The Articulation of Religious Identities and their Boundaries in Ethiopia: Labelling Difference and Processes of Contextualization in Islam

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Desplat

AbstractProcesses of contextualization in Islam are constantly raising questions about self-perception and the 'other', thus challenging the concept of an 'authentic' identity and its boundaries. Innovations and their appropriation or rejection currently play a significant role in Harar, an urban community in Eastern Ethiopia where local saints constitute a key element of everyday religious life. Islamic reform movements have been able to enter Ethiopia since the downfall of the socialist regime in 1991 and have been provoking disputes concerning the 'true' Islam, focusing on saints and related 'un-Islamic' practices. The majority of the Harar community has rejected this essentializing tendency, partly because of the influence of a Harari scholar who presides over the Lebanese organization Hasbashiyya. However, the contemporary role of religious networks and the quest for authenticity must be embedded in both the historical and contemporary socio-political context.

2018 ◽  
Vol 301 ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kowalski ◽  

The aim of the article to present the role of analysing the manner of generating fingermarks in the investigative proceedings. These examinations are based on the analysis of the location of the marks on a given background and aim at providing the requesting party additional information about the circumstances of the investigated incident. The Author refers to two unusual cases, in which Voivodeship Police Command Forensic Laboratory issued expert opinions in the area of fingerprint identification. In the first case, at the initial stage of the proceedings the circumstances and recovered evidential fingermarks indicated a fatal accident or manslaughter by means of a firearm. In the other case at the preliminary stage recovered evidence did not allow identification of the perpetrator due to incorrectly selected exhibits. These cases would not be off special interest to us without the significant role of proper recovering of fingermarks and their analysis in a broader context than just identification.


2019 ◽  
pp. 89-114
Author(s):  
Karel van der Toorn

This chapter pays attention to the Egyptian experience of the Elephantine Jews. It maintains that there are two areas in Egyptian life that merit a renewed inquiry because they are central to the Elephantine experience. One is the role of Jews as soldiers in the service of the Persians; the other concerns their religion. On both scores, the Papyrus Amherst 63 has bearing—modest in one case, significant in the other. This chapter looks first at the military side of the colony, then discusses various aspects of the religious life of what was essentially a temple community, and finally seeks to present the profile of the various gods that the Jews venerated.


2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Mohd A’Tarahim Mohd Razali Bin Mohd Razali ◽  
Mohd Yakub @ Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff Bin Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Nor Hafizi Yusof Bin Yusof ◽  
Siti Fatimah Salleh Binti Salleh ◽  
Mohd Faiz Hakimi Mat Deris Bin Mat Deris ◽  
...  

The aim of this study is to explore the importance of Qira’at Mutawatirah as a discipline particularly in the field of fiqh (jurisprudence). As a field of study, Qiraat (Quranic reading) plays a significant role in Islamic Fiqh by way of shaping the opinions and views of the fuqaha’ (jurists). Nevertheless, some fuqaha’ are less familiar with Qiraat as a study which has thus led to some confusion and ambiguity on the matter. It was even suggested that the differences of fiqh found within the madzhabs (sects) are based on the fuqaha’s own Qiraat. Thus this paper is a discussion on the differences of wajh Qiraat within the farsh letters as found among the Qiraat scholars. This paper also analyses the relationship and influence of the Qiraat readings among the fuqaha when it comes to deriving a hukm (principle), particularly on fiqh ibadah (the laws of worship). As such, this significant study sheds light into the approach used by the fuqaha’ when it comes to extracting and deriving laws and principles based on the different Qiraat readings. The objectives of this study are to investigate the extent and role of Qiraat, to analyse and observe the relationship between Qiraat readings of the fuqaha and its relationship to the hukm. This study is based entirely on library research. Overall, the findings show that Qiraat is undoubtedly important; the differences in Qiraat have a major impact in the way that the various Islamic Fiqh were derived from the Qur’anic verses. Nevertheless, the chosen Qiraat readings by Fuqaha, on the other hand, do not play a major role in determining the fiqh within the various sects; instead the wajh Qiraat plays a major role within their respective sects. However, in some circumstances, the chosen Qiraat readings do sometimes become a source which a hukm is decided within their sects, and vice versa. It is hoped that this study becomes a pioneer for other researchers to conduct a more in-depth study on the sciences of Qiraat by exploring it critically within the various perspectives of the Islamic discipline. It is hoped that it can be analysed, studied, understood and implemented in the field of teaching and learning, in line with its importance within the other branches of Islamic discipline. It is hoped that as a study, it can be further expanded and remain significant to the Islamic scholars and the community at large. Keyword: Qiraat Mutawatirah, Fiqh, Qiraat, fuqaha‘   Penulisan ini bertujuan merungkai hubungan rapat Qiraat dalam disiplin ilmu Islam terutamanya ilmu Fiqh. Qiraat menjadi salah satu faktor yang dominan terutamanya dalam mencorakkan perbezaan hukum Fiqh Islami dalam kalangan Fuqaha’. Namun masih terdapat kalangan yang kurang mengetahui dan memahami hakikat kewujudan ilmu Qiraat sehingga menimbulkan kekeliruan dan kesamaran mengenainya bahkan wujudnya pendapat menyatakan bahawa hukum fiqh yang diinstibatkan dalam mazhab adalah berdasarkan daripada Qiraat yang dibaca oleh kalangan fuqaha itu sendiri. Justeru kajian ini akan menyentuh dan membincangkan perbezaan wajh qiraat yang terdapat pada farsh huruf dalam kalangan ulama Qiraat. Dalam masa yang sama, kajian ini juga akan menyingkap dan menganalisis perkaitan dan pengaruhnya terhadap pengeluaran hukum oleh kalangan Fuqaha’ terutama ayat-ayat al-Quran yang melibatkan fiqh ibadat. Kajian ini penting demi memahami keadaan sebenar bagaimana kalangan Fuqaha mengeluarkan hukum fiqh berdasarkan perbezaan Qiraat. Objektif kajian ialah mengkaji sejauhmana perkaitan dan peranan Qiraat pada hukum fiqh, menganalisis dan menilai sejauh mana pertalian bacaan Qiraat yang dibaca Fuqaha’ dengan hukum yang diinstibatkan oleh Fuqaha.’ Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini dijalankan berdasarkan kajian ke perpustakaan sepenuhnya. Ternyata dapatan hasil kajian ini merumuskan bahawa perbezaan Qiraat pula memberi impak yang besar dalam mencorakkan hukum fiqh dalam ayat al-Quran. Bacaan ‘Qiraat PilihanFuqaha‘ pula tidaklah menjadi faktor utama mempengaruhi hukum fiqh mazhab yang diasaskan oleh mereka bahkan fuqaha hanya menjadikan wajh Qiraat itu sebagai platform utama dalam menentukan hukum fiqh dalam mazhab yang diasaskan mereka. Namun tidak dinafikan juga, bacaan ‘Qiraat Pilihan Fuqaha‘ itu kekadang menjadi sebab penentuan hukum bagi mazhab mereka dan kekadangnya sebaliknya. Kajian ini diharap menjadi perintis kepada pengkaji yang lain untuk lebih prolifik mengenai ilmu Qiraat dalam membahaskannya dari pelbagai sudut disiplin ilmu Islam secara lebih kritis supaya ia dapat ditelaah, dikaji, difahami, diperkasai dan diimplimentasikan dalam aspek pengajaran dan pembelajaran sejajar dengan kepentingannya terhadap cabangan ilmu-ilmu Islam yang lain agar terus berkembang dan bertapak pada kaca mata Ilmuan Islam secara khusus dan masyarakat sejagat secara umumnya.   Kata Kunci: Qiraat Mutawatirah, Fiqh, Qiraat, fuqaha‘.


2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-204
Author(s):  
Pierre Sorlin

Film and Religion in 20th Century Europa The article focuses on the conflict zones and compromises of the ambivalent relationship which developed between film and religion in Europe. European film production was more reluctant than Hollywood to treat Biblical themes; on the other hand, the Christian Churches oscillated between damning, controlling and producing their own films. Their censorship and criticism were frequently the occasion of stormy internal debates about Church strategy toward the decline of traditional religiosity. Subjects such as the position and role of the pastor in his congregation and the lives of the saints were made into films; specific religious themes, however, remained rare. For the historian, these films offer symptomatic indicators of sensitivities, complex problems and uncertainties concerning religious life at the time.


2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliette Dumas

Abstract Because of their status as foreigners, non-subject of the Empire, müsteʾmin are subject to a system of laws different from the other subjects of the Empire. They also benefit from advantages secured by the granting of imperial orders: the ʿahidnâme also known as the capitulations: these are prescriptions issued by the sultan, directly influenced by political and economic aspects and which may vary from one nation to another. However, it is not a code of law different from others in force in the Empire: except in specific cases prescribed by the capitulations, the müsteʾmin are submitted as other Ottoman subjects to the Ottoman legal system. Nevertheless, the Ottoman legal system is complex: the actors and the practices vary and depend on the individuals involved and cases. Therefore, the question is who are the interlocutors of the müsteʾmin? The documents examined here show that the type of conflicts impacted on the interlocutors that were involved. Each time the case involves, in one way or another, the privileges of the müsteʾmin from a given nation, the imperial divan had to solve the case—then, it usually refers to the local court. But if private, the case was directly submitted to the kadı. The call for submission of cases to the Imperial divan is interesting because it shows that confidence is put in the Imperial divan rather than in the kadı. Perhaps, it also reveals the limits of the legal knowledge of the privileges and the special rights granted to müsteʾmin. In fact, the population concerned by the Capitulations was minor and the affairs affecting them probably rare, as a result, one should not be surprised by the lack of knowledge of the local actors, of their privileges. The role of the embassy and of the ambassador must also be emphasized here. In our documents, it appears that the embassy as a whole played a significant role in supporting its citizens through legal advice, assistance and support. The French embassy even seems to have distinguished itself on this item since the legal support offered was presented by the ambassador.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Laely Wulandari ◽  
Lalu Parman

In a comparative study of Eradicating Corruption in Indonesia and Japan appears that law culture plays a significant role. Indonesia has special institution that deals with corruption while Japan does not have it. Nevertheless, cases of corruption in Indonesia are higher than in Japan. This is due to the Indonesian culture of ewuh pakewuh, reluctant, and has two different views in dealing with corruption. On the one hand, Indonesia rejects corruption, but on the other hand, it commits actions that support corruption. Meanwhile, Japan has a strong culture of shame for committing law violations both at the community level and law enforcement officers.  


2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-383
Author(s):  
Sandro Gorgone

AbstractThe Greek term kairós signifies on the one hand an opportune moment and time for decision-making and on the other hand the unpredictable yet expected moment of Christ's return on the Judgment Day according to Paul. The goal of this essay is to establish the connection between kairós and Heidegger's central concept of ,,Ereignis", which he developed in his later years. The Freiburg lectures on the phenomenology of religious life from the early 1920s and the posthumously published works from the 1930s and 1940s will serve to illustrate how the tradition of the Greek and Christian kairós influenced Heidegger's development of the idea of possibly overcoming the chronometric and metaphysical understanding of time as ,,Jetztzeit". He was thus able to deny the ontological privilege of present and presence. The role of Paul is decisive for Heidegger's thinking: the factual experience of the first Christian communities has not only had an external influence on the ,,Daseinsanalytik"; it has also influenced the entire development of ,,Seinsgeschichte" and has had a significant impact on Heidegger's last attempt to define ,,Seinsgeschichte" itself through the ,,Ereignis" beyond any ontological perspective.


Author(s):  
Billy Adegbola Oluwale ◽  
Oluseye Oladayo Jegede ◽  
Blessing Funke Ajao ◽  
Emmanuel Makanjuola Ogunjemilua

The study investigated the role of openness, networking, and partnership on production and innovation among firms within the Otigba ICT cluster in Nigeria. A questionnaire were administered on 200 purposively selected business owners/leaders of informal tech-based enterprises in the cluster. The results showed that there were simultaneous occurrence of competition and co-operation within the cluster. Modes of openness within the cluster were by exchanging information and sharing experience with other technicians. Firms were majorly (70%) involved in process and marketing innovations (30%). Openness, networking, and partnership played a very significant role on access to information, customers, new domestic market, tools/technology, suppliers of raw materials, and inputs among the enterprises. A majority (95%) of the respondent enterprises which exhibited cluster attributes were involved in one form of innovation or the other. The study concluded that openness, networking, and partnership had engendered scaling-up among the enterprises.


2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nofialdi Nofialdi

Fatwa is believed to be a container having an important and significant role in the religious life of the Islamic community. The urgency and significance can be seen from its function as a mediating between the ideals of Islamic law on the one hand with the factual reality-communities on the other. This is where all the problems, concerns, hopes, aspirations and experiences presented and confronted people to look for common ground with the ideals of moral and religious ethics in Shari'ah mediated by the intellectual prowess of a mufti. One of the institutions that are semi-formal fatwa is the fatwa issued by the Fatwa Commission of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), because these institutions are formally established by the government, but its provisions can not be forced as the decision of the judiciary. Since its establishment in 1975 MUI fatwa has been issued either at the request of individuals, community groups and at the request of the government. This simple article will try to look at and examine some of the MUI fatwa has been issued, to then be viewed and analyzed, especially in terms of legal istinbat method used in formulating his fatwa. Fatwa diyakini sebagai wadah yang memiliki peran penting dan signifikan dalam kehidupan beragama komunitas Islam. Urgensi dan signifikansinya terlihat dari fungsinya sebagai mediasi antara cita ideal hukum Islam di satu pihak dengan realitas-faktual masyarakat di pihak lain. Di sinilah setiap problem, keprihatinan, harapan, aspirasi dan pengalaman masyarakat disampaikan dan dikonfrontasikan untuk dicarikan titik temu dengan cita moral dan etika religius dalam syari’ah yang dimediasi oleh kecakapan intelektual seorang mufti. Salah satu lembaga fatwa yang bersifat semiformal adalah fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh Komisi Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI), karena lembaga ini resmi dibentuk oleh pemerintah, namun ketetapannya tidak dapat memaksa sebagaimana keputusan lembaga peradilan. Sejak berdiri tahun 1975, MUI telah banyak mengeluarkan fatwa baik atas permintaan individu, kelompok masyarakat maupun atas permintaan pemerintah. Tulisan sederhana ini akan mencoba untuk melihat dan meneliti beberapa fatwa yang telah dikeluarkan MUI, untuk kemudian dilihat dan dianalisis, terutama dari segi metode istinbat hukum yang digunakan dalam merumuskan fatwanya.


2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102
Author(s):  
Anton Priyo Nugroho ◽  
Siti Achiria ◽  
M. Arif Muliadi

Nahdlatul Wathan has a significant role in religious social development, especially in the Lombok area of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB). The role cannot be separated from the tuan guru as religious leaders of Nahdlatul Wathan. This is not to deny the other party's role, but the role of religious leader like tuan guru is very dominant in Lombok. On the other hand, cash waqf develops as one of the contemporary issues of the ummah. Cash waqf is still considered a new phenomenon among Muslims in Indonesia, so there are still differences of opinion between religious leaders. Tuan guru’s view on cash waqf is very important in order for cash waqfto develop well. Therefore this study aims to know the opinion of the tuan guru about cash waqf. This study used a qualitative approach, and it used interview method to 10 tuan gurus of Nahdhatul Wathan in Lombok NTB. The study found that most of tuan guru allowed the cash waqf with the consideration that the benefits were greater than the harm. Only a small proportion of tuan guruforbid cash waqf because waqf should be fixed, unchanged and should not be reduced.


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