The Authority of Early Hebrew Scripture Texts

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-295
Author(s):  
Emanuel Tov
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
First Century ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
Hebrew Scripture

Abstract Our investigation begins with an analysis of the abstract and tangible aspects of Scriptural authority after the first century ce, thus laying the foundation for a discussion of this topic in earlier times. It is much more difficult to define authority at that early stage than in later periods, because Scripture was still in the making. We avoid an analysis of canonization, focusing on ancient scrolls, but realize that scrolls were only copied after a book had obtained an authoritative status. Among the textual witnesses of Scripture, we assume textual plurality, which is particularly noticeable at Qumran, across the board, while the proto-rabbinic movement adhered only to the proto-MT texts, and the Samaritans only to their own Torah. We describe different kinds of Scripture scrolls, assuming that Scripture-like scrolls such as liturgical, excerpted and partial scrolls had no authoritative status, while all other scrolls did. These scrolls were authoritative throughout ancient Israel in spite of the differences between them, although it is unclear which source other than tradition granted that authority. We provide some tentative criteria for assuming an authoritative status.

Qoheleth and the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Henze
Keyword(s):  
Human Condition ◽  
First Century ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come ◽  
Wisdom Tradition ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe roots of early Jewish apocalypticism are diverse. Within the realm of ancient Israel, one of the main contributory streams is the wisdom tradition. The present essay examines the impact of Israel's sapiential tradition, and specifically of that of the book of Qoheleth, on the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch, a Jewish apocalypse of the late first century C.E. My thesis is that, while both authors agree in their assessment of the present human condition, they draw dramatically different conclusions. Qoheleth persistently points to the limits and fallibility of this world and advises his readers to enjoy life before they die, whereas the author of 2 Baruch looks to the world to come and, in the meantime, calls on his readers to live their lives in compliance with the Mosaic Torah.

Adapting The Wizard of Oz

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
First Century ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Wizard Of Oz ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Creative Team

This new multiauthor volume will examine The Wizard of Oz and its surrounding culture, centering on three areas of study: early adaptations of Baum’s novels, insights into the MGM film, and the legacy of The Wizard of Oz on the popular stage. Although the articles will devote some attention to the genesis of the musical and the biographical profiles of the creative team, the book will prioritize critical and analytical readings. Authors will primarily illuminate the reasons why The Wizard of Oz has become iconic in the history of the movie musical, acknowledging the great lengths to which MGM went in making it an exceptional project, and why it continues to hold so much appeal in the twenty-first century. The development of the score will receive particularly close attention, filling an important gap in the literature and addressing the fact that the songs are key to the movie’s popularity. Two central chapters will address the music in the MGM film, considering the interaction between the songs and the underscore, and also reflecting on the enduring appeal of the musical numbers. But the significance of the music in early stage productions and later reinterpretations will also be given careful attention: several of the authors will question how the music is employed alongside other components—on stage and screen—and to what effect. Ultimately, the book will incorporate a variety of scholarly approaches, to present an authoritative and engaging understanding of one of the most significant movie musicals that will appeal to film lovers and academics alike.

Buying for the Baby

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-136
Author(s):  
Lara Freidenfelds
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
First Century ◽  
Mail Order ◽  
Department Stores ◽  
Due Date ◽  
Early Twenty

During the nineteenth century Americans increasingly bought rather than made their material possessions, and in the early twentieth century a robust market for baby and children’s goods emerged, via department stores and mail order catalogs such as the Sears catalog. In the mid-twentieth century marketers grew increasingly sophisticated and increasingly regarded expectant parents as a lucrative market, heeding the advice of market researchers such as Ernest Dichter. By the early twenty-first-century marketers could purchase first-trimester marketing lists reaped from online due date predictors, and a great deal of advertising was aimed at pregnant women at an early stage of pregnancy, when miscarriage is likely.

scholarly journals The Journey of Ethiopian Airlines

2019 ◽  
pp. 235-261
Author(s):  
Arkebe Oqubay ◽  
Taffere Tesfachew
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
First Century ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Capability Development ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Pan Africanism ◽  
Capability Building ◽  
Global Player ◽  
Management Capabilities

Despite sceptics who believed Ethiopia lacked the comparative advantage to adopt the latest aviation technologies, Ethiopian Airlines (EAL) has in the past seven decades narrowed the gap between itself and leading global players in the aviation industry by upgrading its technological, organizational, and management capabilities. This chapter reviews EAL’s journey to build an internationally competitive airline, explores the challenges and complexities of learning for African firms, and examines implications for capability building and catch-up in late-latecomer countries. One key to EAL’s success was the partnership with a leading global player, TWA. Another was a strong commitment to ‘Ethiopianization’ from an early stage, which increased learning intensity and highlighted the industry’s narrow latitude for poor performance. In the early twenty-first century, EAL embarked on Vision 2025, at the heart of which are technological capability development, skills formation, aggressive new market development, and commitment to Pan-Africanism. The story shows that African firms can successfully move closer to the productivity frontier in a particularly challenging industry.

scholarly journals The History of the Tradition of Translation of the Qurʼan into Spanish in the XV–XX Centuries in the Context of the Process of Establishment of a Multi-Religious Spanish Identity

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-58
Author(s):  
D. V. Mukhetdinov
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
First Century ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Religious Dialogue ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Given

The given study is focused on the history of the tradition of translations of the Qur’an into Spanish during the period of XV–XX centuries in the context of the process of acknowledgement and construction of the inclusive pluri- religious and pluri- lingual identity of the Spanish people. The examination of the evolution of this phenomenon during this historical period has shown that it can be divided into four major stages. The early stage (XV–XVII centuries) is characterized by positive trends, while in the following period (XVII–XIX centuries) the tradition was interrupted by the expulsion of Spanish Muslims from the areas of their historical residency. The tradition of translations was reborn in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in the context of the renaissance of the Muslim community in Spain. As a result of these processes, today, in the twenty- first century, the tradition of translation of the Qur’an into Spanish constitutes an integral part of the spiritual life of Spain, strongly contributing to a successful and genuine inter- religious dialogue and cooperation.

scholarly journals Phenomenology of the Eucharist: A Reflection on Traditioning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kevin James Connors
Keyword(s):  
Relational Theory ◽  
First Century ◽  
Hebrew Scripture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Sense Of Identity ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

<p>This thesis is an enquiry into how relationship differs from identity. It studies the senses of relationship and identity in the history of the Eucharist. The aim of the thesis is to describe how relationship and identity are expressed in the history of the Eucharist, and, by extension, in traditions generally. The thesis reflects on the Hebrew and Greek scriptures, historical celebrations of the Eucharist, Greek and Latin metaphysics, medieval mysticism and phenomenology. In Hebrew Scripture, a sense of infinite loveableness can be discerned in the expression "yahid". First century Christianity applied this particular sense of "yahid" to Jesus and this sense influenced the way the sacraments of initiation were celebrated. Accordingly, the Eucharist emerged through scripture and traditioning as a sign of infinite loveableness. The eucharistic expression of loveableness produces a sense of relationship which alters the Christian disciple's sense of identity. This alteration becomes actualised through expressions of hospitality and relational traditioning. Through reflecting on the dynamics of relationship and identity in the Eucharist a general phenomenology of tradition begins to emerge. This study was motivated by the author‘s belief that a relational theory of traditions and traditioning has not been written. By describing the relational significance of a traditional sign (the Eucharist), a contribution may have been made in two fields: the phenomenology of the Eucharist, and the phenomenology of tradition.</p>

scholarly journals Phenomenology of the Eucharist: A Reflection on Traditioning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kevin James Connors
Keyword(s):  
Relational Theory ◽  
First Century ◽  
Hebrew Scripture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Sense Of Identity ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

<p>This thesis is an enquiry into how relationship differs from identity. It studies the senses of relationship and identity in the history of the Eucharist. The aim of the thesis is to describe how relationship and identity are expressed in the history of the Eucharist, and, by extension, in traditions generally. The thesis reflects on the Hebrew and Greek scriptures, historical celebrations of the Eucharist, Greek and Latin metaphysics, medieval mysticism and phenomenology. In Hebrew Scripture, a sense of infinite loveableness can be discerned in the expression "yahid". First century Christianity applied this particular sense of "yahid" to Jesus and this sense influenced the way the sacraments of initiation were celebrated. Accordingly, the Eucharist emerged through scripture and traditioning as a sign of infinite loveableness. The eucharistic expression of loveableness produces a sense of relationship which alters the Christian disciple's sense of identity. This alteration becomes actualised through expressions of hospitality and relational traditioning. Through reflecting on the dynamics of relationship and identity in the Eucharist a general phenomenology of tradition begins to emerge. This study was motivated by the author‘s belief that a relational theory of traditions and traditioning has not been written. By describing the relational significance of a traditional sign (the Eucharist), a contribution may have been made in two fields: the phenomenology of the Eucharist, and the phenomenology of tradition.</p>

scholarly journals History of Controlled Environment Horticulture: Ancient Origins

HortScience ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-238
Author(s):  
Jules Janick ◽  
Harry Paris
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
First Century ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Pliny The Elder ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
History Of

In the first century CE, two Roman agricultural writers, Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella and Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), referred to proto-greenhouses (specularia) constructed for the Emperor Tiberius (42 BCE–37 CE) presumably adjacent to his palace, the Villa Jovis on the Isle of Capri. Pliny stated in Historia Naturalis (Book 19, 23:64) that the specularia consisted of beds mounted on wheels that were moved into the sun, and on wintry days withdrawn under the cover of frames glazed with transparent stone (lapis specularis) to provide fruits of cucumis. According to Pliny, this was “a delicacy for which the Emperor Tiberius, had a remarkable partiality; in fact there was never a day on which he was not supplied it.” The cucumis fruits described by Columella and Pliny, long mistranslated as cucumbers, Cucumis sativus, were in fact long-fruited melons, Cucumis melo subsp. melo Flexuosus Group. They are known today as vegetable melons, snake melons, and faqqous, and were highly esteemed in Rome and ancient Israel.

Testing middle power’s collective action in a world of diffuse power

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew F. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
First Century ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Middle Power ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
New Type ◽  
Middle Powers

Middle power conceptualization has been reinvented over the years as the structural weight of this cluster of countries changes. Moreover, the means by which middle powers project normative values and operational diplomatic approaches has morphed with the evolution of the global order. A constant, however, has been the unwillingness of middle powers to embrace some form of institutionalization. The focus has been multilateralism and/or specific functional issue areas or niches. This article argues that the combination of a world of diffuse power and a new type of informalism opens the possibility of collective action. Although MIKTA (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey and Australia) is in an early stage of development, this formation provides a significant test of the meaning and modalities of middle power diplomacy in the twenty-first century.

Phage Therapy in the Twenty-First Century: Facing the Decline of the Antibiotic Era; Is It Finally Time for the Age of the Phage?

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shayla Hesse ◽  
Sankar Adhya
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Widespread Access

Burgeoning problems of antimicrobial resistance dictate that new solutions be developed to combat old foes. Use of lytic bacteriophages (phages) for the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections is one approach that has gained significant traction in recent years. Fueled by reports of experimental phage therapy cases with very positive patient outcomes, several early-stage clinical trials of therapeutic phage products have been launched in the United States. Eventual licensure enabling widespread access to phages is the goal; however, new paths to regulatory approval and mass-market distribution, distinct from those of small-molecule antibiotics, must be forged first. This review highlights unique aspects related to the clinical use of phages, including advantages to be reaped as well as challenges to be overcome.

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