Seeking Equality in Broadcasting: The Case for Third Sector Broadcasting

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-225
Author(s):  
Fernando Mendez Powell
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
And Control

Members of groups which are traditionally economically or socially disadvantaged tend to also suffer from additional barriers in relation to their ability to establish and control mass media outlets and from insufficiency of media output which represents them and addresses their specific needs. These inequalities in the field of mass media can help perpetuate and aggravate a situation of marginalization and are especially notable in relation to broadcasting due to the higher barriers of entry associated with the medium. The present article makes a case for the state promotion and support of third sector broadcasting as an affirmative measure which can be used to combat inequalities in broadcasting while discussing its advantages and disadvantages in comparison to alternative measures. The aim is not to negate the need for other types of measures but to explain why aiding the development of third sector broadcasting outlets is an option which warrants serious consideration by every state seeking to address situations in which specific groups have been disadvantaged in the field of mass media and broadcasting in specific.

Peculiarities of improving interbudgetary relations in conditions of authorities’ decentralization

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Zenoviy Siryk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Social Services ◽  
The State ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Levels

Ukraine is a unitary state, yet historically various regions, oblasts, districts, and local areas have different levels of economic development. To secure sustainable economic and social development and provide social services guaranteed by the state for each citizen according to the Constitution, the mechanism of redistribution between revenues and expenditures of oblasts, regions, and territories through the budgets of a higher level is used. The paper aims to research the peculiarities of improving interbudgetary relations in conditions of authorities’ decentralization. The paper defines the nature of interbudgetary relations. The basic and reverse subsidies to Ukraine and Lvivska oblast are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages the communities face at changing approaches to balancing local budgets are determined. Regulative documents that cover the interbudgetary relations in Ukraine are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the problem of local finances reforming, including the development of interbudgetary relations. The scheme of the economic interbudgetary relations system in Ukraine is developed. The ways to improve the system of interbudgetary relations in Ukraine are suggested. The negative and positive aspects, advantages, and disadvantages of the system of interbudgetary relations in Ukraine require the following improvements. 1. It is necessary to avoid the complete budget alignment in the process of budgets balancing by interbudgetary transfers as the major objective. 2. The interbudgetary transfers should be distributed based on a formal approach. 3. The changes have to be introduced to the calculation of medical and educational subsidies in terms of financial standard of budget provision to avoid the money deficit for coverage of necessary expenditures. 4. There is a need to improve interbudgetary relations at the levels of districts, villages, towns, and cities of district subordination. 5. Improvement of the mechanism of targeted benefits provision, their real evaluation, and control for the use of funds.

scholarly journals ‘Even if I am not here, there are so many eyes’: surveillance and state reach in Rwanda

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Purdeková
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Local Level ◽  
African State ◽  
The State ◽  
Indirect Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Lateral Structure

ABSTRACTBased on seven months of fieldwork research, the present article explores the nature and ‘reach’ of the state in post-genocide Rwanda, and its effects on decentralisation, participation and assertion of voice at the local level. Rwanda as a case of a ‘strong’ African state is explored through a number of lenses: the vertical structure (administrative and information apparatuses of the state); the lateral structure (multiple responsibilities, imihigo, indirect control); the spectrum of state-led ‘local’ activities; and, last but not least, the ‘counterweights’ to the state. The article suggests an increasing penetration of state in terms of surveillance as well as exactions (couched in terms of umusanzu or contribution) and control over voice at local level. Decentralisation amounts to mere ‘dispatching of control’, making central power more, not less, effective.

scholarly journals Analytical design of the missile control device to intercept aerodynamic target

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
V. E. Markevich ◽  
V. V. Legkostup
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Control Device ◽  
The State ◽  
Joint Estimation ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Analytical Design ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Dynamic Stochastic ◽  
And Control

The analytical method of synthesis of devices for joint optimal estimation of parameters and control of the state of nonlinear dynamic stochastic objects is considered. A brief review of the existing and promising methods of missile guidance, as well as a comparative description of the advantages and disadvantages. Methods of improving accuracy and jamming-resistance methods of guidance, one of which is an approach based on joint estimation and state control of nonlinear object with random driving and interfering influences.The main directions of research on this subject, including statistical synthesis of the optimal control system, estimation of the potential characteristics of the designed system, analysis of the structure of the optimal system and evaluation of its simplification, the formation of quasi-optimal structures of the control system, evaluation of the criticality (sensitivity) of the system characteristics to changes in a priori information.The choice of the invariant immersion method for the analytical design of the structure of the optical evaluation-control device is substantiated. Analytical expressions describing the algorithm of functioning of the device of joint estimation and control of the state of a multidimensional nonlinear multi-connected object are given.

Ethical Considerations on the Connection between Biological Weapons and Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Maria Aluaş ◽  
Ionuț Isaia Jeican
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The State ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
And Control ◽  
Simple Search

"After the Covid-19 pandemic was officially declared by the United Nations Organization on 11 March 2020, this has been associated with the state of war and biological weapons. Could the Covid-19 pandemic, which caused hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide, be considered a result of experiments? A simple search on search engines for the terms “biological weapons” and “Covid-19” retrieves approximately 10,200,000 results in 0.69 seconds, allowing to conclude that the two ideas and concepts have been frequently associated lately. During the periods of restrictions imposed on the population by authorities (emergency ordinances, state of emergency, lockdown measures, etc.), various apocalyptic scenarios have been advanced and debated, mass media and social networks being an unprecedented arena for raising topics and taking stands. The population has been assaulted with extreme information, and words such as war, weapons, insecurity, and control have been frequently expressed. This paper aims to highlight the ethical issues regarding the connection between the Covid-19 pandemic and biological weapons. Keywords: biological weapons, Covid-19, ethical considerations "

scholarly journals State Concept of Social Management and Its Implementation in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century (On the Materials of Saratov Province)

2020 ◽  
pp. 208-217
Author(s):  
Elena Oleynikova
Keyword(s):  
Social Problems ◽  
The State ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Charitable Organizations ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Control ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Social Management

Introduction. The paper deals with the conception of state social management in Russia after the reform of the system of local self-government in the second half of the 19th century and the practical activities of charitable organizations at the provincial and district levels. Methods. The research is based on the social legislation of the period under study, the works of Russian social policy researchers of the 19th – early 20th centuries, materials of statistical collections, periodicals. Analysis. The concept of charity and philanthropy, being developed during the period under study, involved the transformation of public-private philanthropy into public charity. Its main actors are the provincial and city authorities, which solve social problems in conjunction with private charitable institutions and are responsible for the state of social problems. The state reserved coordination and control functions. Within the framework of this concept, specific guidelines for charitable work were developed, including: its distribution to all demographic and social groups in need, a wide range of types of social assistance, and even distribution of charitable institutions throughout the country. However, in practice, innovation touched mainly metropolitan and provincial cities. Territorial and city medical, educational, social and rehabilitation institutions that had emerged in provinces, expanded the possibilities of providing assistance to the most vulnerable segments of the population. However, their distribution was still not even, rural settlements lost significantly. In uyezds, charities were few and could not help all socially disadvantaged groups of society. Results. The article shows that in the period under study, the concept of public philanthropy was not fully implemented.

Lifting the Veil

2014 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Scott Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
State Government ◽  
The State ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Red Scare ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Veil ◽  
Hiring And Firing ◽  
And Control ◽  
California Schools

The story of anti-communism in California schools is a tale well and often told. But few scholars have appreciated the important role played by private surveillance networks. This article examines how privately funded and run investigations shaped the state government’s pursuit of leftist educators. The previously-secret papers of Major General Ralph H. Van Deman, which were opened to researchers at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., only a few years ago, show that the general operated a private spy network out of San Diego and fed information to military, federal, and state government agencies. Moreover, he taught the state government’s chief anti-communist bureaucrat, Richard E. Combs, how to recruit informants and monitor and control subversives. The case of the suspicious death of one University of California, Los Angeles student – a student that the anti-communists claimed had been “scared to death” by the Reds – shows the extent of the collaboration between Combs and Van Deman. It further illustrates how they conspired to promote fear of communism, influence hiring and firing of University of California faculty, and punish those educators who did not support their project. Although it was rarely successful, Combs’ and Van Deman’s coordinated campaign reveals a story of public-private anticommunist collaboration in California that has been largely forgotten. Because Van Deman’s files are now finally open to researchers, Californians can gain a much more complete understanding of their state bureaucracy’s role in the Red Scare purges of California educators.

Analysis of the horizontal structure of a measurement and control geodetic network based on entropy

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mrówczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Geodetic Network ◽  
The State ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Optimum Structure ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control ◽  
Horizontal Displacements

Abstract The paper attempts to determine an optimum structure of a directional measurement and control network intended for investigating horizontal displacements. For this purpose it uses the notion of entropy as a logarithmical measure of probability of the state of a particular observation system. An optimum number of observations results from the difference of the entropy of the vector of parameters ΔHX̂ (x)corresponding to one extra observation. An increment of entropy interpreted as an increment of the amount of information about the state of the system determines the adoption or rejection of another extra observation to be carried out.

The Threats of Ukraine Financial Security: Identification and Systemization

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Maslii ◽  
Andrii Maksymenko ◽  
Svitlana Onyshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
System Development ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Security Indicators ◽  
And Control

Place of monitoring and control of risks of financial stability of the state in the system of ensuring financial security of the state was substantiated. Methods of identifying threats to Ukraine's financial security through the current and strategic analysis of financial system development indicators were considered. Tendencies of economic development of Ukraine in the context of revealing sources of threats to financial stability of the state were analyzed. Dynamic analysis of the actual values of the financial security indicators of Ukraine as a whole and its separate components had been carried out. Threats to Ukraine's financial security were identified based on comparative and trend analysis. Reasons for the critical state of debt, banking and monetary security in the financial structure and the preconditions for the emergence of systemic threats had been investigated. Systematization of risks and threats to Ukraine's financial security by its components had been carried out. Influence of systemic threats in the financial sphere on the economic security of the state was generalized. International experience of monitoring financial stability of the state was analyzed. Additional risks to the national financial system are associated with the globalization and digitization of the state financial system that are not taken into account by valid methodological recommendations for calculating the level of economic security of Ukraine were highlighted.

Propaganda as a means of implementing the ideological function of the state

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Aleksey Bredikhin ◽  
Andrei Udaltsov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Special Position ◽  
Equal Footing ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Mass Media

In the article the authors analyze the essence of propaganda as a means of implementing ideological function of the state. It is noted that propaganda is a mechanism of spreading information persuasive influence in the interpretation and estimation of state power representatives. The structure of propaganda is determined: beneficiary of propaganda, subjects of propaganda, content of propaganda, channels of realization of propaganda, addressee of propaganda, feedback system. Types of propaganda are distinguished: political, axiological, educational, preventive. The authors come to the conclusion that the basic directions and the propaganda content are established in normative acts and the programs and organizational actions accepted according to them. Along with the implementation of propaganda, the ideological function is implemented by prohibiting or restricting propaganda or other dissemination of information that endangers the foundations of the constitutional order and is otherwise aimed at destabilizing the political situation in the State, as well as prohibiting the propaganda of ideas that may harm the foundations of morality and morality. The mass media are essential in carrying out propaganda. The State widely uses this resource on an equal footing with other actors to disseminate ideas of public importance and uses the services of various communication agencies. However, the state forms a legal framework for the mass media, their rights and limitations, which still determines the special position of the state in this process.

Effectiveness of Tax Policy of Ukraine: Evidence and Economy Implications

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
Olena P. Slavkova ◽  
Oksana I Zhilinska ◽  
Maksym Palienko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
State Tax ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Tax Payments

The article deals with the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of tax policy in the country. The analysis of change of tax receipts to the state and local budgets is carried out. The role of tax payments in the economic development of the country is determined. The efficiency of the state tax policy in Ukraine is analyzed, its advantages and disadvantages are determined. The important role of tax payments in stimulating economic and social development is substantiated. The analysis of the elasticity of change of indicators of economic development of the country from the change of volume of tax receipts to the budget is carried out. The necessity of improving the existing policy of establishing, accrual, payment, and distribution of tax revenues as one of the most promising areas to stimulate economic growth is concluded. Keywords: tax policy, revenues, tax evasion, state budget, elasticity, economic development

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