◽  
Leonor G. Abeledo ◽  
Cecilia Decima Oneto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ipt Gene ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Yield Penalty ◽  
Wild Type Control

Abstract Background The heterologous expression of isopentenyl transferase (IPT) under the transcriptional control of the senescence-associated receptor-like kinase (SARK) promoter delayed cellular senescence and, through it, increased drought tolerance in plants. To evaluate the effect of pSARK::IPT expression in bread wheat, six independent transgenic events were obtained through the biolistic method and evaluated transgene expression, phenology, grain yield and physiological biomass components in plants grown under both drought and well-irrigating conditions. Experiments were performed at different levels: (i) pots and (ii) microplots inside a biosafety greenhouse, as well as under (iii) field conditions. Results Two transgenic events, called TR1 and TR4, outperformed the wild-type control under drought conditions. Transgenic plants showed higher yield under both greenhouse and field conditions, which was positively correlated to grain number (given by more spikes and grains per spike) than wild type. Interestingly, this yield advantage of the transgenic events was observed under both drought and well-watered conditions. Conclusions The results obtained allow us to conclude that the SARK promoter-regulated expression of the IPT gene in bread wheat not only reduced the yield penalty produced by water stress but also led to improved productivity under well-watered conditions.

Influence of foliar fertilization of plants with humid preparations on the productivity of spring barley in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
V.Y. Bukhalo ◽  
G.I. Sukhova
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Barley Plant ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Current State ◽  
Growth Stimulant ◽  
Plant Growth Stimulants

The article analyzes the current state and improvement of elements of the technology of growing valuable forage and food crops, spring barley in Ukraine. It is noted that in recent years the area under large crops and the yield of this crop have decreased significantly. It is emphasized that further improvement of technologies should be focused on the transition to more use of biological agents to increase yields. Researchers have shown that the effectiveness of the use of humid preparations GK-6M, GK-4MK, GK-MK - on crops of spring barley Dokuchaivsky 15, due to foliar feeding of plants in the tiller ring phase. The main justification of the article is the results of field research conducted in 2015–2019. Maximum indicators, namely: increase in leaf area by 46–38 %, stem height by 8,3 cm; the number of grains in the ear – 4,8 pieces; ear lengths – 1,9 cm; mass of grain in the ear – 0,33 g; masses of 1000 grains – at 12,0 %; nature of grain – 34,9 g – was obtained by treating plants with humid preparation GK-6M. Foliar feeding of plants in the tiller ring phase with the studied drugs provided the largest increase in the yield of spring barley grain – 1,08 t/ha, provided the use of growth stimulant GK-6M. A slightly smaller effect of foliar fertilization of plants on the yield of spring barley was observed from the growth stimulator GK-4MK – the increase in grain yield was 0,83 t/ha and from the growth stimulant GK-MK – the increase in grain yield – 0,66 t/ha. The obtained increments are significant, mathematically proven. Further improvement of agrotechnologies due to wider use of biological means of increase of productivity and quality of production is offered. Keywords: spring barley, plant growth stimulants, foliar feeding, yield.

Spikelet abortion in six-rowed barley is mainly influenced by final spikelet number with potential spikelet number acting as a suppressor trait

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roop Kamal ◽  
Quddoos H Muqaddasi ◽  
Yusheng Zhao ◽  
Thorsten Schnurbusch
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Pass Through

Abstract The potential to increase barley grain yield lies in the indeterminate nature of its inflorescence meristem (IM). The IM produces spikelets, the basic reproductive unit in grasses, which are linked to reproductive success. During early reproductive growth, barley spikes pass through the maximum yield potential—a stage after which no new spikelet ridges are produced. Subsequently, spikelet abortion (SA), a phenomenon in which spikelets abort during spike growth, imposes a bottleneck on increasing the grain yield potential. Here, we studied the potential of main culm spikes by counting potential spikelet number (PSN), final spikelet number (FSN) and computed the corresponding SA (%) in a panel of 417 six-rowed spring barleys. Our phenotypic data analyses showed a significantly large within- and across-years genotypic variation with high broad-sense heritability estimates for all the investigated traits, including SA. Asian accessions displayed the lowest SA indicating the presence of favorable alleles that may be exploited in breeding programs. A significantly negative Pearson’s product-moment correlation was observed between FSN and SA. Our path analysis revealed that PSN and FSN explain 93% of the observed phenotypic variability for SA with PSN behaving as a suppressor trait magnifying the effect. Based on a large set of diverse barley accessions, our results provide a deeper phenotypic understanding of the quantitative genetic nature of SA, its association with traits of high agronomic importance, and a resource for further genetic analyses.

scholarly journals Grain yield and competitive ability against weeds in modern and heritage common wheat cultivars are differently influenced by sowing density

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariateresa Lazzaro ◽  
Ambrogio Costanzo ◽  
Dalia Hosam Farag ◽  
Paolo Bàrberi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Modern Cultivar ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Crop Stand

Sowing density can have a strong impact on crop stand development during wheat growing cycle. In organic and low-input agriculture, and therefore with minimum or nil use of chemical herbicides, increased sowing density is expected to affect not only grain yield but also weed suppression. In this study we tested, under Mediterranean conditions, six common wheat cultivars (three modern and three heritage) and two three-component mixtures (arranged by combining the three modern or the three heritage cultivars). The different crop stands were tested at sowing densities of 250 (low) and 400 (high, similar to standard sowing density used by local farmers) viable seeds m-2 for two growing seasons. We did not detect a significant effect of crop stand diversity (single cultivars vs mixtures) on grain yield and weed suppression. Differences were ascribed to type of cultivars used (heritage vs modern). Compared to high sowing density, in modern cultivars grain yield did not decrease significantly with low sowing density whereas in heritage cultivars it increased by 15.6%, possibly also because of 21.5% lower plant lodging. Weed biomass increased with low sowing density both in heritage and modern cultivar crop stand types. However, heritage crop stands had, on average, a lower weed biomass (56%) than modern crop stands. Moreover, weed biomass in heritage crop stands at low density (6.82 ± 1.50 g m-2) was lower than that of modern cultivars at the same sowing density (15.54 ± 3.35 g m-2), confirming the higher suppressive potential of the former. We can conclude that lower sowing density can be advisable when using heritage crop stands as it keeps productivity while decreasing plant lodging and maintaining weeds under control.

scholarly journals Early generation selection strategy for yield and yield components in white oat

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovani Benin ◽  
Fernando Irajá Félix de Carvalho ◽  
Antônio Costa de Oliveira ◽  
Claudir Lorencetti ◽  
Igor Pires Valério ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Selection For

Several studies have searched for higher efficiency on plant selection in generations bearing high frequency of heterozygotes. This work aims to compare the response of direct selection for grain yield, indirect selection through average grain weight and combined selection for higher yield potential and average grain weight of oat plants (Avena sativa L.), using the honeycomb breeding method. These strategies were applied in the growing seasons of 2001 and 2002 in F3 and F4 populations, respectively, in the crosses UPF 18 CTC 5, OR 2 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> UPF 7 and OR 2 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> UPF 18. The ten best genetic combinations obtained for each cross and selection strategy were evaluated in greenhouse yield trials. Selection of plants with higher yield and average grain weight might be performed on early generations with high levels of heterozygosis. The direct selection for grain yield and indirect selection for average grain weight enabled to increase the average of characters under selection. However, genotypes obtained through direct selection presented lower average grain weight and those obtained through the indirect selection presented lower yield potential. Selection strategies must be run simultaneously to combine in only one genotype high yield potential and large grain weight, enabling maximum genetic gain for both characters.

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